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51141 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam%20Ben | Myriam Ben | Myriam Ben (10 Oktoba 1928-2001) ɗan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya ne,marubuci,mawaƙi, kuma mai zane.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Marylise Ben Haim a Algiers ranar 10 ga Oktoba,1928.Mahaifinta Moses Ben Haim ɗan asalin Berber ne na Yahudawa kuma ɗan gurguzu ne wanda ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba,kuma mahaifiyarta Sultana Stora,mawaƙin Bayahude ce ta Andalusi. Ta yi girma a gidan da ba addini ba,ta tuna daga baya cewa tana ’yar shekara bakwai kafin ta gane cewa danginta Bayahude ne. A cikin 1940,gwamnatin Vichy Faransa ta soke dokar Crémieux na ƙarni na 19,don haka hana Yahudawa Aljeriya zama ɗan ƙasa kuma ya haifar da korar Ben daga Ta kasance tana halartar Algiers. Ta halarci makarantar Yahudawa a takaice,Ecole Maïmonide,amma ta kammala karatunta a gida saboda adawar mahaifinta ga Zionism. Ben ta lura a cikin tarihinta,,an kwatanta ta da"",ko"Bayahude 'yar kasa" akan katin shaidarta na lokacin yaƙi.
Adalci na zamantakewa da siyasa Ko da yake an maido da zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ga Yahudawan Aljeriya a cikin 1943,Ben yanzu yana aiki a matsayin "mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin abin da ake kira matalauta na asali". A 14,ta zama shugabar Matasan Kwaminisanci. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a Ƙungiyar Mata, kuma ta hanyar tallafin ƙungiyar ta zama malamar makaranta a garin Miliana. Ita da 'yan uwanta malaman sun umurci daliban-akasarinsu Musulmai da matalauta-amma kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗaga hankalinsu na siyasa da haɓaka fahimtar tarihin da ba a yi wa mulkin mallaka ba. A cikin 1946,Ben ya nuna sha'awar shiga cikin Aero Club na Algiers,amma mahaifinta ya ƙi hakan.Har yanzu ana la'akari da ita kanana tun tana kasa da shekara 21,don haka sai da ta jira shekaru biyar kafin ta fara tashi.A cikin 1951,bayan awanni 15 na darasin jirgin,an ba ta lasisin matukin jirgi.Ana ganin ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta cancanci matukin jirgi a Aljeriya.Don biyan kuɗin karatun ta na tuƙin jirgin sama,ta yi gwajin jiragen farko ga sabbin membobin ƙungiyar,kodayake wasu mutane sun yi hattara da mace matuƙi. Hakan bai hana ta koyon yadda ake tuka jirgin sama da babban matukin jirgi a Aero Club,wanda tsohon soja ne na Escadrille d'Etampes. A shekara ta 1952,Ben ta sami aikinta na farko a matsayin malami a wata makaranta a ƙauyen Aboutville(yanzu ana kiranta Aïn El Hadjar,Bouïra).Kauye ne mara kyau kuma makarantar tana cikin mummunan yanayi amma tana da sha'awar rawar da ta taka.Sa’ad da iyaye suka ji kunyar tura ’ya’yansu makaranta don ba su da takalma,Ben yakan je ya ɗauko su. Daga 1954,alkawurran siyasa na Marylise sun tilasta mata ta shiga karkashin kasa kuma ta daina tashi. Ben ya goyi bayan anti-Faransa National Liberation Front (FLN)daga farkon yakin Aljeriya na 'yancin kai,kuma ya kasance memba na Maquis Rouge,yana ba da kayan aiki. Gwamnatin Faransa ta dauke ta a matsayin mai laifi,kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 na aiki mai tsanani,ba ta nan;duk da haka,ba a taɓa kama ta ba kuma bayan shekaru za a gafarta masa. Lokacin da yaƙi ya ƙare a 1962,Ben ya zama memba na gwamnatin Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta.
Art da adabi A cikin 1967,Ben ta fara aikinta na fasaha a matsayin mawaƙi,marubuci ɗan gajeren labari,marubuci, kuma mai zan. Ta buga tarin wakoki da dama, tarin gajerun labarai (Ainsi naquit un homme,1982),da novel Sabrina (1986),aikinta mafi tsayi. Sabrina ta ba da labarin wasu musulmi guda biyu masu soyayya da suka taso a Faransa kuma suka fuskanci matsalolin daidaitawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya.Marubucin Faransanci,mai fassara,kuma masani Albert Bensoussan yana tunanin Ben ya yi amfani da halayen Sabrina don bincika ƙaura da ta samu tare da al'adun Faransanci a Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta. Ayyukan ban mamaki na Ben,"Leïla,poème scénique en deux actes et un prologue,"daga tarin Ben,Leïla:Les enfants du mendiant,cibiyar jarumar,Leila,a moudjahida.Caroline E.Kelley ta karanta wannan aikin a matsayin sake fassara labarin Antigone.
An kuma yi bikin Ben don zane-zane na zane-zane.
Ritaya zuwa Faransa A cikin 1991,yayin da Aljeriya ta shiga lokacin yakin basasa,Ben ya koma Faransa.A cikin littafin novella na Ben,Nora,ta rubuta game da bege ga Aljeriya inda 'yan mata ke da"daidai da damar samun ilimi.Ta yi mafarkin samar da al'ummar gaba na utopian ga Aljeriya wanda ya hada da.
Ta ci gaba da rubutu da fenti har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 2001.
Labarai Le Soleil assassiné, L'Harmattan,Paris,2002. (wasiƙa)
Au Carrefour des sadaukarwa, L'Harmattan,Paris,2000. ISBN 2738413005 (wasika)
Quand les cartes sont truquées,L'Harmattan,Paris,2000. ISBN 2738478654 (abin tunawa)
Leila:Les enfants du mendiant, L'Harmattan,Paris,1998. ISBN 2738468942 (wasa)
Ainsi naquit un homme, L'Harmattan, Paris, 1993. ISBN 2738419240
Sabrina, ils t'ont volé ta vie, L'Harmattan, Paris,1992.ISBN 2858027080 (labari)
Sur le chemin de nos pas,L'Harmattan,Paris,1984. (waka
L'âme de Sabrina,L'Harmattan,Paris,2001.(gajeren labari)
Nassoshi Haifaffun |
14116 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C6%99ala%20akan%20Annoba | Muƙala akan Annoba | Annoba na nufin bayyanar wata ƙwayar cuta mai yaɗuwa cikin hanzari tsakanin al'umma. Idan cutar tana yaɗuwa a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya, ana kiranta 'Pandemic' cikin harshen Ingilishi watau Annoba mai karaɗe duniya. Idan kuma ya kasance cutar na yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa, ana kiranta epidemic cikin harshen Ingilishi. Watau annoba dake yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa. Cuta mai yaɗuwa ta wata keɓantaciyyar hanya kuma take kama wasu taƙaitattun mutane an fi sanin ta da endemic''' a harshen Ingilishi. Don haka ba a kiran cututtukan da ke kama ƙayyaddun mutane a duniya kamar mura wadda ke aukuwa a wani keɓantaccen yanayi ba annoba ba ce.
Matakan Yaɗuwa Annoba mai karaɗe duniya na yaɗuwa. idan ta ɓarke tana hallaka mutane da dama. Don haka matuƙar cuta ba ta yaɗuwa tsakanin al'umma, to ba za a ambace ta da annoba ba.
Yaɗuwar annoba na bin wasu matakai ne da ake auna su a ma'auni mai lanƙwasa. Idan an saka awon a bisa taswira, yana yin kwana ko lanƙwasa gwargwadon adadin mutanen da suka kamu a wannan lokacin. Taswirar annobar nan tana juyawa ne da yadda annobar ke tafiya. Annoba galibi tana yaɗuwa ne a matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a jadawalin da ke ƙasa:
(a) Mataki na farko: Shine wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka ɗauki yadda covid-19 ke yaɗuwa, za mu ɗauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu ɗauke da cutar 'yan ƙalilan.
(b) Mataki na biyu: Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta bunƙasa kuma ta shiga cikin al'umma. (c) Mataki na uku: Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaɗuwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita.
Hanyoyin Magancewa Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake magance bazuwar annoba. A shekara ta 2005 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da kundin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda yake tattare da wasu dokoki da ke bayyana hanyoyin da za a tunkari duk wata barazana ga lafiya da ta shafi ƙasa da ƙasa. Haka kuma hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da wani daftari da ke bayyana yadda za a tunkari annobar mashaƙo a duniya. Bugu na farko na daftarin an wallafa shi cikin shekarar 1999 sannan aka wallafa bugu na biyu a shekarar 2005 da 2009. Yawancin matakan kariya da kiyaye annobar covid-19 an tsamo su daga cikin daftarin kiwon lafiya na 2005 wanda WHO ta samar. Akwai batutuwa da dama da ake tattaunawa dangane da matakan Gwaji da Magani da kuma Bin Diddigi, waɗanda hakan ne ka bawa ƙasashe dama su iya tunkarar duk wani al'amari da ya taso dangane da annobar tun ma kafin a kai ga killace mutane da ba su magani. Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi bin diddigin dukkan mutanen da suka yi mu'amala da wanda ya kamu da cutar sannan a killace su. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin sosai musamman a ƙasashe kamar Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo. Kodayake su waɗannan ƙasashe sun saba da irin wannan tsarin tun a baya lokacin ɓarkewar annobar SARS.
Ba da tazara ga juna tsarin kiwon lafiya ne bisa zummar daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar nisanta da juna da hana mutane cuɗanya a kusa da kusa. Hakan yana hana cututtuka samun damar barin jikin mai ɗauke da su zuwa jikin wanda ba ya ɗauke da su. Shugaban hukumar (WHO), Dakta Michael J Ryan ya taɓa faɗa a wani taron ganawa da 'yan jarida cikin watan Maris na 2019 cewar ba da tazara hanyaf wucin gadi ce ta kariya ga cututtuka wadda ke daƙile yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta amma ba ita ce hanyar da ke warkar da cuta ba. Tsarin na da wahala wajen aiwatarwa kuma sai an haɗa shi tare da sauran matakai sannan yake da tasiri. Ya fayyace cewar ba da tazara ba ya kakkaɓe cuta gaba ɗaya. Bala'in annoba da ke wanzuwa yanzu haka ƘanjamauDaga muƙalar: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
Kodayake hukumar (WHO) ta ayyana ƙanjamau a matsayin annobar garuruwa, duk da haka tana cikin ajin annoba mai karaɗe duniya bisa la'akari da yadda aka bayyana yaɗuwar ta. Bisa ƙiyasin shekarar 2018, akwai mutane kimanin miliyan 37.9 da ke ɗauke da ƙanjamau a faɗin duniya. Mutane kimanin dubu 770 sun mutu sanadin ta. A halin yanzu ƙasashen Afrika na yankin sahara ne suka fi yawan masu ɗauke da ita. An ƙiyasta a 2018 cewa kimanin 61% na sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar sun fito ne daga wannan yankin. Corona Virus Corona virus wani dangin ƙwayar cutar virus da ke haifar da cututtuka kamar 'yar mura har zuwa ga cuta mai tsanani ta mashaƙo kamar su, cutar numfashi ta gabas ta tsakiya (MERS-CoV) da kuma cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV). An samu ɓullar wata sabuwar cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV-2) a 2019 wadda ta haifar da cutar da ake laƙabi da Kwabid-19. Wasu daga dangogin Kwarona Bairus sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi sannan daga bisani su fantsama zuwa jikin mutane. A binciken ƙwaƙƙwafi da aka yi, an gano cewar cutar SARS-CoV ta samo asali ne daga magen juda zuwa jikin ɗan adam, yayin da cutar MERS-CoV ke da tsittsige daga jikin raƙumi zuwa ga ɗan adam. Akwai wasu nau'ikan cutar ta Kwarona Bairus da aka sani suna jikin dabbobi, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba su harbi mutane ba tukunna.
Ita wannan sabuwar kwarona bairus ɗin ta samo asali ne daga birnin Wuhan na yankin jihar Hube da ke ƙasar China a cikin watan Disamba na 2019, ta haifar da cututtukan sarƙewar numfashi da ake wa laƙabi da kwabid-19. Kundin bayanai na jami'ar John Hopkins ya nuna cewar cutar ta fantsama a kusan ƙasashe 200 na duniya inda ƙasar Amerika da China da Yankin Turai da Iran suka zama jagaba na yawan waɗanda suka kamu da ita A ranar 11 ga Maris 2020, hukumar WHO ta ayyana kwabid-19 a matsayin babbar annobar da ta karaɗe duniya "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. domin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020, an samu mutane miliyan 2.63 da suka kamu da cutar a faɗin duniya. Daga cikin mutane 184,249 sun riga mu gidan gaskiya, yayin da marasa lafiya 722,055 suka warke sarai.
Wasu Daga Fitattun Ɓarkewar Cututtuka Zazzaɓin Cizon Sauro (Maleriya) Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ta yaɗu sosai a yankuna masu zafi, ciki har da wasu sassan Amurka da Asiya da kuma Afirka. Kowacce shekara ana samun cutar a tsakanin mutane miliyan 350 zuwa miliyan 500. Babbar matsalar cutar a wannan ƙarni na 21 shine bijirewa magunguna yadda kusan kowanne rukuni na ƙwayar maganin cutar na fuskantar bijirewa in banda rukunin ayarin Atimesinin wanda ya shahara a yankin Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Yanzu haka dai cutar ta yi ƙaura daga waɗannan yankunan An yi hasashen cewar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya taka rawa sosai wajen faɗuwar daular Rome. Cutar ta zama sananniya da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Zazzaɓin Rumawa.". Ƙwayar cutar zazzaɓin maleriya ta kasance babbar barazana ga masu mulkin mallaka da mutanen garin da ta ɓulla a Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi.
Spanish Flu Annobar Spanish Flu wadda ta auku tsakanin shekarun 1918 zuwa 1920 ta harbi kimanin mutane miliyan 500 a faɗin duniya har da can cikin lungunan tsibirin Pacific da ke yankin Arctic. Kuma wannan annobar ta kashe mutane kimanin miliyan 20 zuwa miliyan 100. A bisa kundin nazari, yawancin annobar da ke ɓarkewa, ta fi kisan yara ƙanana da tsofaffi tukuf. Masu tsallakewa sun kasance masu tsaka-tsakin shekaru. To amma ita Spanish Flu ta fi hallaka matasa masu tasowa. Aika-aikar kisan da Spanish Flu ta yi, ya fi wanda aka samu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Haka kuma ta hallaka mutane da dama a cikin sati 25 na farkon samuwar ta fiye da yawan da cutar ƙanjamau ta kashe a farkon shekara 25 da samuwar ta. Yawan zirga-zirgar rundunonin yaƙi da rurrufe barikokin soja da aka yi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne ya sabbaba bazuwar ta da yaɗuwar ta cikin gaggawa. Wataƙila sojoji da dama sun kamu da cutar Spanish Flu ne sakamakon damuwa da rashin abinci da kuma harin iska mai guba da aka riƙa kai musu. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri kuwa, sun sauƙaƙa wa sojoji da matuƙan jirgin ruwa da sauran matafiya su yaɗa cutar ga al’umma.Abin damuwa dangane da ɓullowar wata bairus nan gaba'''
Bijirewa magunguna Daga muƙalar: Antibiotic resistance
Wani zubin ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu bijirewa magunguna da sunan “gagarau”. Suna iya bada gudunmawa wajen sake bayyanar wata cutar da aka riga aka yi maganin ta. Alal misali, tarin fuka wanda ya zama gagarau ga dukkan hanyoyin maganin da aka sani ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya. Kusan duk shekara a faɗin duniya ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka (MDR-TB) kimanin sau dubu ɗari biyar Ƙasashen China da Indiya ne kan gaba wajen samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka. Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka ga mutane miliyan 50 a duniya yayin da 79% na wannan adadin kuma suna bijirewa uku ko fiye na wasu magungunan. A shekarar 2005, an samu rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka sau 124 a ƙasar Amurika kaɗai. An samu ɓullar bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka da yawa a yankin Afrika a cikin shekara ta 2006, daga nan aka yi ta samun makamancin haka a wasu ƙasashe 49 har da Amurka. An samu kimanin rahotanni dubu 40 a shekara kamar yadda hukumar WHO ta ƙiyasta.
Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an samu bijirewar magunguna daga cututtukan gama gari kamar su ciwon sanyi da gundumau da sauransu waɗanda magungunan da aka saba da su ba sa iya kawar da su. Don haka Ƙwayoyin rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar cututtukan da suka shafi lafiya (nosocomial) da ke yaɗuwa (HAI). Bugu da ƙari, saboda bijirewar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi wa magunguna ya sa ba a shawo kan cututtukan gundumau da ke yaɗuwa cikin al’umma ba (MRSA). Ba don haka ba, da an samu mutane masu lafiya sosai a ‘yan shekarun nan.
Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai fidda jini Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai haddasa fitar jini, cuta ce mai kisa nan take. Misalin cutar ya haɗa da ƙwayar cutar Ebola, zazzaɓin Lassa, zazzaɓin Rift Valley, zazzaɓin Marburg da cutar zazzaɓin Bolibiya. Saboda yadda irin wannan zazzaɓin ke yaɗuwa da sauri, sai ake ganin suna iya zama annoba mai karaɗe duniya. Haka nan yadda suke da saurin yaɗuwa na iya haifar da ɓarwakewar annoba saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na buƙatar kusanci da mai cutar. Wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma ba jimawa yake iya sheƙawa barzahu ko ya samu mummunar naƙasa. Ɗan ƙanƙanin lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar, alamominta za su soma bayyana wanda zai bai wa ƙwararrun likitoci damar killace shi cikin hanzari, tare da hana shi ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cutar zuwa wani wuri.
Cutar Zika Daga Muƙalar: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever
Cutar Zika ta fara ɓarkewa a shekarar 2015 kuma ta tsananta sosai a farkon shekarar 2016, inda aka samu ɓullar cutar sama da miliyan 1.5 a ƙasashe sama da 12 na yankin Amurka. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi gargaɗin cewa Zika na da yiwuwar zama annoba a duniya idan ba a daƙile ta ba.
Manazarta |
30246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnyuk%20Sisters%20%28mawaka%29 | Telnyuk Sisters (mawaka) | Sisters Telnyuk Ukraine mawakan amo ne na Duona kasar Ukraine wanda ya hada Lesya da Halya Telnyuk. An ba su lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun kasar Ukraine. An kuma ba su lambar yabo ta "People's Artist of Ukraine".
Kuruciya Lesya da Halya Telnyuk 'yan kasar Ukraine ne kuma sun fara yin waƙa tun suna da shekaru 13. Sun ƙirƙira ƙwallo na dutse, ƙawance, da waƙoƙi don wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa dangane da ayoyin mawaƙan Ukrainian na gargajiya. Sun fara ƙoƙari na farko mai tsanani don shirya nasu waƙoƙi tare da mawaki Alexander Melnyk. Daga nan suka fara sana’ar waka ta ƙwararru a cikin shekara ta 1986.
Tsarin lokutan aiki A shekarar 1987, shekara guda bayan fitiwarsu na farko, 'yan'uwa mãtã sun zama laureates na kasa gasar "New Names". Sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa a bikin na farko da na biyu na "Chervona Ruta" a cikin 1989 da 1991 tare da waƙoƙin da suka danganci ayar Pavlo Tychyna.
A farkon shekarun 1990, 'ya da kanwan' sun fito da kundin kundin Moment da Lesya da Halya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaki Andryj Shust ("Falcon"). Daga nan sai suka karɓi sabon sauti tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan wasan pianist da mawaki Ivan Davydenko ("Take Laifin", "Karƙashin Ruwa", "Ophelia", "Gaba da Ku") kuma daga baya tare da Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, da Igor Sereda, suna jagorantar. zuwa kundin "Silence and Thunder."
A cikin 1997,'yan uwan, tare da tsohon mawaƙin Rolling Stones Mick Taylor, sun yi rikodin waƙar "Ƙauna ta banza". A ranar 60th ranar tunawa da haihuwar mawaƙin Ukrainian Vasyl Stus, an halicci shirin "Swinging maraice ya karye har ma Yana da jerin wasanni na Raisa Nedashkivska tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan mawaƙa Dmytro Stus da actress Halyna Stefanova, da mawaki Sergyi Moroz. Shirin "A Gefen", wanda aka sadaukar don tunawa da mawaƙin, daliban Kanada sun gani kuma sun ji.
A cikin 1998, ƙungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun Ukrainian. A farkon shekarun 2000, Telnyuks ya fara yin rawa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na UBN (Ukrainian Bourgeois Nationalist) a Lviv Drama Zankovetska Theater, wanda Fyodor Nikolayevich Strigun ya jagoranta kuma Myroslav Hrynyshyn ya jagoranci. An yaba Halyna Telnyuk da rubutun allo yayin da mawallafin kiɗan shine Lesya Telnyuk. An buga ainihin sigar UBN a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lutsk Drama.
Shekaru da dama, sun yi aiki tare da Nina Morozevich, malami a Bandura a Odessa State Conservatory kuma shugaban uku Mallows a Odessa State Philharmonic. Tare suka yi aiki tare akan waƙoƙi da yawa.
A Kanada, 'yan uwan na Telnyuk sun saba da ɗan wasan Kanada Igor Polishchuk kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun fito da "Above Us Sky", haɗuwa da kiɗa, shayari, da zane-zane. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia ya kuma ƙunshi hotuna, waƙoƙi, da bidiyon da aka kunna a birane goma a Arewacin Amirka. The Star ya rubuta cewa yawon shakatawa "kaɗe-kaɗe da wasan kwaikwayo sun rushe shingen harshe". Duo ya shiga cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa irin su Lullabies na Ukrainian, Kruty: Concert don Mala'iku, Festival a Montreal. Live Voice of Vasyl Stus, da Kobzar 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki tare da Dmitro Stus da Roman Semysal akan aikin 2008 Stusove Circle, game da Vasyl Stus. Sa'an nan a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, sun yi yawon shakatawa na Komu Vnyz. Shirin "Iskar Karni" an gani kuma an ji shi a Odesa, Kherson, Krivyj Rig, Kirovograd, Sumy, Kharkiv, da Dnipropetrovsk.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, yan uwan sun halarci Antonych Fest, bikin 100 na haihuwar B.-I. Antonych wanda masu fasaha da ƙungiyoyin matasa ke riƙe. Bugu da ƙari, wasan kwaikwayo a kan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, sun gabatar da CD mai suna Har abada: Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, tare da waƙoƙin fassarar guda biyar akan waƙar Antonych, da waƙoƙin harshen Ukrainian da Faransanci da aka rubuta tare da makada Dead Rooster, MS da Olexandr Melnyk.
A cikin 2010, an fara fim ɗin Telnyuk: na gwaji wanda ya fito. Ya ƙunshi rikodin maimaitawa kuma shine na farko a cikin Ukraine ta darekta Alexander Antennae a cikin shirin kide-kide na Sisters' Yellow Dandelion. 'Yan'uwan kuma sun fitar da albam din su na SONMO A cikin bazara sun zagaya garuruwa da dama a kusa da Ukraine, inda suka kammala da wani kade-kade a Kyiv Operetta wanda shugaban kasar Viktor Yushchenko ya halarta.
Yan uwan sun ƙirƙiri zane-zane da yawa na waƙoƙin bisa ga waƙoƙin Oksana Zabuzhko.
Wakoki
Albam
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The Telnyuk Sisters The Telnyuk Sisters Albums akan www.umka.com.ua
Masu adawa a yau. Hira (ukr)
Mawaka daga Kyiv
Mawakan duos 'yan uwa
Mawaka duos mata
Mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fenner | Peggy Fenner | Dame Peggy Edith Fenner, DBE (rayuwa, 12 Nuwamba 1922 15 Satumba 2014) 'yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya.
Siyasa Ta shiga jam'iyyar Conservative Party a 1952, an zabe ta a majalisar Sevenoaks shekaru biyar bayan haka, ta yi jagoranci a tsakanin shekarun 1962 da 1963; ta kuma yi aiki a babban jami'in ilimi na West Kent. Ta yi tasiri mai karfi a tsakanin Kentish Tories, kuma a cikin shekarar 1964 aka zaba a gaban masu neman 104, kusan dukkanin maza, don maye gurbin Harold Macmillan a Bromley. Ta rasa a zaben karshe, sannan kuma a Brighton Kemptown inda jam'iyyar ke nema kuma ba za ta gaza ta soke rinjayen Labour bakwai ba.
Bayan rashin nasarar ta yakin neman kujerar Newcastle-karkashin Lyme a shekara ta 1966, an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na Rochester da Chatham a babban zaben 1970. Rochester da Chatham Conservatives sun zabe ta don yin takarar MP Anne Kerr na Left-wing Labour, kuma a cikin 1970 ta inganta rawar kasa don kama kujerar da kuri'u 5,341. Dukkan 'yan takarar biyu sun yi nadama kan cewa dayar ba za ta iya samun mutumin da zai kayar da shi a wani wuri ba, kuma lokacin da Peggy Fenner ta isa zauren majalisar, batutuwan mata ne ta dauka.
Nasarar da ta samu ta farko ita ce ta tilastawa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da su yi watsi da shirin "dial a sailor" don jama'a don abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin da ke tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na gida, bayan matan sojojin ruwa sun koka. Ta shiga cikin wasu matan Tory wajen ƙoƙarin gyara dokokin saki na kwanan nan wanda ya kawo karshen 'yancin "jam'iyyar da ba ta da laifi" ta hana saki bayan shekaru biyar. Ayyukanta a kan Kwamitin Zaɓar Kuɗi sun burge, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1972 Heath ta nada Mataimakin Sakatare na Aikin Noma na Majalisar Dokoki tare da alhakin farashin, wanda ya zama batun kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya ya tashi. Peggy Fenner ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Majalisar a Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci, tare da alhakin abinci, daga Nuwamba 1972 zuwa Fabrairu 1974 a karkashin Edward Heath, kuma daga Satumba 1981 zuwa Satumba 1986 a karkashin Margaret Thatcher. Bayan barin gwamnati a 1986 an nada ta Dame Kwamanda na Order of the British Empire. A maiakatar MAFF ta tabbatar dokar da ta tilasta wa masu sana'ar abinci da su sanya ranakun sayar da kayayyaki, amma ta shafe mafi yawan lokutanta don magance hauhawar farashin nama, wanda ya haifar da karanci a duniya, tare da bayyana karin kashi 48 cikin 100. a farashin abinci a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin da Willie Hamilton na Labour ya yi korafin an caje shi 5p na ayaba, ta gaya masa a hankali: “Hakika za ku iya yin wani taimako da siyayyar ku. Na sayi ayaba shida akan 17p kwanan nan, kuma ba ni da lokacin yin siyayya.” Hamilton ya dawo mako mai zuwa yana mai cewa yanzu an caje shi p na ayaba uku.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1974 zaben da Heath ya kira kan yajin aikin masu hakar ma'adinai, Peggy Fenner ta yi yaki da Roger Kenward, Labour, kuma rinjayenta ya ragu zuwa 843. A bangaren adawa, ta shiga cikin tawagar Birtaniyya a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da aka zaba a lokacin. Ta halarci zaman kadan ne kawai kafin Harold Wilson ya kira wani zabe kuma Bob Bean na Labour ya kore ta da kuri'u 2,418. Ta fita daga Commons don hambarar da Mrs Thatcher na Heath, kuma yayin da Tories ke taruwa don komawa gwamnati. Ta lashe kujerar Rochester da Chatham a shekarar 1979, da kuri'u 2,688.
Shawarar da John Nott ya yanke na rufe tashar jirgin ruwa ta Chatham ta yi armashi ga mazabar Peggy Fenner, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka dauka kan dan majalisarsu. Kuma kafin ta iya kaddamar da kamfen na adawa da rufewar, Mrs Thatcher, a watan Satumbar 1981, ta mayar mata da tsohon aikinta a MAFF. Farashin yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da batu, don haka ta iya magance damuwa game da inganci: yanayin da ake ajiye maruƙan maraƙi da kajin batir, adadin mai a cikin mince da ruwa a cikin tsiran alade, dyes a cikin abincin dabbobi, tsauraran matakan kashe kwari, magungunan kashe qwari. ragowar kan lemukan da ke gurbata gin-and-tonics, da rashin dacewa da fim ɗin abinci don dafa abinci na microwave. Ta kuma jagoranci ayyukan farko na Thames Barrier.
A zaben 1983 an soke kujerar Rochester da Chatham kuma an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na sabuwar mazabar Medway Ta ci gaba da rike kujerar na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu masu zuwa, inda aka sake zabar ta a zabukan 1987 da 1992, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaben 1997 ga Bob Marshall-Andrews na Labour. A kan mutuwar Baroness Jeger a shekara ta 2007, Fenner ta zama mace mafi tsufa da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a Birtaniya.
Misis Thatcher ta kore ta da a watan Satumba na 1986 a jerin kananun ministoci, inda ta biya ta da DBE. Dame Peggy ta zama babban mai fafutukar adawa da babban hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kent zuwa Ramin Channel. Tsawon shekaru goma daga 1987 ta koma Strasbourg a matsayin wakiliyar Majalisar Turai da Tarayyar Turai ta Yammacin Turai.
Zaɓen 1997 ya kawo sauye-sauyen iyakoki da gagarumin rinjaye na ƙasa zuwa Labour. Dame Peggy, tana gab da cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa, ta fadi a zaben da kuri'u 5,354 ga barrister Bob Marshall-Andrews.
Rayuwa An haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1922 a Lewisham, London, a matsayin Peggy Edith Bennett, kakanninta sun kula da ita tun tana karama. Iyayenta sun rabu, tun tana da shekara uku bata sake ganin mahaifinta ba. An yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Majalisar gundumar London a Brockley, Kent ta ci gaba da zuwa makarantar Ide Hill a Sevenoaks amma ta bar shekara 14 tana hidima. A shekarar 1940 tana da shekaru 18 ta auri m Bernard Fenner kuma ta shiga aikin masana'antar yaƙi. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya daya. Mijinta Bernard Fenner da 'yarsu sun riga ta rasuwa. Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbn, 2014.
Manazarta "Jagorancin Lokaci ga House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, 1979 da 1997 bugu.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Peggy Fenner
Portraits of Peggy Fenner at the National Portrait Gallery, London
MEP na Ingila mata a karni na 20
Haihuwan 1962
Mutuwar 2014
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20A%20Afrika | Mata A Afrika | Al'adu, juyin halitta, da tarihin matan da aka haifa a ciki, suke zaune a ciki, kuma daga nahiyar Afirka suna nuna juyin halitta da tarihin nahiyar Afirka kanta.
An gudanar da gajerun nazari da dama dangane da tarihin mata a ƙasashen Afirka. Yawancin karatu suna mayar da hankali kan matsayi na tarihi da matsayi na mata a wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, irin su Masar, Habasha, Maroko, Nigeria Lesotho, da kuma yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara Kwanan nan, masana sun fara mayar da hankali kan juyin halittar mata a tsawon tarihin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kafofin da ba a saba amfani da su ba, kamar wakokin Malawi, fasahohin saka a Sakkwato, da kuma ilimin harshe na tarihi. Matsayin mata a Afirka ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna. Misali, Ruwanda ita ce ƙasa ɗaya tilo a duniya da mata ke rike da fiye da rabin kujeru a majalisar dokoki kashi 51.9% a watan Yulin shekara ta 2019, amma Maroko tana da minista mace guda a majalisar ministocinta. An yi gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar samar da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, wadda ke ƙarfafa ƙasashe mambobin ƙungiyar su kawo ƙarshen wariya da cin zarafin mata. Ban da Maroko da Burundi, duk kasashen Afirka sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Duk da haka, duk da wadannan yunƙurin zuwa daidaito, mata har yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban da suka shafi rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, kamar rashin daidaito na talauci da ilimi, rashin lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, rashin ikon siyasa, iyakancewar aikin aiki, cin zarafin jinsi, kaciya da auren yara Tarihin matan Afirka Nazarin tarihin matan Afirka ya fito a matsayin fage jim kaɗan bayan tarihin Afirka ya zama abin da ake mutuntawa na ilimi. Masana tarihi irin su Jan Vansina da Walter Rodney sun tilasta wa ɗaliban ƙasashen yamma su amince da wanzuwar al'ummomin Afirka da jahohin da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka bayan yunkurin 'yancin kai na Afirka na shekarun 1960, kodayake sun fi mayar da hankali kan tarihin maza. Ester Boserup, masanin tattalin arziki na tarihi, ta buga littafinta mai ban mamaki, Rawar Mata a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, a cikin shekara ta 1970. Wannan littafi ya kwatanta rawar da mata suka taka a tarihin Afirka a matsayin masu samar da tattalin arziki da kuma yadda tsarin mulkin mallaka ya rushe A cikin shekarun 1980, masana sun tattara bayanan tarihin matan Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar, alal misali, binciken George Brooks na shekara ta 1976 na mata yan kasuwa a Senegal kafin mulkin mallaka, Margaret Jean Hays ta 1976 nazarin yadda sauyin tattalin arziki a Kenya yan mulkin mallaka ya shafi matan Luo, da kuma Nazarin Kristin Mann a 1985 akan aure a Najeriya A tsawon lokaci, masana tarihi sun yi muhawara game da matsayi da matsayi na mata a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka da na mulkin mallaka, sun bincika yadda mata suka magance canje-canjen nau'i na zalunci, sunyi nazarin yadda abubuwan mamaki kamar na gida suka zama jinsi, sun gano matsayin mata a gwagwarmayar ƙasa don samun 'yancin kai, har ma sun yi jayayya da cewa nau'in "mace" a wasu lokuta ba za a iya amfani da shi a cikin yanayin mulkin mallaka ba. An nuna mata a matsayin masu taka rawar tarihi, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a kusan kowane yanki na Afirka tsawon ƙarni.
Al'adu
A cikin gida Daga cikin shekara ta 1940s har zuwa lokacin da Maroko ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga tarbiyar Faransa a Shekara ta 1956, matan Moroccan suna rayuwa a cikin rukunin dangi waɗanda ke “gidaje na rufaffiyar” ko kuma haramun A hankali al'adar salon rayuwar haramun ga mata ta ƙare bayan samun 'yancin kai daga ƙasar Faransa a 1956. Sashin ma'aikata na al'ada a Senegal yana ganin matan Senegal suna da alhakin ayyukan gida kamar dafa abinci, tsaftacewa, da kula da yara. Haka kuma sun dauki nauyin aikin noma mai yawa, da suka haɗa da ciyayi da kuma girbin amfanin gona na yau da kullun kamar shinkafa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sauyin tattalin arziki da ci gaban birane ya sa samari da yawa yin hijira zuwa birane kamar Dakar Matan karkara sun kara kaimi wajen sarrafa albarkatun gandun daji na kauyuka da kuma sana’ar gero da injinan shinkafa.
A cikin al'umma An ƙarfafa wariyar jinsi a duk faɗin nahiyar a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, mata suna rike da masarautu a kansu, kuma wasu kabilu ma suna da al'adu don ba da haƙƙin daular zuwa ga sarauta ga zuriyar sarauta ta hanyar matrilineal (misali, Asanteman, Balobedu, Ijawland, daular Wolof Mulkin mallaka ya lalata ikon waɗannan masarautu da al'adu, kuma ya ƙarfafa abin da ya kasance a lokacin da ya riga ya hau kan sarauta daga baya. Hakan ya fuskanci adawa mai zafi, wanda aka fi sani da rikicin mata a Abeokuta a Najeriya. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu sun ƙarfafa ƙa’idojin jinsi da tsarin ajin da suka gada daga magabatan su ‘yan mulkin mallaka, saboda dukkanin gwamnatocin farko da na biyu na gwamnatocin Afrika sun kasa maido da mulkin gargajiya na mata. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin adawa, kuma a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata an sami gagarumin ci gaba a cikin lamarin.
Matan da aka yi wa lakabi da su a tarihin Afirka sun hada da Fatim Beye, Ndoye Demba da Ndate Yalla Mbodj na Senegal, Moremi, Idia, Amina, Orompoto, Nana Asma'u da Efunroye Tinubu na Najeriya, Yaa Asantewaa na Ghana, Yennenga na Burkina Faso, Hangbe na Benin, Makeda, Zawditu da Embet Ilen na Habasha da Eritrea, Nandi na Afirka ta Kudu da Hatshepsut na Masar. Dukkanin ana yaba su azaman abin ƙarfafawa ga matan Afirka na zamani. Yawancin matan Afirka na wannan zamani membobi ne na kungiyar Queens and Women Cultural Networks Network, kungiyar sa kai A cikin adabi Fitattun marubutan Afirka sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukansu kan batutuwan da suka shafi mata musamman a Afirka, ciki har da Nawal El Saadawi (a cikin littattafai irin su Woman at Point Zero da The Hidden Face of Eve Flora Nwapa Efuru Ama Ata Aidoo Anowa, Canje-canje Labarin Soyayya da Buchi Emecheta Farashin Amarya, Yarinyar Bauta, Farin Ciki na Iyaye Ilimi
Yankin Saharar Afirka Duk da cewa kasashen dake kudu da hamadar sahara sun samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen samar da ilimi ga maza da mata, kashi 23% na 'yan mata ba sa samun ilimin firamare. Abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar yarinya da ilimin uwa suna tasiri sosai ga ikonta na samun ilimi Ba tare da samun sauƙin shiga makarantu ba, yawancin iyaye mata ne na farko kuma watakila kawai nau'in ilimin da yarinya za ta iya samu. A Cote d'Ivoire, 'yan mata sun fi zuwa makarantar sakandare sau 35 idan mahaifinsu ya kammala karatun jami'a. Yayin da kashi 40% na ‘yan mata ke yin aure kafin su kai shekara 18 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, ‘yan mata kan tilasta wa barin makaranta don fara iyali. Auren wuri yana ƙarfafa imanin al'adun cewa tarbiyyar 'ya'ya mata ɓarna ce ta dukiya domin iyaye ba za su sami wata fa'ida ta tattalin arziki ba da zarar 'yar su ta auri wani dangi. Wannan yana haifar da al'amuran da aka fi sani da son son ɗa, inda iyalai za su zaɓi su tura 'ya'yansu maza makaranta maimakon 'ya'yansu mata saboda tattalin arzikin da 'ya'yan maza masu ilimi za su iya samun iyali. Bugu da kari, 'yan matan da suke zuwa makaranta suna zuwa makarantun da ba su da inganci. Makarantun da ba su da inganci suna da alaƙa da rashin bayar da kwas da kuma raunin shirye-shiryen ma'aikata. Wani batu a tsarin ilimi shi ne rarrabuwar darussan makaranta ta jinsi. 'Yan mata sun fi yin kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar gida da ilmin halitta, yayin da maza suka fi samun ilimin lissafi, ilmin sinadarai, injiniyanci, da koyar da sana'o'i. A cewar Cibiyar Kididdiga ta UNESCO, kashi 58.8% na mata sun yi karatu a shekarar 2018. Koyaya, yawan karatun karatu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya sha banban sosai daga kasar Chadi mai kashi 14% na mata idan aka kwatanta da Seychelles 96%. Afirka ta Kudu
A cewar binciken da Rowena Martineau ta yi kan bambance-bambancen ilimi tsakanin maza da mata a Afirka ta Kudu, an yi watsi da mata a tarihi a cikin tsarin ilimi. Wasu shingaye da mata ke fuskanta wajen samun ilimi shi ne kasancewar iliminsu bai fi 'yan uwansu fifiko ba, cin zarafi wani lamari ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma abin tsoro ne da yaduwa a cikin al'umma, da matsi na zamantakewar aure da samun iyali duk yana hana mata damar samun ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, mata sun zaɓi karatun aikin jinya da koyarwa fiye da kowace sana'a, wanda ke daɗa hana su shiga ayyukan da ake biyan kuɗi mafi girma a STEM, wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Saliyo
Tun bayan kafuwar kasar Saliyo a shekara ta 1787, matan kasar Saliyo sun kasance babban tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar. Har ila yau, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin ilimi, da kafa makarantu da kwalejoji, inda aka karrama wasu kamar Hannah Benka-Coker da gina mutum-mutumi saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar da Lati Hyde-Forster, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri. Kwalejin Fourah Bay da Jami'ar Saliyo ta karrama shi da digirin digiri na shari'a. Angola
A Angola, an kafa ƙungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Mata ta Angola don samar da sauƙin samun ilimi da ikon jefa kuri'a. Kungiyar ta kuma ba da shawarar zartar da dokar yaki da wariya da karatu.
Arewacin Afirka Ƙasashe bakwai—Algeria, Masar, Libya, Maroko, Sudan, Tunisia, da Sahara ta Yamma—wadanda ke Arewacin Afirka suna da muhallin karatu na musamman saboda arzikin da suke da shi da kuma karfin imaninsu na Musulunci. An bayyana ka'idojin jinsi da matsayinsu sosai don kare mutunci da mutuncin mata, wanda ba da gangan ba ya zama shinge ga mata su sami ilimi daidai gwargwado kamar yadda ake son mata su zauna a gida su tara iyali. Wadannan tsammanin jinsi na rage darajar ilimin mata da hana 'yan mata samun ilimi. Sakamakon haka, kasashen arewacin Afirka kamar Masar da Maroko sun fi yawan jahilci ga mata fiye da sauran ƙasashe masu irin wannan GDP. Hakazalika da yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, mata sun fi yawa a cikin sana'o'in koyarwa, likitanci, da jin dadin jama'a. An ƙara ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin jinsi ta hanyar cewa kashi 20 cikin 100 na mata ne kawai ke cikin aikin aiki. Wannan yana haifar da mummunan yanayi inda ake tsammanin mata su zauna a gida, tare da hana su ci gaba da samun ilimi, da kuma haifar da shinge ga mata don samun ilimi da basirar da ake bukata don samun aikin yi. Maroko
Adadin karatun mata na Morocco ya kai kashi 65%, wanda har yanzu ya yi kasa sosai fiye da na Arewacin Afirka na mata da kashi 73%. Matan Morocco suna rayuwa ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan tsari na yarda da matsayin jinsi da tsammanin. Binciken da Agnaou ya yi a shekara ta 2004 ya gano cewa kashi 40% na matan da ba su iya karatu ba, babban abin da ke hana mata samun ilimi shi ne iyayensu. Saboda ra'ayoyin al'umma na "ilimi" da "ilimi" a matsayin maza, babu wata manufa mai karfi da za ta ƙulla don ilmantar da mata a Maroko. An yi yakin neman karatu daban-daban da gwamnati ta gudanar kamar yadda aka kafa Cibiyar Karatun Manya a 1997 da Yarjejeniya Ta Ilimi da Koyarwa ta Kasa. Waɗannan kamfen ɗin karatu sun sami nasarori daban-daban wajen rage jahilci saboda ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin albarkatun ɗan adam, da rashin fahimtar al'adu.
Siyasa
Arewacin Afirka Aljeriya
Ana kallon Aljeriya a matsayin kasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma matsayin mata ya nuna hakan. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashen yankin ba, an tanadi daidaiton mata a cikin dokokin Aljeriya da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Za su iya kada kuri'a da tsayawa takarar mukaman siyasa. Tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, shugabannin Libya sun himmatu wajen inganta yanayin mata amma suna cikin tsarin Larabci da Musulunci. Babban jigon juyin juya halin 1969 shine karfafawa mata da kuma kawar da matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa. A jamhuriyar Nijar, yawancin dokokin da gwamnatin Nijar ta amince da su na kare haƙƙin matan Nijar, galibi sun dogara ne kan akidar musulmi Afirka ta Yamma Benin
Halin yancin mata a Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulki, da kuma zartar da kundin tsarin mulki da na iyali a shekarar 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Najeriya
'Yanci da 'yancin da mata a Afirka ke da su na shiga harkokin shugabanci da gudanar da zabe ya sha bamban da kasashe da ma kabilun da ke cikin kasa daya. Misali a Najeriya mata a Kudancin Najeriya suna da ‘yancin kada kuri’a tun a shekarar 1950 kuma sun tsaya takara a zaben 1959 a Najeriya, yayin da matan Arewacin Najeriya ba su iya zabe ko tsayawa takara ba sai 1976 Afirka ta Tsakiya Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Mata a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ba su kai ga samun cikakkiyar daidaito da maza ba, yayin da gwagwarmayarsu ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har yau. Duk da cewa gwamnatin Mobutu ta yi watsi da muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma, kuma ko da yake mata suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin doka (misali 'yancin mallakar dukiya da 'yancin shiga a fagagen tattalin arziki da siyasa), al'ada da ƙaƙƙarfan doka har yanzu suna da iyaka. damar su. Daga 1939 zuwa 1943, sama da kashi 30% na manyan matan Kongo a Stanleyville (yanzu Kisangani sun yi rajista sosai. Harajin da suka biya shine tushen kudaden haraji na biyu mafi girma ga Stanleyville.
Gabashin Afirka Seychelles
Mata a Seychelles suna more haƙƙoƙin doka, siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kamar maza. Al'ummar Seychelles ita ce ainihin matrirchal Iyaye mata sukan kasance masu rinjaye a cikin gida, suna sarrafa yawancin abubuwan da ake kashewa da kuma kula da bukatun yara. Uwar da ba a yi aure ba ita ce al’adar al’umma, kuma doka ta bukaci iyaye su tallafa wa ’ya’yansu Maza suna da mahimmanci don iya samun kuɗinsu, amma aikinsu na gida yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan. Tsofaffi mata yawanci suna iya dogaro da tallafin kuɗi daga ’yan uwa da ke zaune a gida ko kuma gudummawar kuɗin da yaran da suka girma suka samu. Su ma matan Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu sun kasance masu fafutuka a fagen ‘yantar da su, ta hanyar samar da abinci da matsuguni ga sojoji, da kula da yara da kuma kula da jarumai da jarumta wadanda suka jikkata a lokacin gwagwarmayar siyasarsu kafin samun ‘yancin kai. Misali shine kafuwarsu ta Katiba Banat ko bataliya ta mata. Sudan
Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekara ta 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW). Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan Cin zarafin jinsi Yarjejeniyar Maputo ta Tarayyar Afirka ta 2003 ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata da aka danganta da jinsi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ma'ana "dukkan ayyukan da ake yi wa mata wanda ke haifar da cutarwa ta jiki, jima'i, tunani, da tattalin arziki, gami da barazanar daukar irin wadannan ayyukan; ko don aiwatar da sanya takunkumi na sabani akan ko tauye yancin kai a cikin zaman sirri ko na jama'a a lokacin zaman lafiya da lokacin rikice-rikice na maƙami ko na yaƙi. Kariyar doka don cin zarafin jima'i A jamhuriyar Benin, aiwatar da dokar hana fyade, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, yana da nasaba da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin ‘yan sanda, da kuma fargabar cin mutuncin jama’a. Rashin cancantar 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton kararraki, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri.
Kaciyar mata A wasu al'adun Afirka, ana kallon kaciyar mata a matsayin hanyar da ta saba shiga mace kuma hanya ce ta tsarkake jikin mace. Akwai matakai guda hudu na kaciyar mata: Nau'i na daya ya hada da cire kwarjinin gaba ɗaya, Nau'i na 2 ya wuce nau'in 1 kuma yana cire ƙananan labia shima, Nau'i na 3 yana dinke farji bayan an yi nau'in nau'in 2, kuma Nau'i na 4 shine duk wani katsewa. farji nama. Hanyar yana da zafi sosai kuma sau da yawa ana yin shi ba tare da ingantaccen kayan aikin likita da hanyoyin tsabta ba wanda ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da ciwo mai tsanani. Ana yiwa mata kaciya a ƙasashen Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Egypt, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Central African Republic, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Saliyo da sauransu.
Cin mata An fayyace ma'anar kisan kai a matsayin "kisan mata da gangan," wanda ya haɗa da kisan gilla, kisan sadaki, laifuffukan ƙiyayya da jima'i, da kisan gilla. A cewar wani bincike na shekara taa 2013 da Abrahams ya yi, Afirka ta Kudu tana da matsayi na huɗu na kisan gilla mata tare da 12.9 cikin 100,000 mata da abokan haɗin gwiwa ke kashewa a Afirka ta Kudu kowace shekara. Tare da adadin mata 7.5/100,000, mata a Afirka ta Kudu sun fi mace-mace a Amurka sau huɗu ana kashe su da bindiga.
Duba kuma
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Matan Afirka
Gabaɗaya matsayin mata a Afirka, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
978-0-19-984673-3 Agnes Loteta Dimandja, Matsayi da Matsayin Mata a cikin Al'ummomin Afirka Kudu da Sahara 30 Yuli 2004
Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing (masu gyara), Mata a Afirka da ƴan Afirka na Afirka Chichi Nwoko-Ud, "Chebe ya jaddada rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummar Afirka"
Mata a cikin Jama'a (Afirka ta Kudu)
Afirka ta Kudu
Afrika
Afirka ta Tsakiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30812 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Devatop%20don%20Ci%20gaban%20Afirka | Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka | Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da matasa ke jagoranta tare da mai da hankali kan yaƙar fataucin mutane, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin yara, samar da kayan ilimi ga yara masu rauni, da ƙarfafa mata da matasa. Kungiyar ta kasance kan gaba wajen yaƙi da safarar mutane da aiwatar da ayyukan ilimi a Najeriya. An yi rajista da Hukumar Haɗin kai a Najeriya kuma ta shafi sama da mutane miliyan ta hanyar horo, wayar da kan jama'a, taimako, gudummawa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.
Tarihi Cibiyar Devatop ta fara ne a cikin shekara ta 2013 a matsayin Cibiyar Ci gaban Hidimar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Joseph Osuigwe Chidiebere Bayan da Osuigwe ya yi mu’amala da wadanda aka yi wa fataucin jinsi, ya ji bacin rai a kan yadda ake safarar mutane a Najeriya, kuma hakan ya sa shi ya kaddamar da wata hidimar al’umma da za ta horar da dubban matasa, matasa, malamai, da mata kan yadda za a yaki fataucin mutane. Ya yi hadin gwiwa da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC) da Hukumar Hana Fataucin Bil Adama ta kasa (NAPTIP) don aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban na yaki da safarar mutane. A shekara ta 2014, ya kafa wata tawaga ta matasa don ci gaba da yin tasiri, wanda hakan ya kai ga kafa cibiyar Devatop don ci gaban Afirka.
Vision da manufa Manufar Devatop ita ce gina ƙasa ba tare da fataucin mutane ba kuma inda aka baiwa matasa damar ci gaban ƙasa. Ayyukanta su ne: Yaƙi da hana fataucin mutane, cin zarafin jinsi, da cin zarafin yara. Don ba da tallafin ilimi ga yara masu rauni. Don karfafawa mata da matasa su zama wakilai na ci gaban ƙasa da kuma taka rawar gani wajen yaƙi da safarar mutane.
Tasiri da jayayya Ta hanyar horar da ita, bayar da shawarwari, da shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo, an wayar da kan mutane sama da miliyan daya kan yaƙi da fataucin bil'adama da kawar da cin zarafin mata. Devatop yana aiki da matasa musamman don rigakafin fataucin mutane. Wasu mutane sun fusata kan yadda Devatop ke amfani da matasa wajen yaki da safarar mutane. Tunanin ƙungiyar dai shi ne, tunda matasa ne kan gaba wajen fataucin mutane, to akwai buƙatar a basu horo da basu kwarin guiwa domin su kasance a sahun gaba wajen yakar wannan munanan laifuka. Ƙungiyar ta samar da kayayyakin ilimi da kuma hidima ga yaran da ke gudun hijira. Aƙalla makarantu 90 a cikin al'ummomin 85 sun amfana daga gudummawar ilimi da tarukan karawa juna sani.
Haɗin kai Ƙungiyar ta yi hadin gwiwa da:
Hukumar Hana Fataucin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NAPTIP), Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (NHRC) da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi (UNODC) domin gudanar da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari kan fataucin bil-Adama a Najeriya.
Asusun Ilimin Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) don samar da kayan ilimi da ayyuka ga yaran da ke gudun hijira..
Magoya bayansa Aikin Pollination
Zaman Yarinya
Mcginnity Family Foundation
Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka Abuja
Cibiyar Yada Labarai da Ilimi ta Afirka
Cibiyar Nazarin Bincike ta Duniya
Human Rights Radio 101.1FM Abuja
Shirye-shirye Jan katin zuwa FGM
Ranar Littafin Duniya
Project Donate2School
HumansNot4Trade Campaign
Yaki da Fataucin Bil Adama
Ƙarshen Fataucin Bil Adama da Ba da Shawarar Hijira Ba bisa ka'ida ba
Makarantar Koyon Rigakafin Fataucin Bil Adama da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa A cikin shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyar ta fara aikin gwaji akan Cibiyar Kula da Rigakafin Fataucin Bil Adama da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa. Wanda ya ƙirƙiro, Mista Osuigwe ya ce, “Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali ne kan Horowa, Shawarwari, Bincike, Kafafen Yada Labarai, Bugawa da ƙarfafawa. A kashin farko na aikin gwajin, an horas da matasa 120 daga jahohi 6 na Najeriya, inda suka yi tasiri ga rayuwar mutane 6000 cikin watanni 9. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton faruwar lamarin fataucin mutane. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ruwaito ita ce Amina da aka yi garkuwa da su daga Abuja zuwa Kano domin auren dole.” Daga karshe muka kubutar da ita.
TALKAM A ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ta TALKAM don ba da rahoton fataucin mutane da cin zarafin jinsi; da kuma kafar yada bayanan fataucin bil adama da za ta taimaka wajen tattara bayanai na nau’ukan safarar mutane daban-daban da kuma kokarin da gwamnatoci ke yi na magance su a kowace jihohi guda 36 na Najeriya. TALKAM wani sabon shiri ne wanda ke mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da kayan aikin fasaha da sadarwa don yin magana game da fataucin bil adama, cin zarafi da ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yana sa ido, tantancewa, bayar da rahoto, bayar da shawarwari da zaburar da ayyuka a tsakanin al'umma, masu tsara manufofi, gwamnati, da kuma mafi mahimmanci don canza halin da ake ciki a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar ta fara shirin TALKAM na mako-mako na rediyo da talbijin na yaki da safarar mutane da kaura a gidan rediyon kare haƙƙin dan Adam 101.1FM Abuja. Shirin wanda ke zuwa duk ranar Juma'a daga ƙarfe 10 na safe zuwa ƙarfe 10:30 na safe, ya ƙunshi kwararru don wayar da kan 'yan ƙasar kan sabbin hanyoyin safarar mutane da hijira, tare da ba su damar shiga waya don yabawa ko bayar da rahoto a yayin wasan.
Devatop jakadun yaki da fataucin mutane Chido Onumah (marubuci kuma mai fafutuka)
Rachel Bakam (mai gabatar da talabijin kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo) John Fashanu (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) Kenneth Okonkwo (Jarumin Nollywood)
Esther Ekanem (mai gwagwarmayar fataucin jima'i)
Ƙarshen shawarwarin kaciyar mata Domin kare ‘yancin mata da ‘yan mata, Cibiyar Devatop ta ci gaban Afirka, ta hannun Babban Daraktanta, Joseph Osuigwe, ta kaddamar da shirin kawo karshen FGM Advocacy, inda ta sanya kungiyar a cikin manyan kungiyoyin da ke yaki da kaciyar mata a Najeriya. Devatop ya samu tallafi daga The Girl Generation da The Pollination Project don horar da sama da 210 masu ba da shawara a Jihar Imo da Abuja. Masu ba da shawara da aka horar suna ɗaukar matakai don isa ga membobin al'umma 15,000.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kungiya
Kungiyar Malamai ta |
50558 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoba%20a%20Najeriya | Annoba a Najeriya | Bala'o'i na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin Najeriya, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Najeriya ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin arewa zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya.
Nau'o'in
fari An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%.
Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm shekara.
Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995.
Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm.
Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar.
Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi.
2021 A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a jihar Adamawa, ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida; Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA).
2020 A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed.
2017 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Jihar Benue ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya. Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000, kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000.
2010 Kimanin mazauna 1000 na Legas da jihohin Ogun na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa Kogin Ogun
Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017
2023 A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu.
Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista Biodun Oyebanji, ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. Monisade Afuye, ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu.
Gudanarwar gaggawa Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA)
Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973. NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu.
Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA) Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF)
An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya. An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato:
Ikon Cibiyar
Haɗin kai
Binciken Hadarin Bala'i
Rage Hadarin Bala'i
Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa
Amsawar Bala'i
Farfado da Bala'i
Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa
Duba kuma fari na Sahel na 2012
Canjin yanayi a Najeriya
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
1766 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariya | Zariya | Zariya (Ko kuma da turanci Zaria, sai kuma Zazzau sunan da ake mata lakabi da shi). Zaria gari ne dake cikin arewacin Najeriya, karamar hukuma ce a cikin jihar Kaduna, tana da iyaka da Funtuwa, babban birnin Kaduna, da kuma Igabi duka a cikin ƙasar Najeriya. A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a na shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006), jimillar mutane dubu dari bakwai da sittin (700060) ne a garin Zariya, amman daga bisani an kimanta yawan su a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha bakwai (2017), ga jimillar mutane miliyan daya (1000000). Birnin Zariya tana da kilomita dari biyu da sittin (260kms) ne daga garin Abuja, kilomita tamanin (80kms) ne daga Zariya, kilomita dari daya da sittin (160) ne daga Kano. garin Zazzau an saka masa suna ne daga Sarauniya Amina.
Tarihi Asalin zaria sarakunan hausawa ne ke mulkin su, wanda su ka yi sarauta tun daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari biyar da biyar (1505) zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hudu 1804 ne Shehu Usman dan Fodiyo yayi jihadi, inda ya yaki sarkin gobir mai suna Yunfa, a Yakin kwoto, daga nan ne ya fara yada sarautarsa da musulunci zuwa masarautun Hausawa, A garin zariya kuma akwai Malam Musa wanda ya dade yana da’awar zuwa ga addinin musulunci, Malam Musa Bafillatani ne, Jin Jihadin Usman dan Fodiyo yasa shima ya karbi tuta daga Usman dan Fodiyo. Da Malam Musa da Yamusa mutumin fulanin Barno suka doso Zariya suka yaki sarki Makau dan kabilar Hausawa, Makau sai ya gudu shi da mutanensa zuwa Zuba, wani gari ne na Gwari da Koro a yankin Abuja a yau, Malam Musa sai ya zama Sarkin zazzau na farko daga kabilar Fulani, bayan rasuwarsa sai aka naɗa Yamusa a shekarar ta dubu daya dari takwas da ashirin da daya 1821 a matsayin sarkin zazzau, shi kuma fulanin Barno ne, daga nan ne Bare-Bari da Fulanin Mallawa suka fara sarauta a kasar zazzau. (Ihayatu (talk) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))
Birni ne a kasar Hausa wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin garuruwan da Shehu Usman ya bada tutar addinin musulunci ya tabbata a ciki. Birni ne mai dadin zama saboda yanayinsa gashi kuma babbar cibiyar ilimin addini dana boko a arewacin Najeriya. Wannan gari Allah ya albarkace shi da kasa ta noma da kuma ilimin addinin musulunci dana zamani wanda a dalilin haka ne baki daga makotan garin suke zuwa domin neman ilimi kai harma da na kasashen waje da kuma mutanen garin Zariya su kansu, Wadannan garuruwa a wancen lokacin duka suna karkashin mulkin garin zazzau ne, inda Zariya take a matsayin babban birni, amman yanzu wasu daga cikin wadannan garuruwan basa karkashin zazzau. (Ihayatu (talk) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))
Mutane Asalin mulkin Zariya yana karkashin Sarakunan [Hausawa]] ne, ana kiran garin da zazzau, zakzak ko zegzeg, dukkan wadannan sunayen ana kiran garin zazzau da shi, amman daga bisani sunan zazzau ya canza zuwa Zariya, A inda kuma sarautar aka fi kiranta da zazzau, shiyasa sarkin garin ake kiran shi da sarkin zazzau, mutanen da suka fito daga garin ana kiransu da suna Bazazzagi, jam’i kuma Zazzagawa.. (Ihayatu (talk) 21:14, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))
Sarauta Asalin mulkin Zariya tana karkashin Sarakunan hausawa ne, wadanda ke mulkan masarautan Zazzau, amma daga baya sarakunan Mallawa da fulani suka hada hannu da karfi suka yaki sarakunan hausawa a shekarar 1804. Sarakunan Hausawa na farko sun rayu ne a karni na 15, wadanda a wannan lokacin ba'a iya tina shekarun da sukayi sarauta, amman sarakunan hausawa na biyu sunyi mulki ne a karni na 16, inda aka taskace shekarun mulkin su, har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Fulani suka yake su, sarkin su na karshe shine Makau a Zariya, a Gobir kuma shine Yunfa.
Arziki
Masana'antu Garin Zariya an san su da sana’o’i daban daban, Garin jere da kajuma suna karkashin Zariya, sun yi suna akan saka ta hannu. Abu mai muhimmancin gaske a kasar Zariya shine Audiga, wanda ake diba daga Zariya da kano zuwa kasashen turawa domin amfanin masana’antu, garin Zariya sun shahara da sakan kayan sakawa, hula, da kuma rini.
Kasuwanci Zariya gari ne, na kasuwanci da harkar noma.
Noma Allah ya ba Zariya kasar noma mai kyau.ana noma masara, doya, dawa, dauro, rake, barkono, shinkafa, dss.
Sufuri Zariya suna da hanyar sufurin jirgin ƙasa da hada Zariya da garuruwan Lagos Kano, Abuja da kuma Kaduna (birni).
Ilimi Zariya cibiya ce ta ilimin addini da boko, a garin ne jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta ke, bayan ABU akwai makarantun Ilimi kusan 9 a cikin garin Zariya.Kamar;
1. Federal College of Education ((F.c.e)). 2. Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic. 3. Ameer Shehu Idris. 4. National Institute of transport Technology((Nitt)). 5. Leather Research. 6. Narict
7. National College of Aviation((Ncat)). 8. Napri
9. Institute of Animal research((I.A.R)). Akwai kuma malaman addinin Musulunci manya kaman;
1. Sheikh Mua'azu 2. Sheikh Abdulkadir 3. Sheikh Yahuza
Da dai sauran su.
Addini
Musulunci Mutanen Zariya ma fi yawansu mabiya addinin Musulunci ne.
Kiristanci Kasantuwar ma'aikatu na Gwamnatin tarayya a garin Zariya da kuma hanyoyin sufuri da yanayin kasuwanci a garin, hakan ya sa mabiya addinin Kiristiyaniti na kara yawa a garin.
Masana'antu Akwai masana'antu kamar su "Sunseed", Pz, dasau ransu.
Garuruwa Da a garin Zariya akwai Ganuwa, amma daga baya duk an cire su.
Bibiliyo Professor lavers collection: Zaria Province, Arewa House.
Maiwada, Salihu and Renne, Elisha P. (2007) "New Technologies of Embroidered Robe Production and Changing Gender Roles in Zaria, Nigeria, 1950–2005" Gihring, Thomas (1984). "Intraurban Activity Patterns among Entrepreneurs in a West African Setting". Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography. Smith, Michael G. (1960) Government in Zazzau 1800–1950 International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, London, OCLC 293592; reprinted in 1964 and 1970. Dan Isaacs (28 September 2010). "Nigeria's emirs: Power behind the throne". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Diddigin bayanai na waje Fayal masu alaqa da Zaria a commons.wikimedia.org
Asalin tushe
Manazarta Biranen Najeriya
Kananan hukumomin jihar |
51690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigobert%20Roger%20Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely (an haife shi a watan Yuni 7, 1953), ma'aikacin babban banki ne na Kongo kuma ƙwararren masanin a fannin kuɗi da tattalin arzikin banki. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville daga 2002 zuwa 2005, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnan BEAC daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2010. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA Bank) da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP a Kongo-Brazzaville.
Ilimi An haife shi a Mossaka, Andely ya halarci makarantar firamare a Lébango da Etoumbi a Cuvette-Ouest, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Collège de Boundji a Cuvette. Bayan haka ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a Brazzaville, inda ya sami digiri na Faransanci a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin 1973.
An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Brazzaville a shekarar 1973, Andely ya kammala karatun digiri tare da Jagoran Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1977.
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand da ke Faransa, Andely ya ɗauki aiki a Paris don shiga Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) sannan ya shigar da shi Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta BEAC don Gudanar da Ma'aikata., daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin watan Oktoba 1979. An ba shi hedkwatar BEAC a Yaoundé, Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Kuɗi da Kididdigar Kuɗi. A shekarar 1982, ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki.
Sana'a
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya A watan Yulin 1987, Andely ya kasance na biyu a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a Washington, DC, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Benin da Mukaddashin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Ivory Coast da Togo. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki, mai taken "Neoliberal Monetary and Financial Strategy for Development: Application to Sub-Saharan Africa". A shekarar 1988, ya sami nasarar kare karatunsa a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand kuma ya sami karramawa na farko.
Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan ya dawo hedkwatar BEAC a 1990, an nada Andely Mataimakin Daraktan Bincike da Hasashe. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Mataimakin Darakta, ya bullo da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na kudi guda hudu wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan BEAC a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
shirye-shiryen kuɗi, wanda ya ba da damar Babban Bankin su yi rajistar ayyukansu a cikin ƙididdiga na tsarin tattalin arziki sabuwar manufar kuɗi bisa amfani da na'urorin manufofin kai tsaye amfani da kayan kasuwancin kuɗi maimakon ci gaban kai tsaye zuwa bankuna, da gabatar da karatun farko na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya (the Central Africa Stock Exchange Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi, da Kasafin Kudi A shekara ta 1998 Andely ya ci gaba da hawansa a BEAC lokacin, yana da shekaru 45, aka nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Agusta 2002, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi., da kasafin kudin Jamhuriyar Congo. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kudi, Andely ya jagoranci tattaunawa da kungiyoyin Paris da na Landan wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen rage basussukan Kongo-Brazzaville a daidai lokacin da ake daukar kasar a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa bashi. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a ma’aikatar kudi, Andely ya kuma jagoranci biyan manyan basussukan cikin gida, da tabbatar da biyan basussukan albashi ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, da kammala aikin samar da kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Imboulou, da kuma kafa gyare-gyare don tabbatar da gaskiya da gudanar da shugabanci na gari domin ya dace dan zaburar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kongo.
Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Kongo-Brazzaville, Andely ya koma matsayinsa na Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Fabrairu 2005. Duk da haka, bayan shawarar da shugabannin kasashen kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta kasashen tsakiyar Afirka (CEMAC) suka yanke a shekarar 2010 Andely ya bar wannan mukamin saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kudaden saka hannun jari na BEAC da Société Générale ke gudanarwa, duk da cewa ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafi kudaden zuba jari.
Bayan barin BEAC, shugaban kasar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso ya nada Andely a shekarar 2011 a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da sayan jama'a kuma a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Kungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara. A shekara ta 2014, Andely ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke kula da samar da bankin Sin da Kongo na Afirka, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 2015 tare da hedikwata a Brazzaville. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA). Banki).
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Andely ya samu karramawa da kyautuka da dama saboda aikin da ya yi a Afirka, ciki har da Umarni na karramawa daga kasashe uku, wato Ivory Coast, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea, da kuma babban jami'in Congo de l'Ordre du Mérite.
Sabis na ilimi da aiki Andely mai magana ne na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Ci gaban Duniya (CERDI) a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand a Faransa. Ya kuma buga labarai da yawa cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kan tattalin arziki, manufofin kuɗi, da banki, musamman a cikin “Bincike da Ƙididdiga na BEAC.” Shi ma memba ne na kwamitin dabarun Gidauniyar Bincike da Bincike na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (FERDI) Yana da yare biyu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci.
Rayuwa ta sirri Andely yana da aure kuma mahaifin yara 10. Yana da sha'awar yanayi kuma yana son ya kula da filayen safu da ke da nisan kilomita 45 daga Brazzaville. Mutum ne mai son karanta littattafan tarihi. Hakanan yana sha'awar kiɗan Kongo da kiɗan ƙasar Amurka.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57378 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Classic | Range Rover Classic | Range Rover jerin abubuwan hawa ne 4x4, matsakaiciyar girman Kashe-hanya wanda aka samar daga 1969 zuwa 1996 da farko ta ƙungiyar Rover (daga baya Land Rover na British Leyland, kuma daga baya ta ƙungiyar Rover Farkon motocin da aka samar a ƙarƙashin sunan Range Rover, an gina shi azaman ƙirar kofa biyu don shekaru 11 na farko, har sai da kofa huɗu kuma ta kasance a cikin 1981. Range Rover daga nan ya yi nasarar haɓaka kasuwa a cikin 1980s, kuma an yi muhawara sosai a Amurka a matsayin ƙirar ɗan shekara 17 a 1987 Los Angeles Auto Show An hana samun nau'in kofa biyu daga 1984, amma ya kasance yana samarwa ga wasu kasuwanni har zuwa 1994, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarni na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Land Rover ya sake fasalin ainihin samfurin a ƙarƙashin kalmar Range Rover Classic, don bambanta shi da sabon magajinsa na P38A, lokacin da aka gina su biyu tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma sun yi amfani da sunan a baya ga duk Range Rovers na farko. Kodayake ƙarni na biyu Range Rover ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance, wanda ya fara a cikin 1994 duka magajin da mafi araha na farko da na biyu na Gano Land Rover sun dogara ne akan ainihin asalin Range Rover's chassis, jirgin ƙasa da tsarin jiki, wanda a cikin jigon ya rayu har zuwa ƙarni na uku Discovery ya zo, kuma layin jini na injiniya ya ƙare tare da maye gurbin Mark 2 Gano bayan 2004.
A cikifarkon 2020, aikin samar da shekaru 26 na asalin Range Rover an ƙidaya shi azaman motar ƙarni na ashirin da bakwai mafi tsayi a tarihi ta mujallar Autocar Tarihi Rover 's Land Rover Series Na ƙaddamar a cikin 1948 an tsara shi don zama mai arha, mai sauƙin ƙira, kuma ya dace da aiki tuƙuru a cikin yankunan karkara, tare da ɗan rangwame ga kwanciyar hankali. Ba da jimawa ba Rover ya gane cewa kasuwa ta wanzu don abin hawa daga kan hanya tare da ƙarin abubuwan more rayuwa. A cikin 1949 an saki motar Land Rover Estate, tare da koci-ginin katako da Tickford ya gina. Duk da haka, babban farashin ƙara irin waɗannan siffofi na mota kamar kujeru bakwai, kafet na bene, na'ura mai zafi, gilashin gilashi guda ɗaya ya sa an sayar da ƙasa da 700 kafin a bar samfurin a 1951.
A shekara ta 1954 Land Rover ya ƙaddamar da mota ta biyu, wannan lokacin yana nufin mai amfani da kasuwanci wanda ke buƙatar abin hawa daga kan hanya don ɗaukar fasinjoji ba tare da jin dadi na mota ba. Dangane da bambance-bambancen nau'in Land Rover na kasuwanci, yana da kujeru masu dacewa da wurin lodi da tagogi da aka yanke a cikin gefuna. Duk da yake akwai tare da fasali kamar fitilar ciki, hita, ƙofa da gyaran bene da ingantattun kujeru, motar kadara ta riƙe ƙaƙƙarfan abin hawa da iya dakatarwa da kuma matsakaicin aikinta.
A ƙarshen 1950s Rover ya gamsu cewa kasuwa don samun kwanciyar hankali 4x4 ya wanzu a yankuna kamar Afirka da Ostiraliya, inda masu ababen hawa na yau da kullun suka fuskanci doguwar tafiye-tafiye a kan titunan da ba a yi ba waɗanda ke buƙatar tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu da tsauri mai tsauri. A shekarar 1958 aka gina na farko na "Road Rover" ci gaban motoci. Haɗa dagewar Land Rover tare da jin daɗin motar Rover saloon, yana da fasalin Land Rover chassis da kayan gudu sanye da kayan aikin mota mai kama da mota. Bai taba sanya shi cikin samarwa ba.
A cikin 1960s, Rover ya fara sanin haɓakar tayi na abin hawa mai amfani a Arewacin Amurka. Proto SUVs kamar International Harvester Scout (1961) da Ford Bronco (1966) sun fara skew na 4x4s zuwa sauri da ta'aziyya yayin da suke riƙe fiye da isassun ikon kashe hanya don yawancin masu amfani masu zaman kansu. Jeep Wagoneer ya kara tabbatar da manufar a cikin hanyar da Rover ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa, amma tare da ƙarin iko. Don samar da Rover nudge don haɓakawa, shugaban ayyukan kamfanin na Amurka ya aika da Land Rover Series II 88 zuwa Biritaniya wanda aka sanye da ƙaramin injin buick V8 na ci gaba.
Rover yarda da kunno kai na wasanni kashe-hanya kasuwar a 1967 karkashin Charles Spencer King, kuma ya fara da "100-inch Station Wagon" shirin don bunkasa m gasa. Rover ya sayi Bronco, wanda ke nuna nau'in dakatarwar ruwa mai tsayin tafiya da ake buƙata don haɗakar da kwanciyar hankali na mota da ake buƙata da kuma tabbatar da ikon Land Rover. An ce Sarki ya gamsu da magudanan ruwa yayin tuki Rover P6 a kan wani yanki na masana'antar Solihull da ake sake ginawa. Ya kuma gamsu cewa ana buƙatar watsa tayoyin kafa huɗu na dindindin duka don samar da isassun kulawa da kuma ɗaukar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don abin hawa ya kasance mai gasa. Farashin haɓaka sabon watsawa gabaɗaya ya bazu tsakanin aikin SW 100-inch da wanda ke aiki akan abin da zai zama Land Rover 101 Forward Control Ƙarfi, haske da ƙarfi, Buick alloy V8 ya sami gyare-gyare a kan hanya irin su carburettors waɗanda ke kula da samar da man fetur a matsanancin kusurwoyi da kuma tanadi don cranking injin tare da farawa a cikin gaggawa.
Aikin jiki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ƙira da ƙungiyar injiniyoyi suka yi, maimakon sashin salo na David Bache Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka%20mai%20Shekaru | Shuka mai Shekaru | Itace ne tsirrai ko kuma kawai tsirran shine tsirrai wanda ke rayuwa sama da shekaru biyu., Kalmar per- -nnial, "ta cikin shekaru") galibi ana amfani da ita don rarrabe shuka daga gajerun shekaru da biennials Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar sosai don rarrabe, tsirrai tare da ƙarancin girma ko babu girma,(girma na biyu a girth) daga bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, waɗanda su ma ƙwaƙƙwaran shekaru ne. Shukoki masu shekaru musamman ƙananan tsire -tsire masu furanni waɗanda ke girma da fure akan bazara da bazara, suna mutuwa kowane kaka da hunturu, sannan su dawo a cikin bazara daga tushen su ko wani tsarin da ya kuma mamaye su, an san su da perennials Ko yaya, ya danganta da tsananin yanayin gida (zazzabi, danshi, abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta), shuka wanda ke zama a cikin mazaunin sa na asali, ko a cikin lambun da ya fi sauƙi,mai lambu na iya kula da shi a zaman shekara -shekara da shuka kowace shekara, daga iri, daga cuttings, ko daga rarrabuwa. Tumatir inabõbi, misali, live shekaru da dama a cikin halitta wurare masu zafi subtropical mazauninsu amma suna girma kamar yadda annuals a temperate yankunan domin su sama-ƙasa biomass ba tsira da hunturu. Hakanan akwai aji na har abada, ko marasa tsiro, perennials, gami da tsirrai kamar Bergenia waɗanda ke riƙe da mayafi na ganye a duk shekara. An san wani tsaka -tsakin tsirrai da ake kira subshrubs, wanda ke riƙe da tsarin katako a cikin hunturu, misali. Penstemon Alamar shuka na shekara -shekara, dangane da nau'ikan Plantarum ta Linnaeus, alama ce ta wakilta: wanda kuma shine alamar astronomical ga duniyar Jupiter Zagayen rayuwa da tsari Shuke -shuke masu shekaru da yawa sun fi yawan shuke -shuke (shuke -shuke da ke da ganyayyaki da mai tushe waɗanda ke mutuwa a ƙasa a ƙarshen lokacin girma kuma wanda ke nuna girma na farko kawai) ko na itace (shuke -shuke masu ɗorewa sama da tushe mai tushe wanda ke tsira daga lokacin girma zuwa na gaba, tare da ci gaban firamare da na sakandare, ko girma cikin fa'ida ta kariya ta waje), wasu kuma har abada suna da ganye mai ɗorewa ba tare da tushe ba. Suna iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci ('yan shekaru kawai) ko tsawon rai. Sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tsire-tsire daga tsire-tsire marasa furanni kamar ferns da hanta zuwa ga shuke-shuken furanni iri-iri kamar orchids, ciyawa, da tsirrai Shuke -shuke da furanni da 'ya'yan itace sau ɗaya kawai sannan suka mutu ana kiranta monocarpic ko semelparous, waɗannan nau'in na iya rayuwa na shekaru da yawa kafin su yi fure, misali, shuka na ƙarni na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru 80 kuma ya yi tsayi mita 30 kafin fure da mutuwa. Koyaya, yawancin perennials sune polycarpic (ko iteroparous), suna fure akan yanayi da yawa a rayuwarsu. Perennials suna saka albarkatu fiye da na shekara -shekara zuwa tushen, rawanin, da sauran sifofi waɗanda ke ba su damar rayuwa daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba, amma suna da fa'idar gasa saboda za su iya fara haɓaka su kuma cika a farkon lokacin girma fiye da shekara -shekara, a yin haka za su iya yin gasa mafi kyau don sararin samaniya da tattara ƙarin haske. Shuke-shuke masu shekaru galibi suna haɓaka tsarukan da ke ba su damar dacewa da rayuwa daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba ta hanyar siyan tsiro maimakon shuka. Waɗannan tsarin sun haɗa da kwararan fitila, tubers, rawanin katako, rhizomes da turions Suna iya samun tushe na musamman ko rawanin da zai ba su damar tsira lokacin bacci akan lokacin sanyi ko lokacin bushewa a cikin shekarar. Shekara -shekara, sabanin haka, suna samar da iri don ci gaba da nau'in a matsayin sabon ƙarni. A lokaci guda, lokacin shuka ya dace, kuma tsaba suna rayuwa akan sanyi ko lokacin bushewa don fara girma lokacin da yanayin ya sake dacewa.
Yawancin perennials suna da fasali na musamman waɗanda ke ba su damar tsira daga matsanancin yanayin muhalli. Wasu sun saba da yanayin zafi ko bushe wasu kuma sun yi sanyi sosai; suna son saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawarsu kuma galibi ba su yin fure da saita iri har sai bayan 'yan shekarun girma. A cikin yanayin yanayin zafi duk tsawon shekara, perennials shuke-shuke masu shekari na iya ci gaba da girma. A cikin yanayin yanayi, ci gaban su yana iyakance ta zafin jiki ko danshi zuwa lokacin girma.
Wasu tsirrai da yawa suna riƙe da ganyen su shekara-shekara; Waɗannan su ne shuke -shuke marasa tushe. Ƙwayayyun bishiyoyi suna zubar da duk ganyensu na shekara, sun haɗa da tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire da na itace; tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da tushe wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, girma mai ƙarfi, yayin da tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi suna da tushe tare da tsiron da ke rayuwa sama da ƙasa yayin dormancy, wasu perennials shuke-shuke masu shekaru ba su da yawa, ma'ana suna rasa wasu daga cikin ganyayyakin su a cikin hunturu ko bazara. Ƙwayoyin da ba su da yawa suna zubar da ganyensu lokacin da yanayin girma bai dace da photosynthesis ba, kamar lokacin sanyi ko bushewa. A wurare da yawa na duniya, ana nuna yanayin yanayi a matsayin lokacin rigar da bushewa maimakon lokacin zafi da sanyi, kuma tsirrai masu shuɗewa suna rasa ganyensu a lokacin bazara. Ana kiyaye wasu tsirrai na tsirrai daga gobarar daji saboda suna da tushen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da harbe -harbe, kwararan fitila, kambi, ko tushe wasu tsirrai kamar bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi na iya samun yadudduka masu kauri da ke kare mai tushe. Tsarin tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire daga yankuna masu tsaka -tsaki da tsaunuka na duniya na iya jure sanyi yayin hunturu.
Tsarin shuke -shuke na iya zama na dindin na dogon lokaci sannan kuma ya ba da shawarar haɓaka da haɓaka lokacin da yanayi ya fi dacewa, yayin da yawancin tsire -tsire na shekara -shekara ke kammala zagayen rayuwarsu a lokacin girma ɗaya, kuma biennials suna da lokacin girma biyu.
Meristem na tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire suna magana da hormones da aka samar saboda yanayin muhalli (watau yanayi), haifuwa, da matakin ci gaba don farawa da dakatar da ikon girma ko fure. Hakanan akwai bambanci tsakanin ikon girma da ainihin aikin haɓaka. Misali, yawancin bishiyoyi suna samun ikon yin girma a lokacin hunturu amma basa fara haɓaka jiki har zuwa lokacin bazara da bazara. Ana iya ganin farkon dormancy a cikin tsire -tsire masu tsire -tsire ta hanyar bushewar furanni, asarar ganyayyaki akan bishiyoyi, da dakatar da haifuwa a duka furanni da tsiro. Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana jinsunan iya nuna mun gwada manyan tsaba da cewa suna da amfani na samar da ya fi girma seedlings cewa za a fi gasa da sauran shuke-shuke. Perennials kuma suna samar da tsaba tsawon shekaru da yawa.
Noma Shuke-shuke masu shekaru da ake nomawa sun haɗa da: tsirrai masu itace kamar bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da aka shuka don' ya'yansu masu cin abinci; shrubs da bishiyoyin da aka girma kamar kayan ado na shimfidar wuri; amfanin gona na ganye kamar bishiyar asparagus, rhubarb, strawberries da tsire -tsire masu saukin yanayi ba su da ƙarfi a cikin wurare masu sanyi kamar tumatir, eggplant, da coleus (waɗanda ake bi da su shekara -shekara a wuraren sanyi). Perennials kuma sun haɗa da tsire -tsire da aka shuka don furannin su da sauran ƙimar kayan ado ciki har da: kwararan fitila (kamar tulips, narcissus, da gladiolus); da ciyawar ciyawa, da sauran murfin ƙasa, (kamar periwinkle da <i id="mwhA">Dichondra</i> Kowane nau'in shuka dole ne a rarrabe daban; misali, shuke -shuke waɗanda ke da tsarin tushen fibrous kamar yini -rana, Siberian iris ko ciyawa za a iya raba su tare da allurar lambu guda biyu da aka saka a baya, ko a yanka ta wuƙaƙe. Koyaya, tsirrai irin su gemun gemu suna da tsarin rhizomes; Dole ne a dasa waɗannan tushen tushen tare da saman rhizome sama da matakin ƙasa, tare da ganyayyaki daga shekara mai zuwa. Batun raba perennials shine don haɓaka adadin nau'in shuka guda ɗaya a cikin lambun ku. A Amurka an sayar da fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 900 na tsirrai na tsirrai masu shuke -shuke a shekarar 2019.
Amfanin noma Ko da yake yawancin mutane ana ciyar da su ta hanyar sake shuka iri na amfanin gona na hatsi na shekara-shekara, (ko ta halitta ko ta ƙoƙarin ɗan adam), amfanin gona na shekara-shekara yana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa. Perennial shuke-shuke masu shekaru sau da yawa da zurfi, m tushen tsarin wanda zai iya riƙe ƙasa don hana yashewa, kama narkar da nitrogen da shi zai iya sama kasa da kuma ruwa surface, da kuma fitar da-gasa weeds (rage bukatar herbicides Waɗannan fa'idodin fa'idoji na dindindin sun haifar da sabbin ƙoƙarin ƙara yawan amfanin gona na nau'ikan tsirrai, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin amfanin gona na tsirrai. Wasu misalan sabbin amfanin gona da ake ci gaba da haɓakawa sune shinkafa mai ɗorewa da ciyawar alkama Cibiyar Land ta kiyasta cewa amfanin gona, amfanin gona na amfanin gona mai ɗimbin yawa zai ɗauki aƙalla shekaru 25 kafin a cimma.
Wuri Shuke -shuken tsirrai suna mamaye tsarukan halittu da yawa a ƙasa da cikin ruwa mai daɗi, tare da kaɗan kaɗan (misali Zostera yana faruwa a cikin ruwan teku mara zurfi. Herbaceous perennial shuke-shuke ne musamman rinjaye a cikin yanayi ma wuta-yiwuwa ga itatuwa da kuma shrubs, misali, mafi shuke-shuke a kan prairies da kuma matakan ne Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana. su ma sun fi rinjaye a kan tundra da sanyi sosai don girma itacen. Kusan duk tsire -tsire na gandun daji suna da yawa, gami da bishiyoyi da shrubs.
Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire galibi sune mafi kyawun masu fafatawa na dogon lokaci, musamman a ƙarƙashin kwanciyar hankali, yanayin talauci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɓaka manyan tsarin tushen da zai iya samun ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kuma zuwa farkon fitowar bazara. Shuke -shuke na shekara -shekara suna da fa'ida a cikin mawuyacin yanayi saboda saurin haɓakarsu da haɓaka haɓakar su.
Nau'ukan Misalan tsirrai masu shuɗi sun haɗa da Begonia da ayaba Misalan gandun daji na ganye sun haɗa da goldenrod da mint Misalan monocarpic perennials sun haɗa da Agave da wasu nau'ikan Streptocarpus Misalan woody Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana hada da Maple, Pine, da kuma apple itatuwa.
Misalan herbaceous Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana, a wajen noma hada alfalfa, Thinopyrum intermedium, da kuma Red Clover Jerin shuke-shuke masu shekaru
Furen furanni Perennials da aka girma don furannin kayan ado sun haɗa da nau'ikan iri da iri. Misalan sun hada da
Dahlia
Kniphofia
Hollyhock
Lupin
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari Yawancin tsire -tsire masu ba da 'ya'ya suna da yawa ko da a cikin yanayin yanayi. Misalan sun hada da
Ganyen tsirrai Yawancin ganye suna da yawa har da waɗannan misalai:
Kayan lambu da yawa Yawancin tsire -tsire na kayan lambu na iya girma a matsayin tsirrai a cikin yanayin zafi, amma suna mutuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi. Misalan wasu daga cikin mafi yawan kayan lambu na yau da kullun sune:
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Taswirar Yankin Hardiness na USDA
Noma tare da Perennials Aroids masu cin abinci
Shuke -shuke don Gaba
Shuka
Annual plant
Biennial plants
Pages with unreviewed |
58092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Burda | Al-Burda | Qasīdat al-Burda ,"Ode of the Mantle"),ko al-Burda a taƙaice,littafin yabo ne na ƙarni na goma sha uku ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammad wanda fitaccen malamin Sufaye Imam al-Busiri na Masar ya haɗa. Wakar da ainihin take ita ce al-Kawākib ad-durriyya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Bariyya "Hasken Sama a Yabon Fiyayyen Halitta"),ya shahara musamman a duniyar musulmi 'yan Sunna. Gabaɗayan yabo ne ga Muhammadu,wanda aka ce mawaƙin mawaƙin ya yi ta yabonsa,har ya kai ga Muhammadu ya bayyana a mafarki ya lulluɓe shi da alkyabba ko alkyabba;da safe mawakin ya gano cewa Allah ya ba shi lafiya.
Bānat Su'ad,waƙar da Ka'b bin Zuhayr ya yi tun asali ana kiranta da Al-Burdah.Ya karanta wannan waka a gaban Muhammad bayan ya musulunta.Sosai Muhammad ya girgiza ya cire mayafinsa ya lullube shi.Asalin Burdah ba ta shahara kamar wadda al-Busiri ya tsara ba duk da cewa Muhammadu ya nannade alkyabbarsa a jiki a kan Ka'b ba a mafarki ba kamar na al-Busiri.
Abun ciki An raba Burda zuwa surori 10 da ayoyi 160 duk suna waƙa da juna.Tsawatar ayoyin shine kamewa,"Majibincina Kayi salati da aminci ga Masoyinka, Mafificin Halittu gaba daya"(Larabci: ).Kowace aya ta ƙare da harafin larabci mīm, salon da ake kira mīmiyya. Babi 10 na Burda sun ƙunshi:
Akan soyayya mai ban sha'awa
Akan Gargadi game da Caprice na Kai
Akan Yabon Annabi
Akan Haihuwarsa
Akan Mu'ujizarsa
Akan Maɗaukakin Matsayi da Mu'ujizar Alƙur'ani
Akan Mi'irajin Annabi
Akan Gwagwarmayar Manzon Allah
Akan Neman Ceto ta wurin Annabi
Akan Tattaunawar Kudi da Kokarin Jiha.
Shahararren Waƙar ta ga fassarori daban-daban, cikin harsuna daban-daban. Babu shakka mafi mahimmancin fassarar lokutan baya-bayan nan ita ce ta Timothy Winter zuwa Turanci. An kuma fassara littafin zuwa harsuna hudu daban-daban: Farisa, Urdu, Punjabi da Ingilishi na Dr.Muhammad Hamid.
Audio The Adel Brothers ne ya shirya cikakken fassarar wannan shahararriyar waƙa.Sun rera cikakkiyar wakar a cikin sama da salo 20 dabandaban.
Legacy Burda ya samu karbuwa a cikin Musulunci Ahlus Sunna kuma ya kasance batun tafsirai da dama daga manyan malaman Sunna kamar Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, Nazifi da Qastallani Shafi'i ne kuma suka yi nazarinsa.Malamin hadisi Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 852 bayan hijira) duk ta hanyar karanta wa malaminsa nassin da babbar murya da kuma karban sa a rubuce daga wani mai watsa labarai wanda ya ji shi kai tsaye daga Busiri da kansa.
Wanda ya assasa Wahabiyanci Muhammad bn Abdil Wahhab ya dauki wakar a matsayin shirka(shirka).
Duba kuma Al-Busiri
Durood
Wakar Musulunci
Mesut Kurtis
Nassoshi
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Qasida Burda Qasida Burda (the nasheed)
Al-Burda na BBC
Iqra.net: Mantalin Annabi
Fassarar al-Burda da sauran albarkatun
Littafin MA: Fahimtar Waƙar Burdah a cikin Tafsirin Sufi Archived Mantle An ƙawata fassarar Timothy Winter
'The Mantle of Praise' Cikakken fassarar Qasida Burda ta The Adel Brothers
Kara karantawa Muhammadu a cikin Tarihi, Tunani, da Al'adu: Encyclopedia na Annabin Allah (2 vols. Gyara ta C. Fitzpatrick da A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776
La Burda du desert, Touria Ikbal, Faiza Tidjani Muhammad Vâlsan, Edited by Science sacrée, 2015. ISBN 9782915059106
Al Borda (Le manteau): Poème consacré à l'éloge du Prophète de l'Islam (sur lui la prière et le salut) Broché, TEMASAMANI Chebagouda Abdelhamid– 16 ga Nuwamba 2020 |
30102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaarae | Amaarae | Ama Serwah Genfi (an haife ta a watan Yuli 4, 1994), wacce aka fi sani da suna Amaarae, mawaƙin Ba’amurke ce, marubuciya, furodusa, kuma injiniyanci sananne ga aikinta na wakilcin jinsi da launin fata a cikin kiɗa. Bayan yin haɗin gwiwa tare da masu fasaha na gida da kuma fitar da ƴan waƙoƙin da ba na album ba, ta fito da farkon waƙa ta 6 EP, Passionfruit Summers a cikin 2017.
A cikin 2020 Amaarae ta fito da waƙar "Sad Girlz Luv Money" wanda ke nuna Moliy a kan kundi na farko na The Angel You Don't Know. A cikin 2021 an sake haɗa waƙar tare da fasalin Kali Uchis wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da zama abin buguwa a kafafen sada zumunta da dandamali na yawo, yana tsara duniya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Amaarae a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1994, a New York, Amurka, kuma ta girma tsakanin Atlanta, Amurka da Accra, Ghana ga iyayen Ghana Ama Bawuah da Kwadwo Boateng Genfi. Ta faru ita ce babbar a cikin yara biyu. Amaarae ta fara tafiyar waka tun tana shekara 13, a lokacin da ta fara rubuta wakar ta na farko. A lokacin samarinta, ta fara jin daɗin kallon bidiyon kiɗa. Ta iya tuna ɗayan mafi kyawun tunaninta kasancewar kallon bidiyon kiɗan na waƙar Kelis "Young, Fresh n' New". Ta tuna Kelis na musamman furucin da ya kasance abin sha'awa ga tafiya ta cikin masana'antar kiɗa.
A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ta fara yin kaset mai gauraya kuma tun tana shekara 17, ta sami horon horo a ɗakin waƙa. A jami'a, ta yi aikin horar da murya kuma ta haɓaka fasahar rubuta waƙa yayin da take nazarin adabin Ingilishi kuma ta koma Ghana a watan Yuni 2017.
Aiki Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da masu fasaha kamar AYLØ, Kay-Ara, Yaw P, Amaarae ta fito da shirinta na farko na Passionfruit Summers a cikin 2017. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙar fice, "Fluid", wanda aka cika shi da bidiyon kiɗa mai mahimmanci.
An san ta a cikin gida da kuma na duniya, an nada ta ɗaya daga cikin Sabuwar Mawaƙin Apple Music Africa a cikin Afrilu 2018 kuma daga baya waccan shekarar ta zama Apple Music Beats 1 da ta fito da mai fasaha don aikinta na farko na Passionfruit Summers wanda ta fito ta hanyar lakabin rikodin ta mai zaman kanta, Golden Child LLC. on Nuwamba 30, 2017. Ta yi wasa tare da Teni, Boj na DRB LasGidi da Odunsi a ART X Lagos, bikin baje kolin fasaha a Lagos, Nigeria ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2018.
Ita ma Amaarae an santa da salonta. A cikin 2018, an nuna ta a cikin Mujallar Vogue akan layi a cikin labarin kan mata 4 a duk faɗin duniya tare da gyaran gashi kuma an zarge ta da ambaton a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Masu Tasirin Salon 100 na Vogue akan layi na 2018, ban da zaɓen a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na shekara a wurin. Glitz Style Awards a Ghana. Har ila yau, ta ba da tallan kayan ado na Ghana Free The Youth.
A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019, Amaarae ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka zaɓa don yin a taron Boiler Room na farko da zai faru a Accra, Ghana tare da La Meme Gang (Tarin da ya ƙunshi Nxwrth, RJZ, KwakuBS, Darkovibes, Kiddblack da $pacely) da Award Winning Rapper Kwesi Arthur.
Tun daga wannan lokacin Amaarae ya kara Stonebwoy, Kojey Radical, M3NSA, Santi, Blaqbonez, Buju, Odunsi, B4bonah da kuma kwanan nan, a cikin 2019, Mawaƙin Najeriya, Mawaƙin Najeriya Wande Coal a cikin jerin masu fasaha da ta yi aiki da su.
A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Amaarae ta fito da kundi na farko na studio, The Angel You Don't Know. Owen Myers na Pitchfork ya bayyana cewa, "The Angel You Don't Know yana yin birgima tare da kirkire-kirkire, mai saurin motsa jiki a daidai lokacin da manyan masana'antu ke farkawa kan gaskiyar da aka dade ana yi cewa Afirka na saita lokaci na duniya don kiɗan pop."
Manazarta Haifaffun 1994
Rayayyun |
39924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamoud%20Ali%20Shire | Mohamoud Ali Shire | Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, MBE Somali dattijon Somaliya ne na ƙabilar Warsangali. Ya sami laƙabin Sultan (wanda kuma ake kira Senior Akil) na Warsangali. Ya kasance a tsakkiyar Las Khorey.
Mulki Mohamoud Ali Shire yayi aiki a matsayin Sultan na dangin Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20.
Dervish movement Shire shi ne surukin Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda ƙungiyarsa ta Derwish ta yi yaki na tsawon shekaru biyu da sojojin Birtaniya, Italiya da Habasha. 'Shire ya naɗa mata huɗu. Sai ya nemi ya auri ‘yar Hassan Faṭmah, inda ya bayar da farashin amarya yarad na rakuma goma makil da labule da siliki, amma Hassan yaƙi aurar da ita ga shire. A kai a kai shugabannin biyu sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa. A shekara ta 1886, Shire da wasu dattawan ƙabilar Warsangali sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da daular Biritaniya ta kafa wata hukuma a yankinsa. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da Daular Burtaniya da sauran dangin Somaliya suka sanya hannu Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis da Easa A lokacin fafatawar mulki da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Derwish na Hassan da sojojin Burtaniya, Shire ya yanke shawarar jefa kuri'ar Warsangali ga tsohuwar jam'iyyar shi. A cikin Janairu 1908, mutanensa sun buɗe wuta a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya da ke shirin sauka a kan jirginsu. Bayan riƙe sojojin Birtaniya na tsawon kashi 1 bisa huɗu na ƙarni, a bakin teku, a karshe dai dakarun Dervishes sun sha kaye a shekarar 1920 sakamakon tsarin sabuwar manufar Biritaniya ta kai hare-hare ta sama.
Hijira zuwa Seychelles Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Dervishes suka sha kashi, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya ya yanke wa Shire hukuncin gudun hijira a Seychelles na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Dalilin korar shi shi ne, shire ya yi nasa nau'i na "ikon 'yan ƙasa". A cewar Wardheer News, "siyasa mai zaman kanta, ƙarfinsa da kuma halin ko in kula ga ikon da ke kewaye da shi, ciki har da Birtaniya [sun] yi wa London barazana kai ga kama shi da kuma fitar da shi". An kama shi kuma aka ɗauke shi cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Berbera, inda daga baya ya yi yunƙurin tserewa a ranar 5 ga Janairun shekarar 1920.
A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1920, an aika da saƙon waya zuwa ga sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don korar Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire. Wasikar ta ce,Mai martaba zai lura cewa hukuncin korar ba ya dauke da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ya kamata a ɗauke tsohon Sultan a matsayin detenu na siyasa a Seychelles Mai yiyuwa ne ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Seychelles kuma ya koma ƙasar Warsangeli Idan ya yi nasara a kowane irin wannan yunƙurin, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na siyasa a nan; kuma ina da, saboda haka, in nemi cewa a sanya ido sosai kan motsinsa.
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1920, a cikin jirgin HMS Odin, an kai Sultan Shire ga hukumomin Biritaniya a Seychelles daga mulkin mallaka a Bombay, Indiya. A lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Seychelles, an kuma yi kai wasu fitattun shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a can, ciki har da Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, tsohon Firaministan Masar, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba Sultan Shire zai kulla wata alaƙa da shi.
Shire ya zauna a wani gida a gundumar Anse Etoile a tsibirin Mahe, wanda ke zaune a kan wata hanya kusa da titi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hayar ƙasar daga Charles Mederic Savy. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar, an ba masu haya damar tattara kwakwa, tattara ruwa daga kogin, da kiwon kaji da alade. Shi ma sai da Shire ya riƙa shiga sau uku a kowace rana a ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da ke kan titi. Duk da cewa sharuɗɗan fitar da shi Shire ya ba shi damar kawo mata, amma ya yi zaman gudun hijira shi kaɗai, ba tare da dangi ko mabiyansa ba. Shire ya rubuta wasiƙu da dama zuwa ga gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na British Somaliland Protectorate da Seychelles, Waɗanda suka nemi a sake shi. Waɗannan wasiƙun sun kasance da son rai, wuce gona da iri da ƙetarewa daga ɓangaren Shire, waɗanda ke yin aiki don rufe dabarun juriya. A cikin irin wannan wasiƙar ta farko da aka aika a 1922, Shire ya roƙi Gwamnan Seychelles da ya bar shi ya koma ga iyalinsa:
A matsayina na shugabana, mai girma, ka ji muryata mara kyau, bari in koma gida. Zan yi farin cikin ganin kasata a karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila, ban sake neman a ɗauke ni a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi ba, duk bindigogina da harsasai na turawa ne. Zan gamsu da zama bawa mai tawali'u na kasar Ingila; Abin da na fi so shi ne jin daɗin kasancewa cikin iyalina, ’ya’yana da matata, kuma wannan shi ne kawai burina. Afuwa nake tambaya, nayi alkawarin yin biyayya da mutuntawa turawan Ingila, ba zan kara son zama Sarkin Musulmi ba, abin da ya kamata in kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin Bature. Na rantse da abin da na faɗa a sama, na rantse da sake rantsuwa da shi.
Bayan da ya jaddada cewa yana so ne kawai ya koma ma matarsa da ’ya’yansa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ya son zama Sarkin Musulmi, Shire ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya yi watsi da imaninsa na siyasa na farko kuma ya yi alƙawarin amincewa da ikon gwamnatin Birtaniya. Waɗannan tabbacin ba su da tasiri. Shire ya ci gaba da neman a mayar da shi gida, amma gwamnonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatu. Domin kaucewa haifar da kyamar mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya dokar da ke tantance wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga iyalansu da ’yan uwansu a gida. Shire akai-akai ya sami hanyar da za a kewaye da waɗannan ikon ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya a matsayin masu jigilar kaya, tare da ɗayan waɗannan makasudin sun isa Somaliland ta Ceylon. Shi da wasu fitattun ’yan gudun hijira sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa a matsayin manyan kayan aikin sadarwa na siyasa marasa tashin hankali, ta yadda suka sami damar bayyana lokacin da suke gudun hijira fiye da Seychelles.
A farkon 1928, Shire ya kawo wata yarinya 'yar kasar Seychelles mai shekaru goma sha shida a matsayin kuyangarsa, wata budurwa 'yar asalin Indiya wacce ya gabatar da ita a cikin wuraren zamansa a ranar Sabuwar Shekara don biyan buƙatunsa. Jami’in ɗan sandan da ke kula da fursunonin siyasa ya yi gaggawar cire yarinyar daga harabar gidan. Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya ba shi mamaki. Fiennes, wanda ke da alhakin tsaron lafiyar sa, ya yi jayayya cewa Sultan zai fi zama idan matarsa tana tare da shi. A wani al’amari da ba a saba gani ba ga ɗan sandan, daga baya ɗan sandan ya rubuta wasika inda ya buƙaci Gwamnan da ya sake tunani, inda ya rubuta game da Shire cewa: “Wannan mutumi har yanzu matashi ne kuma cike da rayuwa. Abin baƙin ciki ne da aka aiko shi nan ba tare da ɗaya daga cikin matansa ba.” Gwamnan mai tsaron ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar ne bisa hujjar cewa ajiye Sarkin na gudun hijira ya riga ya ci wa hukuma asarar R.100 a kowane wata. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sarkin Musulmi zai iya “tsaro wa yaron da zai iya dafa abinci da kuma hidima idan ya so a yi mana hidima”. Shire bai gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma ya roƙi a maimakon abin da ya kira "mace mai mutunci".
Komawa ga yankin Somaliland A watan Mayun 1928, bayan da Gwamna Byrne ya yi amfani da shi a madadin Shire, lokacin da Shire ya yi gudun hijira a Seychelles ya ƙare. An kai shi Aden akan jirgin SS Karapara. Shire ya koma yankin Kare na Somaliland, yana mai yin alkawarin yin biyayya ga gwamnati da kyawawan halaye na gaba. Har yanzu ya ba da umarnin amincin mutanensa. Sannu a hankali Shire ya isa masauki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fahimci tasirin da zai iya yi a kan danginsa, kuma a ƙarshe aka dawo da matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi. Daga baya an nuna Shire a bangon Tarihi a yau, yana fitowa a cikin fitowar 1960 na mujallar tarihi da aka wallafa kowane wata.
A shekarar 1960, ya rasu yana tsaka da barcinsa.
Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid
Ali Yusuf Kenadid
Majeerteen Sultanate
Osman Mahamuud
Sultanate of Hobyo
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website)
Mutuwan 1960
Sarakunan |
51449 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie%20Bovie | Virginie Bovie | Joséphine-Louise-Virginie Bovie, an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da ashirin da bakwai kuma ta mutu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da bakwai yar ƙasar Belgium ne mai zane kuma majiɓinci. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in0, an kwatanta shi da sananne amma ya fada cikin mantuwa a xx 20th da xxi 21st karni kuma bakwai ne kawai daga cikin ayyukansa sama da aka gano.
Rayuwar ta da aiki An haife ta a Brussels, Bovie ya fara karatun zane a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Frans-Karel Deweirdt (1799-1855) kafin ya shiga ɗakin zanen Antoine Wiertz (1806-1865), wanda megalomaniac kayayyaki Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin, ta kasance tana baje kolin ayyukanta a kai a kai a cikin wuraren shakatawa na shekara-shekara na Brussels, Antwerp da Ghent Waɗannan fage ne na tarihi da kwatanci, hotuna ko sassa. Ya zuwa shekaru 30, Bovie ya riga ya samar da manyan zane-zane guda biyu don cocin Ikklesiya Ta gudanar da rangadin Italiya a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da biyar tare da 'yar'uwarta, Louise Bovie, marubuci wanda aka buga asusunsa a cikin Daga cikin 300 masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane da gine-ginen 300 na Belgium waɗanda suka tafi Italiya don yin karatu a can tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma daya, biyar ne kawai ake daukar mata. Bovie yana ɗaya daga cikin uku waɗanda aka tabbatar da kasancewarsu da tabbaci. Ta ziyarci Roma, Florence, Naples da Venice, inda ta sami izinin yin kwafin zane-zane a cikin gidajen tarihi na Florence kamar yadda za ta yi daga baya a Paris a Louvre, inda a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da hamsin da takwas, ta sake buga Le Radeau de La Méduse na Théodore Géricault Bovie ta zana ayyuka da yawa akan zanen zane akan batutuwan Italiyanci ciki har da Matar Neapolitan tare da Yara (1857) kuma ya nuna wasu daga cikinsu a cikin Salon Brussels na 1866 da Salon Antwerp a 1879 Mahaifinta ɗan jari-hujja ne, kuma Bovie ta sami damar zama mai zaman kanta ta fannin kuɗi kuma ba ta yi aure ba a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta na zaune a Saint-Josse-ten-Noode da kuma Ixelles, Brussels yankunan da masu fasaha suka fi so. Ta gina babban gida a 208 rue du Trone a Ixelles. Ta zauna a can shekaru da yawa tare da Louise, wadda ita ma ba ta yi aure ba, kuma ta yi amfani da gidan a matsayin wurin baje kolin. Dan uwansa Félix Bovie, da sculptor Antoine-Félix Bouré suma sun baje kolin ayyukansu a wurin. A cikin littafin jagora na Turanci na 1873 wanda ke kwatanta balaguron tafiya na kwanaki shida na Brussels, an lura da Musée Bovie yana kusa da Musée Wiertz Bovie ta ci gaba da zana tarihi a lokacin da ya fita daga salon zamani, amma batutuwansa sun bambanta sosai. 'Yancin kansa na tattalin arziki da na kansa ya ba shi damar mai da hankali kan kuzarinsa kan aikinsa na mai zane. Masanin tarihin fasaha Anne-Marie ten Bokum ta yi hasashen cewa Bovie 'yar Virginie da Louise suna da 'yar'uwa ta uku, Hortence ko Hortense, wanda ya auri François-Joachim-Alexandre Rouen kuma ya bayyana ya tsira da shi da 'yan uwansa mata biyu A lokacin mutuwar Bovie, jihar ta ki amincewa da wasiyyar gidan kayan tarihi nasa kuma ta ba da izinin yin abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Katalogi don gwanjo, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da tara Jules de Brauwere ne ya tattara shi.
Aikin ta Kas ɗin gwanjon gidan ya lissafa ayyukan fasaha 170 na Bovie, baya ga da ta tattara. An yi imanin cewa ta samar da ayyuka akalla 204, adadi mai yawa ga mace a lokacin, amma a shekara ta 2005 bakwai daga cikin wadannan za a iya gano su. Baya ga manyan zane-zane na tarihi da na addini, gami da wasu kwamitocin hukuma, ayyukansa daban-daban sun hada da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun, shirye-shiryen furanni da hotuna. Ba kamar manyan zane-zane ba, nau'ikan ayyuka suna jan hankalin bourgeois hankali kuma yana ba da damar hangen nesa A cikin shekaru goma na farko xxi 21st karni, Gicciyen Giciye da Saukowa daga Giciye har yanzu ana iya gani a cocin Saints-Jean-et-Nicolas a Schaerbeek a Brussels Wadannan zane-zane na farko sun nuna tasirin Wiertz da Flemish Baroque masters irin su Rubens da de Crayer Bovie ta nuna The Visitation da The Iconoclasts a Antwerp Cathedral a Antwerp Salon a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da sittin da daya. Wani mai bita ya yi tsokaci mai zuwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18950 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakaria%20Labyad | Zakaria Labyad | Zakaria Labyad Berber languages an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1993) ɗan asalin ƙasar Maroccan ne haifaffen, kasar ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga Ajax a cikin Eredivisie Dan wasan ya taba wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Netherlands U17 a matakin kasa da kasa kafin ya sauya sheka zuwa kasar Morocco kuma ya yi musu wasa a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 23.
Klub din
PSV Haihuwar Utrecht, Labyad ya fito ne ta hanyar shirin matasa na PSV A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da PSV har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2012. Kafin shiga PSV, Labyad ya bugawa USV Elinkwijk Labyad ya fara taka leda a babbar kungiyar a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 a wasan UEFA Europa League na gida da Hamburger SV, yana zuwa maimakon Otman Bakkal a minti na 71. Kwana uku bayan haka, Labyad shima ya buga wasan farko a Eredivisie, yana zuwa a madadin Balázs Dzsudzsák a wasa da RKC Waalwijk A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010, Labyad ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a cikin wasan farko a wasan gida da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Groningen Jerin zabin Labyad a cikin jeren farawa ya biya farashi kai tsaye, tare da zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 3-1. A wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 2009-10, Labyad ya sake kasancewa a cikin jeren farawa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Alkmaar Labyad fiye ko lessasa ya zama na yau da kullun a cikin farawa 11 a cikin kakar wasan shekara ta 2011-12 kuma ya sami nasarori da yawa. Ya buga wasanni 32 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. Ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa dana karshe na KNVB Beker akan Heerenveen kuma daga baya ya lashe kofi tare da PSV Wasannin CP A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012, Shugaban Sporting CP ya bayyana cewa Labyad zai kasance tare da kungiyar ta Portugal a kakar wasan shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013, a kan hanyar canja wuri, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 5. Koyaya, a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, daraktan fasaha na PSV Marcel Brands ya shaida wa kafofin watsa labarai na Dutch cewa an tsawaita kwantiragin Labyad zuwa shekara guda tun da Labyad ya gaza kawo karshen yarjejeniyar tasa a hukumance kafin wa'adin doka na ranar 15 ga watan Mayu. A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2012, ya shiga Sporting a hukumance. A kakarsa ta farko, ya buga wasanni 27 a kungiyar inda ya zira kwallaye uku.
Vitesse (lamuni) A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, bayan da bai buga wasa ko daya ba na Sporting a farkon rabin kakar wasan, an tura Labyad a matsayin aro zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Vitesse ta Holland har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2015.
Koma ga Sporting CP Labyad ya koma Sporting CP na kakar wasan shekara ta 2015-16 Primeira Liga don aiki tare da sabon manajan Sporting CP Jorge Jesus wanda ya dage kan dawowar Labyad a wani bangare na shi ya yarda da karbar aikin Sporting CP. Tabbas, ana kallon Labyad a matsayin "pilar" don sabon Sporting CP na Jorge Jesus.
Fulham (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, Labyad ya koma aro zuwa Fulham har zuwa karshen kakar wasan shekara ta 2015-16. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Sporting CP ya sanar da cewa duka ɓangarorin biyu sun amince da soke kwangilar.
Utrecht A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Labyad ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Eredivisie FC Utrecht har zuwa shekara ta 2019.
AFC Ajax A ranar 14 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, Labyad ya sanya hannu don Eredivisie gefen AFC Ajax Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta 2022.
Rayuwar mutum Labyad ya ce ya kalli tsohon abokin wasan PSV Ibrahim Afellay, yana mai cewa “Ibrahim abokina ne. Ina matukar girmama shi, ba wai kawai don yana taka rawa a matsayi na kamar ni ba, amma kuma a matsayin mutum, shi wani ne da nake ganinsa. A lokacin da yake PSV, Labyad ya zauna a Utrecht tare da danginsa, don haka dole ne ya yi zirga-zirga ta jirgin ƙasa kowace rana zuwa Eindhoven. Ya bi ilimi a "Wasanni Ayyuka" a ROC Eindhoven.
Kididdigar aiki
Daraja
Kulab Kofin KNVB 2011–12 Ajax
Eredivisie 2018–19
Kofin KNVB: 2018–19
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Zakaria Labyad a Voetbal International Mutane
'Yan wasan kwallon kafan Maroco
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1993
Pages with unreviewed |
32505 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamun%20Adinkra | Alamun Adinkra | Adinkra alamomi ne daga Ghana waɗanda ke wakiltar ra'ayi ko aphorisms. Ana kuma amfani da Adinkra sosai a cikin yadudduka, tambura da tukwane. An haɗa su cikin ganuwar da kuma sauran fasalulluka na gine-gine. Alamun Adinkra sun bayyana akan wasu ma'aunin gwal na Akan na gargajiya. Hakanan ana zana alamomin akan stools don amfanin gida da na al'ada. Yawon shakatawa ya haifar da sabbin tashi a cikin amfani da alamomin a cikin abubuwa kamar T-shirts da kayan ado.
Alamun suna da aikin ado amma kuma suna wakiltar abubuwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da saƙon da ke ɗauke da hikimar gargajiya, al'amuran rayuwa, ko muhalli. Akwai alamomi da yawa masu ma'anoni daban-daban, galibi suna haɗe da karin magana. A cikin kalmomin Kwame Anthony Appiah, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don "taimakawa watsawar hadadden tsarin aiki da imani".
Tarihi Mutanen Bono na Gyaman ne suka kirkiro alamun Adinkra. Sarkin Gyaman, Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra, da farko ya ƙirƙira ko ya tsara waɗannan alamomin, yana sanya wa kansa suna. Mutanen Bono sun fi amfani da alamun Adinkra akan tukwane, stools da dai sauransu. Adinkra tufafin Sarkin Gyaman ne, kuma amfanin sa ya yadu daga Bono Gyaman zuwa Asante da sauran masarautun Akan bayan shan kaye. An ce masu zanen guild da suka zana wannan tufa ga Sarakuna an tilasta musu koya wa Asantes sana’ar. Ɗan fari na sarkin Gyaman Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra, Apau, wanda aka ce ya ƙware a sana’ar Adinkra, an tilasta masa ya ƙara koya game da tufafin Adinkra. Bayanai na baka sun tabbatar da cewa Adinkra Apau ya koyar da wani mutum mai suna Kwaku Dwaku a wani gari kusa da Kumasi. A tsawon lokaci, duk mutanen Akan da suka hada da Fante, Akuapem da Akyem duk sun sanya alamun Adinkra wani muhimmin bangare na al'adarsu, saboda dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar masarautar Bono.
An yi zanen adinkra mafi tsufa a cikin 1817. Tufafin yana da alamomi 15 masu hatimi, ciki har da nsroma (taurari), dono ntoasuo ganguna Dono biyu), da lu'u-lu'u. An buga tsarin ta hanyar amfani da tambarin calash da aka zana da rini na tushen kayan lambu. Ya kasance a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya tun 1818, lokacin da Thomas E. Bowdich ya ba da ita.
An aika na gaba mafi tsufa yanki na adinkra textile a 1825 daga Elmina Castle zuwa ga sarauta majalisar ministocin curiosities a Hague, a mayar da martani ga wani aiki daga Major F. Last, wanda aka nada na wucin gadi Kwamandan Dutch Gold Coast. Ya sa rigar ta ba da izini daga Fante babban hafsan Elmina na William I na Netherlands, wanda zai bayyana dalilin da yasa rigar makamai na Netherlands ke tsakiyar. Sauran motifs sune halaye na tsofaffi adinkra. Yanzu an nuna shi a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Ƙasa a Leiden.
A cikin Nuwamba 2020, wata hukumar makaranta a York, Pennsylvania, ta haramta "littafin canza launin yara wanda ke nuna alamun Adrinkra [sic] na Afirka da aka samu a cikin yadudduka, tambura da tukwane."
Tufafin Adinkra A cikin Akan (Twi), kalmar adinkra tana nufin ba alamomi ba, amma wani nau'in zane. Sarautu da shugabannin ruhi ne kawai suke sa tufafin Adinkra a al'ada don jana'izar da sauran lokuta na musamman. A da, an buga su da hannu akan yadudduka na auduga marasa rini, ja, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata wanda aka saka a hannun hannu dangane da taron da irin rawar da mai sanye yake da shi; a zamanin yau ana yawan samarwa da yawa akan yadudduka masu haske.
Cibiyar samar da kayan gargajiya a halin yanzu ta fito ne daga Ghana, Ntɔnso, mai nisan kilomita 20 daga arewa maso yammacin Kumasi da kuma cikin Ivory Coast. Dark Adinkra aduro pigment ga stamping ana yin shi a wurin, ta hanyar jiƙa, ɓarkewa, da kuma tafasa haushi na ciki da tushen bishiyar badie (Bridelia ferruginea) a cikin ruwa a kan wutar itace. Da zarar launin duhun ya fito, sai a yi tagulla, sannan a dafa shi na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa har sai ya yi kauri. An zana tambarin daga kasan guntun calabash. Suna auna tsakanin murabba'in santimita biyar zuwa takwas. Suna da hannu a baya, kuma tambarin kanta yana ɗan lanƙwasa don a iya sanya rini tare da motsin motsi.
Misalin alamomin da aka jera Samfurin da aka yi rikodi na alamomin adinkra 53 da ma'anarsu
Jerin alamomi da Bayani
Bayanan kula
Ci gaba da karatu The Adinkra dictionary: A visual primer on the language of Adinkra by W. Bruce Willis. ISBN
Cloth as Metaphor: (re)reading the Adinkra cloth symbols of the Akan of Ghana by Dr George F. Kojo Arthur. Legon, Ghana: Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2001. 187 [6], p. 29 cm. ISBN
African Accents: Fabrics and Crafts to Decorate Your Home by Lisa Shepard. ISBN
Adinkra Symbols: To say good bye to a dead relative or friend by Matthew Bulgin
Adinkra: An Epitome of Asante Philosophy and History by Dickson Adome, Erik Appau Asante, Steve |
53496 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir%20Ahmed | Bashir Ahmed | An haifi Ustad Bashir Ahmed dan Barkat Ali Malik a garin Lahore na kasar Pakistan a shekara ta 1954. Shi mai zane ne dan Pakistan, kuma aka sani da Moughal Miniature Painter.
Articles with hCards
Ilimi 1973–74 Diplomas of Arts (NDA) National College of Arts, Lahore-Pakistan
1974–76 Kwarewa a Karamin Zane tare da Mai zanen kotu, Dan Iyali, Sheikh Shuja-Ulla da Hajji Sharif, Koyi Maido da Mayar da Muughal na gargajiya, Farisa, Karamin zane-zane, gyaran takarda, launin ruwa, zanen itace da mai, na Kudancin Asiya da zanen zamani daga Sheikh Shuja Ullah.
Jagora na Fine Arts (MFA) Jami'ar Punjab Lahore Pakistan Zana duk kafofin watsa labarai, Bugawa, da sassaka
2002-04 MPA (HRM) Jagora a Gudanar da Jama'a, Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore Pakistan
Kwarewa da nasarori 1973 Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare-Tsare biyar girman 15 mai fadi da tsayin feat 100 a Lahore fort don taron koli na Musulunci a Lahore Fort Pakistan.
1976–90 Ma'aikaci na Rowing Club ya ɗauki balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro daga Kogin Ravi don jagorantar Bloke akan Boats na ƙasa da gudanar da gasar tseren kwale-kwale na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ƙungiyar Rowing, Lahore.
1975–76 Shirin Tehrik-e-Pakistan tare da haɗin gwiwar Pakistan Television PTV, Lahore Pakistan furodusoshi shine Shahid Mahmood Nadeem
1976 Hukumar Gwamnonin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta zaɓa, kuma ta nada a matsayin Malami na Fine Arts, Ƙananan Zane, da Zane.
1983 Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Babban Daraktan Gidan Tarihi na Lahore, Pakistan
1982 Wanda ya kafa Digiri na Shirin Digiri na ƙaramin zane na kwas ɗin Digiri na farko wanda shine tsarin karatun digiri na farko a cikin tarihin ƙaramin zane a duniya, kuma Kwamitin Nazarin Ilimi na kwaleji ya amince da shi, kuma azuzuwan sun fara a 1982. Wannan shine Manhaja ta farko da aka taɓa samu a cikin Shirin Digiri na Fasaha na Studio a cikin duniya.
1988 An inganta shi a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Fine Arts a kan girma, Kwalejin Fasaha ta ƙasa, Lahore Pakistan
1992 Lecture kan nunin Mughal Miniature Painting a National Museum, magana game da gine-ginen musulmi a New Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, India. Ya ɗauki ɗalibai ashirin da bakwai akan yawon shakatawa zuwa Agra, Jaipur da New Delhi, Indiya.
1992 Lakca akan Dabarun Zane-zane na Mughal Art da godiya a Majalisar Burtaniya, Lahore Pakistan
1993 Lakca akan Tafiya na Karamin Zane-zanen Musulmi zuwa Ƙasashen Duniya, a Makarantar Fasaha ta Hunrkada Islamabad, Pakistan.
1994 An gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Zane-zane, Kansas City Art Institute Kansas, Measure, kuma ya ba da jawabi game da zane-zane da zane na, a Oklahoma Still Water Oklahoma
1994 An Kuma gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Ƙananan Zanen Jami'ar Howard, Boston, Massachusetts, bisa gayyatar al'ummar Asiya,
1994 An gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Zane-zane, kuma an tattauna Haɗin Kan Fasahar Yammacin Yamma, tare da zanen ƙaramar Indiyawan Mughal na kwatancen zamanin Musulmi, da kuma ƙaramin zanen zane na zamani, a cikin Sashen Jami'ar Maryland,
Taron bita na 1995 na mako guda yana koyar da dabarun kere-kere da fasaha na Wasli Brush a Complex Kamfanin Katin Hall Marks, Sashen fasaha don manyan masu fasaha goma, Kansas City Missouri.
1995 Workshop Koyar da Fasaha na Ƙananan Zane, tilastawa tsawon wata huɗu kwana uku a cikin mako guda, zanen gad, zanen Sayah qulm a Jami'ar Arvin, Ƙasar Orange, LA, Amurka 1995 Taron bita na fasaha na ƙaramin zane, Yin goge, Yin Takarda, na tsawon wata huɗu kwana uku a cikin mako guda, cikakken zanen ɗan ƙaramin zanen Sayah qualm, dabaru a gidan kayan tarihi na Pacific Asia Pasadena, LA USA.
1997 Muzaharar lacca akan dabaru da tarihin ƙaramin zanen musulmi Mughal India a Arkansas, Jami'ar Conway Little Rock, Arkansas, Amurka
1997 Koyar da Dabarun Zane-zane Gad da sayah qualm, zanen launi cikakke guda ɗaya da fasahar Sayah qulm waɗanda ɗalibai suka kammala a Oklahoma still water University Art Department Undergraduate Program me, Oklahoma –USA.
1998 Workshop Koyar da Dabarun zane-zane da zane-zane na asali a Gidan Tarihi na Asiya na Pacific, Pasadena LAUSA
2002 Zaɓin Mataimakin Farfesa na Fine Art (wanda kwamitin gwamnoni-NCA ya zaɓa)
2003 Kwamitin Mai Gudanarwa na Haɗin Kai Tsakanin Karatun Fine Arts don Cibiyoyi da Jami'ar Pakistan,
2005–2014 Shugaban Sashen Fine Arts-NCA
2006 Babban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ƙasa, Lahore.
2011 Babban-National College of Arts, Lahore
An shirya nune-nunen 1994–2006 Curated, Nunin, Dalibai suna aiki a Hunarkada Islamabad, Kung Art Galleries Karachi, da Ejaz art Galleries Lahore Ocean art Galleries Lahore, Karachi.
2000 An ƙaddamar da wani nunin ƙaramin zane na ɗalibai bakwai a gidan kayan tarihi na Asiya na Pacific Pasadena LA, Amurka don haɓaka ƙaramin zanen Pakistan da Kwalejin Fasaha ta ƙasa, Lahore.
2001 An ƙaddamar da nunin nunin ƙaramar ƙasa a Islamabad Karachi don Majalisar ƙasa a Fadar Muhatta Karachi.
2002 An ƙaddamar da nunin zane-zanen ƙaramin zane a IKM International Cultural Museum a Oslo (Norway).
2003 Mai Gabatar da Kwamitin Tsara Ayyuka na Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Islamabad Pakistan.
2003 An ƙaddamar da nunin Hotuna (gani gaban gundumomi) na Raza Kazim a Zahur ul Akhlaque Gallery, NCA, Lahore.
2003 An ƙaddamar da nunin zanen ƙarami a Kunj Art Gallery, Karachi (aikin ɗalibi).
2004 An ƙaddamar da nunin zanen ƙarami a Kunj Art Gallery, Karachi (sashe, 2003-2004)
2004 An ƙaddamar da wani nuni a kan taron koli na SAARC Islamabad, Hunarkada Art School Islamabad, Pakistan,
2005 Curated Ustad Shah gird wanda MF Husain ya kaddamar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasa.
Karamin Zanen Zane a Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa Islamabad.
2006 An shirya nuni a Kampo Museum Minamigosho-cho Okazaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto, Japan,
2008 Ocean Art Gallery Karachi, Masu fasaha na Karachi da Lahore sun baje kolin ayyukansu 2009 Ocean Art Gallery Nunin rukunin rukunin Lahore na masu fasaha na Karachi biyar daga Karachi, sun baje kolin ayyukansu
2010 An ƙaddamar da nunin Amjad Butt Azurfa mai ɓarna zane-zanen hotuna na kira' a Karachi da Zane kundin. An tsara nunin rukuni a Tekun Art Gallery Lahore
1981- Ci gaba da Maido da Zane-zane, zane-zanen mai, launi na ruwa, kofofin itace da sauran abubuwa don tarin masu zaman kansu.
Solo nune-nunen Nunin zanen ƙarami a Holiday Inn, Islamabad Miniature Painting, zanen graphite
Nunin 1980 na ƙaramin zanen zane na National College Of Arts Lahore Pakistan,
1988 Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Howard Washington, DC Nuni na ƙaramin zane
Nunin Solo na 1997 a Jami'ar Kudancin Pablo Colorado, Amurka Ƙananan Zane-zane, da Zane-zane,
Nunin Solo na 1998 a Lahore Gallery Ƙananan zane-zane, acrylic on canvas, Mix media zanen, a Lahore Pakistan.
2004 Zahoor ul Akhlaq Art Gallery National College of Arts, wanda MF Hussein ya buɗe.
Nunin 2005 na Zane da Zane a Ejaz, Gallery, Lahore
Nunin 2007 a Karachi (buɗewar Marci Comical LTD)
Nuni na Uku ya kasance a Karachi akan 21 ga Agusta 2008, Ocean Art Gallery Karachi, Acrylic Paintings, Mix media, and Drawings,* Nuni na gaba shine 28 ga Agusta 2008, a Hunarkada Visual Art Institute
2008 nune-nunen solo hudu a cikin wata daya farawa daga 7 Agusta 2008, na farko nuna NCA sculptures Painting (Against Atomic War Ta'addanci), Nuni na Biyu yana cikin Tekun, Art Gallery akan 14 Agusta 2008 na Zane Graphite,
2009 Nunin zane-zane, zane-zane, zane-zane a Tekun Art Galleries a ranar 14 ga Agusta a Ranar 'Yancin Kai.
Nunin Solo na 2011 na sassaka sassaka, Zane da yumbu (Ada Atomic War Ta'addanci) Karachi Arts Council Sind, Pakistan
1993 Nuni Karamin zanen Nunin Hunarkada Art School, Islamabad, Pakistan, An Ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Cancer na Shaukat Khanum
Auction na 2006 don Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Makarantar Sajanagar a Lords, London, UK Don Tallan Tallafin Kuɗi.
2008 Auction Nunin Cibiyar Taro na Islamabad, Don Wadanda Girgizar Kasa Ya shafa
Nunin rukuni 1976 Nunin Faculty, National College of Arts, Lahore. Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Art Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
Nunin Rukuni na 1977 na masu fasahar zamani na Pakistan a Cibiyar Fasaha Gulberg Lahore
1978 Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Punjab, Nunin Shekara-shekara na matasa masu fasaha Lahore
Nunin 1982 na Pakistan National Cancel of Arts Islamabad
Nunin Kasa na 1984, Islamabad. Karamin Zane
Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab, Lahore.
Nunin 1986 na lambar yabo ta SSHayder, Peshawar, Pakistan
Nunin 1987 na Ƙasashen SAARC a ƙarƙashin PNCA, Lahore.
Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab, Lahore.
1992 Nunin Faculty of Faculty, National College of Arts, Lahore
1994 Zane-zane na zamani na Pakistan a Gidan Tarihi na Asiya Pacific Pasadena, LA Amurka
1995 Karkashin Nunin Nunin Dukiya na gama-gari na Painting (Masu hulɗa da) Amurka a Boston, Amurka
Nunin Rukuni na 1999 Ejaz Gallery, Lahore.
Nunin Rukunin Zane-Ƙananan 2000 na Ejaz Gallery, Lahore.
An halarci Nunin Rukuni na Zane a Karachi Sheraton (Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab Lahore).
2002 ya halarci Nunin Rukuni, Iran, Abu Dubai, Pakistan National Council of Art, Islamabad ta aiko.
2003 ya shiga cikin Nunin Rukuni, Royal Gallery, DHA, Lahore.
2003 Girman Nuni na Taro na 9 NCA a Zahoor ul Akhlaq Gallery wanda Janar Pervez Musharraf, Shugaban Pakistan ya kaddamar.
Nunin Rukuni na 2004 a Ejaz Gallery, Lahore.
Manyan ayyuka Ziyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Ziyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.New YorZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'aZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.r New YorZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.k.k.
Aikin fasaha a tarin gidajen tarihi na dindindin Kampo Museum Okazaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
Hoton hoto na Mahraj Kathak akan oval na Ivory an gabatar da shi ga gidan kayan tarihi a cikin dindindin na gidan kayan gargajiya na Pacific Asia Pasadena, LA, da CA, Amurka
Gidan kayan tarihi na Asiya na Pacific, Pasadena, CA (Amurka) gidan kayan gargajiya na Nelson, Kansas City, MO (Amurka),
Aikin fasaha a gidan kayan gargajiya na Nelson, Kansas City, MO (Amurka)
Kyauta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
25110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak%20Omotoyossi | Razak Omotoyossi | Razak Omotoyossi (an haife she a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1985) dan asalin Nejeriya ne dan kwallon kafa na kasar Benin wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba na JA Cotonou da kungiya kwallon kafa ta Benin Ya buga wasa a Najeriya, Masar, Sweden,Saudi Arabia da Faransa.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Legas Omotoyossi ya fara wasansa a mahaifarsa ta Najeriya, amma kusan ya baci lokacin da shi na tsawon shekara biyar saboda zargin cin zarafin alkalin wasa yayin wasan Firimiya tsakanin kungiyarsa, Sunshine Stars da ziyartar Enyimba ya riga ya bar wasa a kasar Benin a wannan shekarar.
Ya fara aikinsa na kwararru a Benin tare da JS Pobe FC Sheriff Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu a kulob din Moldove FC sheniff a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu bioyu da biyar 2005 A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da shidda 2006, ya zira kwallaye daidai gwargwado na minti na chasain da biyu 92 ga Sheriff 2006 -07 UEFA Champions Leaque A watan Maris na shekara ta Dubu biyu da bakai 2007 aka yi masa shari'a tare da kungiyar Hapoel Kfar Saba ta Premier ta Isra'ila Ya zira kwallaye a wasan Toto Cup, amma bai rattaba hannu a kansu ba yayin da ya ga ƙalubalen Swedish Allsvenskan ya fi samun tagomashi.
Helsingborg Om 0motoyossi ya sanya hannu dan Helsinborgs IF a lokacin bazara shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. A cikin rawar da Henrik Larsson abokin aikin yayi aiki Omotoyissi ya gama kakar 20007 a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga bayan ya zura kwallaye goma sha hudu 14 a cikin wasanni 23 A cikin shekara ta 2007 08 UEFA Cup, ya zira kwallaye biyu a zagayen farko na cancantar shiga gasar Kwallan sa na farko ya zo ne a wasan farko na zagaye na farko na neman cancantar shiga gida a kan Narva Trans na Estonian Meistriliiga a rana rshatara 19 gawatan Yulishekara ta 2007, sannan ya zira kwallaye a zagaye na biyu, wasan kafa na biyu, nasarar gida 3-0 kan League of Ireland Kungiyar Drogheda United Ya kara wasu kwallaye hudu a matakin rukuni yayin da Helsingborg ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin H. Omotoyossi ya ci kwallaye shida cikin wasanni shida: kwallaye uku a kan SC Heerenveen, biyu a kan Austria Wien da guda daya a kan Galatasaray wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan gaba tare da abokin wasansa Henrik Larsson da Luca Toni na Bayern Munich Manufofinsa shida sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin Helsingborgs suna yin rikodin wucewarsu zuwa talatin da biyu 32 na ƙarshe. Tare da kwallaye shida cikin jimlar wasanni takwas, Omotoyossi ya gama a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa cin ƙwallo a gasar. Duk da kasancewa babban dan wasa a Helsingborg.
Ya kuma bayyana a waccan shekarar a Guerin Sportivo ta Italiya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan taurari guda hamsin 50 na duniya nan gaba kadan. Wannan rikodin ya dauki hankalin kulob din Eredivisie SC Heerenveen, kuma ana rade -radin cewa suna son dan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan Brazil Afonso Alves wanda aka shirya zai tafi zuwa Middlesbrough ta Ingila Bayan an rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu, an bayyana cewa Omotoyossi ya ki komawa kungiyar Dutch Eredivisie, FC Groningen, a cikin yarjejeniyar da za ta ksi dala milliyan 2.5.
Al-Nasiru Al-Nasiru A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008 Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan Al-nassr a Saudi Arabi akan dala miliyan uku.
Yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a kulob ɗin Larabawa inda ya fito a wasanni tara, inda ya ci kwallaye huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2008-09 yayin da Al-Nassr ya gama 5th a Saudi Professional League Metz A ranar 9 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, Omotoyoissi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da FC Metz na Ligue 2 na Faransa. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin farawa 8 da 14 a matsayin mai maye gurbin mai kunnawa yayin da Metz ya gama na huɗu a kakar shekara ta 2009-10, kawai ya rasa haɓaka zuwa Ligue 1 GAIS A ranar 30 gawatan maris shekara ta 20011, kulob din GAIS na Sweden ya tabbatar da cewa sun rattaba hannu kan Omotoyossi, an sanya masa hannu kan kwangilar gajere har zuwa watan Yuli.
Siriya FC A ranar 21 gawatan Yuli shekara ta 20011, Omotoyossi ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar gajere tare da Syrianska FC in da ya buga wasanni 5 biyar kawai kafin ya tafi Zamalek SC ta Masar.
Zamalek SC A ranar sha biya 15 gawatan Satumba shekara ta 2011, Omotoyossi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Zamalek SC na Masar. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a wasan da suka buga da El-Entag El-Harby.
Union Sportive Seme Bayan barin kulob din Safiyya na Morocco a shekara ta 2015, Omotoyossi ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon shekaru hudu, kafin ya rattaba hannu kan USS Kraké a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019.
Aikin duniya Omotoyossi ya wakilci Benin a 'yan kasa da shekara ashirin 20 da cikakkun matakan kasa da kasa. A ranar goma 10 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2005, ya zira kwallaye a rukunin A 1-1 da Australia a Gasar Matasan Duniya ta shekara ta 2005 a Netherlands Ita ce kwallon farko da Benin ta ci a wasan karshe a duniya. "A koyaushe ina son in zura kwallaye, duk lokacin da zan fita filin wasa." yace a lokacin. A ranar bakwai 7 gawatan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, ya ci kwallo a wasan sada zumunta da ci 2-1 a Senegal a Rouen, Faransa. Ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008, inda ya ci kwallo daya a wasan share fage a wasan da gida 4-1 ta doke Togo a ranar shatara 19 gawatan Yunin shekara ta 2007 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin tara 9 don tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe a Ghana Sannan a wasan karshe, inda Benin ta kare a matsayi na karshe a rukunin B ya zira kwallaye a raga yayin da Benin ta sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Ivory Coast a ranar ashirin 25 gawatan Janairun shekara ta 2008.
Ya zura kwallaye takwas cikin wasanni takwas a shekara ta 2008 ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa, abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da na kasashen Afirka tare da Samuel Eto'o Ya zira kwallaye shida a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta 2010 yayin da Benin ta kare a matsayi na uku 3. Kwallaye biyunsa na farko sun zo ne a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008 a wasan da suka ci Uganda 4-1. Bayan kwana shida ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 2-0. A ranar 7 gawatan Satumba, kwallaye biyun da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Angola da ci 3 2 ya taimaka wa Benin samun gurbin shiga zagaye na uku. Kwallonsa ta shida ta zo ne a wasan rukuni na ƙarshe, wanda aka doke Uganda da ci 2-1 ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba. A zagaye na uku kuma na karshe, ya zira kwallaye biyu yayin da Benin ta kammala ta biyu a rukunin D, kawai ta rasa samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya ci kwallon da Benin ta ci da Sudan a ranar 5 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2009, kuma ya ci fanareti a wasan su na karshe na rukuni, wanda ya ci Sudan 2-1 a ranar 10 gawatan Nuwamba.
Manufofin duniya Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Benin ta fara zirawa, shafi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Omotoyossi Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Profile at hif.se at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-04-28) Just-Football.com Good Player Guide #4: Razak Omotoyossi at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-05-01)
Razak Omotoyossi at FootballDatabase.eu
Haifaffun 1985
Rayayyun Mutane
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin
Pages with unreviewed |
26918 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabian%20Airlines | Saudi Arabian Airlines | Saudia wanda aka fi sani da Saudi Arabian Airlines shi ne mai ɗaukar tuta na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke Jeddah A kamfanin jirgin sama na babban aiki tushe ne a King Abdulaziz International Airport a Jeddah Filin jirgin sama na Sarki Khalid da ke Riyadh da filin jirgin sama na King Fahd da ke Damam sune manyan cibiyoyi. Jirgin shi ne na uku mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga, bayan Emirates da Qatar Airways Yana tafiyar da jirage na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje zuwa sama da wurare guda 85 a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage na gida da na waje, galibi a lokacin azumin Ramadan da na Hajji Ya shiga kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a ranar 29 ga Watan Mayu shekara ta 2012 ya zama dillalan Fasha na farko da ya shiga daya daga cikin manyan kawancen jiragen sama guda uku. Saudia mamba ce kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar jiragen saman Larabawa Tarihi
Shekarun farko Lokacin da shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya ba da jirgin Douglas DC-3 a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud a shekara ta 1945, taron ya nuna yadda masarautar ta samu ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a hankali. An kafa kamfanin jigilar tutar kasar, Saudia, a matsayin jirgin saman Saudi Arabiya a watan Satumban shekara ta 1945 a matsayin cikakkiyar hukuma ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro, tare da TWA (Trans World Airlines) yana tafiyar da kamfanin jirgin karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa.
Filin jirgin saman Kandara da aka rushe a yanzu, wanda ke kusa da Jeddah, ya kasance babban sansanin mai ɗaukar tuta. Daga cikin ayyukan farko na kamfanin har da wani jirgi na musamman daga Lydda Lod na kasar Falasdinu (yau a Isra'ila, wurin filin jirgin sama na Ben-Gurion), da izinin Biritaniya a wancan lokacin, don jigilar alhazai zuwa Jeddah. Kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da jiragen DC-3 guda biyar don kaddamar da ayyukan da aka tsara a kan hanyar Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Hidimar sa ta farko ta duniya tsakanin Jeddah da Alkahira. Hidima zuwa Beirut, Karachi da Damascus ya biyo baya a farkon shekara ta 1948. A shekara mai zuwa an karɓi farkon na biyar na Bristol 170s. Wadannan jiragen sun baiwa kamfanin jirgin saman sassaucin daukar fasinjoji da kaya.
A cikin shekara ta 1962, jirgin sama ya ɗauki Boeing 720s guda biyu, ya zama jirgin sama na huɗu na Gabas ta Tsakiya don tashi jirage jet, bayan Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya da Cyprus Airways tare da de Havilland Comet a shekara ta 1960 da El Al tare da Boeing 707 a shekara ta 1961. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1963, kamfanin jirgin ya zama kamfani mai rijista, inda Sarki Faisal na Saudiyya ya rattaba hannu kan takardar da ta ayyana Saudiyya a matsayin kamfani mai cikakken 'yanci. Daga baya aka sayi DC-6s da Boeing 707s, kuma kamfanin jirgin ya shiga AACO, Kungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama na Larabawa An fara hidima a Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Mumbai, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, da kuma London A cikin shekara ta 1970s, an gabatar da sabon livery. An canza sunan mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa Saudia a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1972. An sayi Boeing 737s da Fokker F-28s, tare da 737s suka maye gurbin Douglas DC-9 Kamfanin jirgin ya fara gudanar da sabis na Boeing 747s na farko a cikin 1977 lokacin da aka yi hayar Jumbo Jet uku daga Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka tura su a sashin London An fara jigilar jigilar kayayyaki na farko tsakanin Saudi Arabiya da Turai, kuma an fara jigilar Lockheed L-1011s da Fairchild FH-27 Sabbin ayyuka, gami da Arabian Express 'babu jirage masu saukar ungulu' tsakanin Jeddah da Riyadh. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Musamman (SFS) a matsayin rukunin na musamman na Saudiyya, kuma tana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na musamman ga dangin sarauta da hukumomin gwamnati. An kuma fara hidima a Roma, da Paris, Muscat, Kano, da kuma Stockholm Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Am/Saudia tsakanin Dhahran da Birnin New York ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu shekaea ta 1979.
A cikin 1980s an fara ayyuka irin su Saudia Catering. An fara jirage zuwa Jakarta, Athens, Bangkok, Dhaka, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Madrid, Singapore, Manila, Delhi, Islamabad, Seoul, Baghdad, Amsterdam, Colombo, Nice, Lahore, Brussels, Dakar, Kuala Lumpur da Taipei Horizon Class, sabis na aji na kasuwanci, an kafa shi don bayar da ingantaccen sabis. An gina wuraren daukar kaya a Brussels da Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, da Cessna Citations kuma an ƙara su a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa, da Citations na sabis na SFS. A cikin shekara ta 1989 sabis na Larnaca da Addis Ababa ya fara. A ranar 1 ga Watan Yuli shekara ta 1982, an ƙaddamar da sabis na farko mara tsayawa daga Jeddah zuwa Birnin New York tare da jirgin Boeing 747SP. An bi hanyar Riyadh zuwa New York.
A cikin shekara ta 1990s, an gabatar da ayyuka zuwa Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, DC, Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Malaga (na lokaci), da Sanaa (sake farawa). An gabatar da Boeing 777s, MD-90s da MD-11s An gabatar da sabbin rigunan mata masu hidimar jirgin da Adnan Akbar ya tsara. An ƙaddamar da sabon shaidar kamfani a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996, mai ɗauke da fuselage mai launin yashi tare da bambancin wutsiya mai launin shuɗi, wanda tsakiyarsa ya ƙunshi salo mai salo na gidan gidan Saud An jefar da sunan Saudia a cikin sabunta bayanan, tare da sunan Saudi Arabian Airlines.
Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shwkara ta 2000, Yarima Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Ministan Tsaro da Jiragen Sama na Saudiyya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila don gudanar da bincike don mayar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Saudi Arabian zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan, an sake fasalin kamfanin jirgin don ba da izinin raka'a marasa mahimmanci ciki har da abinci na Saudia, sabis na kula da ƙasa da kulawa da kuma makarantar Prince Sultan Aviation Academy da ke Jeddah don canza su zuwa rukunin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin riba. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nuna cewa kamfanin jirgin zai iya rasa abin da ya ke da shi na ayyukan cikin gida. A cikin shekara ta 2006, Saudia ta fara aiwatar da rarraba kanta zuwa Rukunin Kasuwancin Dabarun (SBU); sashin abinci ne aka fara mayar da shi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiyya ta amince da sauya wasu manyan kamfanoni zuwa kamfanoni. An shirya cewa sabis na ƙasa, sabis na fasaha, kaya na iska da kuma Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, sashen likitanci, da kuma sashin abinci, za su zama rassan kamfani na kamfani. Kamfanin jirgin ya koma zuwa ga takaitaccen sunan sa na Ingilishi Saudia (an yi amfani da shi daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1996) daga Saudi Arabian Airlines (sunan tarihi da ake amfani da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971 kuma ya sake dawo da shi a 1997) a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012; An canza sunan ne don murnar shigowar kamfanin cikin kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a wannan rana, kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yunkurin sake suna. Saudia ta karbi sabbin jiragen sama 64 a karshen shekarar a shekara ta 2012 (6 daga Boeing da 58 daga Airbus Wani jirgin sama 8 Boeing 787-9 ya fara shiga cikin rundunar a cikin shekara ta 2015. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, Saudia sanar halittar wani low-cost na biyu, Flyadeal An kaddamar da jirgin ne a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sauyi na SV2020 na Saudia Group, wanda ke da niyyar sauya sassan kungiyar zuwa kungiyoyi masu daraja ta duniya nan da shekara ta 2020. Flyadeal yana hidimar wuraren zuwa gida da yanki, ya fara tashi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2017. A cikin Afrilu 2021, Saudia Airlines ya ba da sanarwar cewa a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, zai gwada app ɗin wayar hannu da Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) ta ƙirƙira wanda ke taimaka wa fasinjoji sarrafa bayanan tafiyarsu da takaddunsu ta hanyar dijital.
Kyauta Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Mafi Ingantattun Hanyoyin Duniya a cikin 2017 ta SkyTrax
Mafi Ingantattun Jirgin Sama a Duniya a shekara ta 2020 ta SkyTrax
Tallafi Saudia ta dauki nauyin tawagar Williams Formula One daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A wannan lokacin Williams zai lashe Gasar Gine-gine biyu da Gasar Direba biyu tare da Alan Jones da Keke Rosberg Saudia ta kasance babban mai daukar nauyin a shekara ta 2018 da 2019 Diriyah ePrix Su ne kamfanin jirgin sama na Formula E, tare da daya daga cikin jiragen su, Boeing 777-300ER, fentin a cikin wani nau'i na musamman wanda ke nuna alamar gaggafa tare da motar Spark SRT05e Gen2 a baya.
Wuraren
Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Saudia tana da yarjejeniyar codeshare tare da abokan aikin SkyTeam kuma tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Jirgin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na yanzu the Saudia fleet consists of the following aircraft including its passenger and cargo fleet:
Jirgin ruwa na tarihi Saudia a da tana sarrafa jiragen sama kamar haka:
Sauran jiragen sama Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, Private Aviation suna aiki kamar haka, wanda yawancinsu ke motsa jikin jirgin.
Bugu da ƙari, Saudia Royal Flight division yana aiki da manyan jiragen gwamnati da na gidan sarauta a ƙarƙashin lambar jirgin Saudia da tsarin launi (sai dai jirgi ɗaya), waɗannan sun haɗa da.
Wasu jiragen C-130 na soja kuma an yi musu fenti da launukan Saudia kuma ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama na Royal Saudi Air Force ne ke jigilar su don tallafawa ayyukan Saudiyya a yankin da Turai. Tun da 2017 masu haɓakawa ta hannu guda biyu (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01 suna tafiya tare da Sarki kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin sama daban.
Ayyukan cikin jirgin Mujallar inflight ta Saudia ana kiranta Ahlan Wasahlan "Sannu da zuwa"). Ba a ba da abin sha ko naman alade a cikin jirgin daidai da dokokin abinci na Musulunci Jiragen da aka zaɓa Airbus A330-300 da Boeing 777-300ER suna sanye da Wi-Fi da hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin jirgin. Yawancin jiragen sama kuma suna ba da wuraren addu'o'i na musamman a kan jirgin kuma ana kunna rikodin addu'a kafin tashinsa.
Hatsari da hadura On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was gust locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and 5 crew survived.
On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location.
On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria.
On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport.
On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off.
On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later.
On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin.
On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit.
On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a grand total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision.
On 14, October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003.
On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off.
On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 traveling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat."
On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three.
On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident.
On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off the runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or on ground were injured.
On April 11, 2017, Saudi Airlines was at the center of controversy when the airline allowed Dina Ali Lasloom to be forced onto a flight from Manila to Riyadh. Lasloom was attempting to seek asylum in Australia however was detained in Manila. An airline security official told Human Rights Watch that he saw two airline security officials and three apparently Middle Eastern men enter the hotel and go to her room, which he said was near the lobby. He said he heard her screaming and begging for help from her room, after which he saw them carry her out with duct tape on her mouth, feet, and hands. He said she was still struggling to break free when he saw them put her in a wheelchair and take her out of the hotel. The pilots and crew of which were reportedly aware and supportive of Lasloom being returned to Riyadh against her will, siding heavily with her uncles. Passengers in route to Riyadh began reporting on social media that there was a hostage aboard, prompting the governments of Oman and Qatar to refuse the aircraft passage through their airspace. While only confirmed to confidential sources and not officially verified, this is supported by flight path records, which show an abrupt change in direction and trajectory to avoid the airspace of Oman and Qatar.
On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air–leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported.
Duba kuma Amaala International Airport
Sarki Abdulaziz International Airport
Saudi Vision 2030
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Saudi Arabian Airlines: Jewel na Gabas ta Tsakiya", Boeing
Filayen jirgin sama a Asiya
Filayen jirgin sama
Jirgin Sama
Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
9770 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan%20Najeriya | Harsunan Najeriya | Harsunan Najeriya sun kai harsuna guda 525 na gargajiya da ake amfani dasu a Najeriya. Turanci shine harshen da ake magana dashi a harkokin gwamnati, harshen turawan mulkin mallaka na kasar Birtaniya. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2003, mutane kimanin miliyan 100 suke magana da harshen Turanci da harshen Pidgin na Najeriya a matsayin harshensu na biyu. Harshen turanci yafi shahara a yankunan biranen kasar fiye da yadda ake amfani dashi a yankunan karkara, saboda cigaba a birane. Shararren harshe dangane da yawan masu amfani da harshen shine Hausa, mutum akalla (fiye da miliyan 49, idan kuma an hada da masu amfani dashi a matsayin harshe na biyu, ko L2), Yarbanci (fiye da mutum miliyan 42), Igbo (kimanin miliyan 30), Fulfulde (miliyan 15), Ibibio (miliyan 10), Kanuri (8) miliyoyin), Tiv (miliyan 4), da kimanin. Miliyan biyu kowane Edo, Igala, Nupe,ishekiri, Izon da Berom. Tarin harsuna daban daban na Najeriya yana da dangantaka da wasu harsunan Afirka, kuma harsunan kasar sun samo asali ne daga manyan-manyan harsunan Afirka guda uku: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan da Nijar-Congo. Har ila yau Najeriya tana da harsuna da dama da kuma ba a kasafta ba, irin su Centúúm, wanda kuma zai iya wakiltar wata mahimmancin bambanci kafin a yada harshe na yanzu.
Zababbun Harsuna
Harsunan Afroasiatic
Harsunan Afroasiatic Harsunan Afroasaitiatic sun rarrabu zuwa Chadic, Semitic da kuma Berber. Acikin wadannan rabe-raben, harsunan Chadic sunfi yawa wanda ke da yaruka akalla 700 a karkashinsa. Semitic ya kunshi harsunan Larabawa da ake amfani dasu a sassa daban-daban na yankin Arewacin Afurka. Sannan kuma Berber ya kunshi al'ummomi dake amfani da harsunan Tuareg dake can arewa-maso-yammacin Afurka.
Harshen Hausa shine mafi sanannen harshe daga cikin harsunan Chadic duk da har yanzu babu takamaiman adadin masu amfani da harshen a Najeriya, akalla mutum miliyan 24 ke amfani da harshen a yankunan Afurka ta yamma, musamman a yankunan Sahel. Ainihin masu amfani da harshen suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya kuma mafi akasarin masu yaren a Najeriya da sauran sassa Afurka musulmai ne.
An sanya Hausa a kashin harsunan yammacin Chadi na rabe-raben harsunan Chadi wanda jigo ne daga cikin harsunan Afroasiatic. Al'adun Hausawa yayi kamaiceceniya kwarai da na Fulani tun bayan jihadin Shehu DanFodio a karni na 19. Hausa ya kasance harshen asali na jihohi daban daban na arewacin Najeriya sannan daga ciki akwai muhimmi wanda shine Hausa garuruwan Hausa Bakwai.
Har wayau akwai bambamce-bambamce harshe a tsakanin wadannan garuruwa na Hausa. Akwai Kananci wanda ake amfani da ita a Kano, akwai harsunan gabacin kasar Hausa wanda ake magana da ita a Zaria "Zazzaganci" da Bauchi; sannan akwai na yammacin yankin wanda ake amfani da ita a Sokoto "Sakkwatanci da kuma Katsinanci a Katsina. Sai kuma Arewanci wanda ake magana da ita a yankin Gobir "Gobiranci", Azara, Kebbi da kuma Zamfara "Zamfaranci". Sannan daga karshe akwai sabon samfuri da ya samo asali daga barikin soji watau "Barikanchi".
Yawancin kalmomi da sautukan hausa sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin aro na Larabci. Wasu daga cikin sanannun harsunan Chadi sun hada da Mupun, Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade da kuma Bachama. Yankunan gabacin Najeriya da kuma cikin Cameroon sune aihin harsunan Chadi kamarsu Bura, Kamwe and Margi. Wadannan yarukann na da yawa matuka kuma akwai karancin bayanai akansu. Mafi akasarin Yarukan sun bace; bincike da Bernard Caron yayi a kudancin Bauchi ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin harsuna har da wadanda aka shigar da bayanansu a shekara ta 1970's sun bace. Duk da haka akwai sabbin yaruka Chadic da ake bayani akansu; kamar bayanin harshen Dyarim.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa harshe Hausa dangane da sauran harsuna Afroasiatic kamarsu Kanuri, Margi da Bade an fara rubutasu ne yaren Larabci da Hausa da ake kira [[ajami]. Amma daga baya an canza zuwa sabon tsari na turawa wato boko wanda turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo a shekara ta 1930s.
Rassa da kuma Wurare A kasa akwai jerin rassan yarukan Chadi dangane da wuraren da suke kamar yadda Blench (2019) ya zayyano. Kamar dai yankin Adamawa da Bantu, ana amfani da bakaken sirri a maimakonsu.
Harsunan Nijar-Congo Nijar-Congo ta fi rinjaye a yankunan tsakiya, gabas da kudancin Nijeriya; manyan rassan da aka wakilta a Nijeriya sune Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Benue-Congo da Adamawa-Ubangi. Mande yana wakiltar busa da Kyenga a arewa maso yamma. Fulatanci ne guda Atlantic harshe, na Senegambian asalin amma yanzu magana da dabbõbin ni'ima da makiyaya a fadin yankin Sahel da kuma sun fi mayar a cikin jihohin Najeriya, musamman Adamawa. Ana magana da harsunan Ijoid a fadin Niger Delta kuma sun hada da Iuniw, Kalabari, da kuma sauran 'yan kungiyoyi masu ban mamaki na Defaka. Ana magana da harshen Efik a fadin kudu maso gabashin sashin Najeriya kuma ya hada da harsunan Ibibio, Annang, da kuma Efik daidai. Maganin Gur guda guda ne ake magana da ita ita ce Baatunun, a cikin matsanancin Arewa maso yamma. Ana magana da harshen Adamawa-Ubangi tsakanin tsakiyar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya. Ma'aikatan su na yammaci a Nijeriya su ne harshen Tula-Waja. Kwararren Kwaran suna wakiltar su ne a yankin kudu maso yammaci, wanda ke da alaqa da harshen Turanci a Benin da Togo.
Kayyadewa sauran sauran harsuna yana da rikici; Joseph Greenberg ya rubuta wadanda ba tare da sunaye ba, irin su Yoruba, Igbo, da Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, da Annang), 'Eastern Kwa da wadanda ke da nau'o'in Benue-Congo Wannan ya sake komawa cikin littafi mai tasiri na shekara ta 1989 kuma ya nuna a kan taswirar harsuna a shekara ta 1992, inda dukkanin wadannan aka dauke Benue-Congo. Kwanan nan ra'ayi, duk da haka, ya sake komawa ga bambancin Greenberg. Ya kamata a karanta wallafe-wallafen tare da kulawa da kuma kulawa da kwanan wata. Akwai kananan gungiyoyin harshe a yankin Neja Confluence, musamman Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere-Ahan da kuma Magoya, wanda ba a taba jayayya da shiga cikin wadannan rukuni ba. Tsohon Eastern Kwa, watau Daga yammacin Benue-Congo za su hada da Igboid, watau Harshen Turanci daidai, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye da sauransu, Yoruboid, watau Yar'Adua, Itsekiri da Igala, Akokoid (kananan harsuna takwas a Ondo, Edo da Kogi), Edoid ciki har da Edo (wani lokaci ana kiran su) Bini a Jihar Edo, Ibibio-Efik, Idomoid Idoma da Nupeid Nupe kuma watakila sun hada da da sauran harsuna da aka ambata a sama. An rarraba harshen Idoma a cikin rukunin Akweya na harsunan Idomoid na gidan Volta-Nijar, wanda ya hada da alago da Alago, Agatu, Etulo da Yala na Benue, Nasarawa da jihohin arewacin Cross Cross. Kudancin Benue-Congo sun hada da Kainji, Filato (harsuna 46, kamar harshen Gamai Jukunoid, Dakoid da Cross River. Baya ga wadannan, akwai harsunan Bantoid da yawa, wanda shine harsunan nan da nan kakanninmu zuwa Bantu. Wadannan sun hada da harsunan Mambiloid, Ekoid, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields da Tivoid. Kasuwanci na rarraba harsunan Niger-Congo a Najeriya ba ta iyakance ne a tsakiyar gabas da tsakiyar kudancin Nigeriya ba, yayin da gudun hijirar ya ba da damar yadawa zuwa ƙasashen Afro-Asia a arewacin Najeriya, da kuma a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afirka da kasashen waje. Harshen kalmomi kamar "ku" don'ku' sooso 'don' kawai obia 'don' 'likita' da dai sauransu. harshe a cikin ƙungiyoyi irin su Santeria a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Tsakiya ta Tsakiya, da harshen Berbice Dutch a Surinam ya dogara da harshen Ijoid. Har ma da bambancin harshe da aka ambata a cikin Nijar-Congo a cikin Najeriya yana da iyakancewa, saboda waɗannan harsuna na iya ƙara ƙunshi harsunan yanki wanda bazai zama daidai da juna ba. Kamar yadda irin wa] annan harsuna, musamman wa] anda ke da yawancin masu magana, an daidaita su kuma sun karbi rubutun asalin. Kusan dukkanin harsuna suna bayyana a cikin haɗin Latin lokacin da aka rubuta.
Rassa da Wurarensu A kasa akwai jerin harsunan Niger–Congo dangane da ainihin wurarensu kamar yadda Blench a shekara ta (2019) ya zayyano.
Harshen Nilo-Saharan A Najeriya harsunan dangin Nilo Saharan na wakilai kamar haka:
Harsunan Sahara
Kanuri da [[Kanembu] a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, Yobe da kuma wasu jihohi kamar Jigawa da Bauchi.
Harshen Teda a arewacin Najeriya.
Harsunan Songhai: Zarma ko Zabarma da Dendi a jihar Kebbi dake kusa da iyakar Ƙasar Nijar.
Harshen Lau Laka: harshen da aka gano kwanannan a yankin jihar Taraba.
Sunayen harsuna Sunayen harsunan Nijeriya (Blench 2019; Ethnologue 22):
Duba kuma Harsunan Nijar-Congo
Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na Nijeriya
Manazarta
Karin bayani Blench, Roger (2002) Bincike a kan Maganar Magana a Nijeriya a shekara ta 2001. Ogmios.
Chigudu, Theophilus Tanko (2017); 'Yan asalin Arewa na Arewacin gundumar Najeriya: Yan gudun hijira.
Blench, Roger (1998) 'Matsayin Harsunan Tsakiyar Nijeriya', a Brenzinger, M. (ed. Harshen hasara a Afirka. Köln: Köppe Verlag, 187-206. shafin intanet
Crozier, David Blench, Roger (1992) Harshen Turanci na Harsunan Harsuna (na biyu). Dallas: SIL.
Hanyoyin waje Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya
Blench, Roger (2012). Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed. III (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier Blench 1992)
Lamle, Elias Nankap, Coprreality da mazaunin wurare a Tarokland. NBTT Latsa. Jos Nijeriya a cikin "Labarin" Ngappak "na Tarok Nation |
20400 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Kuteb | Harshen Kuteb | Kuteb (wanda aka fi sani da Kutep ko Ati yare ne a Najeriya, kabilar Kuteb na zaune ne a yankin kudancin jihar Taraba, sannan mutane sama da dubu na amfani da harshen yankin iyakar Kamaru. A Nijeriya, kuma galibi anfi magana da yaren Ƙaramar Hukumar Takum dake Jihar Taraba.
Karin Harshe Kuteb na da sautukan baƙi 27, wasula 12, da sautuka biyar.
Wasula A cikin Kuteb, akwai nau'ikan wasula biyu, na baka, da na hanci. A sautin magana, kowane saiti yana da wasula daban-daban guda shida. Gabaɗaya, akwai sauti iri daban-daban guda 12. Matsayin ɨ kasancewar sautin magana a Kuteb bai tabbata ba. Wannan sautin yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rubabbun sirafi, wasu sunaye prefixes, da kuma rage magana ta inda akwai tsaka tsaki u da i Tsarin Sauti Kuteb yana da sauti iri daban-daban 27. Ana samun shigarwar da aka buga da rubutu a cikin kalmomin rance gama gari, ko, a cikin yanayin v da z bambancin rarrabuwa. Kamar yawancin harsunan Jukunoid, Kuteb ya ba da baƙin baƙin. A cikin binciken daya, waɗannan ba a haɗa su azaman gyare-gyare kan tushe-phoneme ba, amma a matsayin nasu sautin daban.
Sautuna A cikin Kuteb, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda huɗu ko biyar, dangane da yadda aka ƙidaya su. Sautunan da yawancin karatu ke karɓa sune ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar babba da sautunan Muhawara A cewar Roger Blench, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda biyar a cikin Kuteb, waɗannan sune: ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar babba fadowa da tashin Sauti na biyar, (mai tasowa) an ƙirƙire shi ne kawai ta hanyar canje-canjen sandhi waɗanda ke shafar wasu ƙamus bayan “tsani”. Dangane da WE Welmers, wannan canjin sandhi ba ya faruwa, kuma idan ya faru, kawai furucin zai canza, ba ma rubutaccen bugun rubutu ba kuma.
Hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa
Iyakokin Syllabic A Kutep, kamar a sauran Harsunan Jukunoidid
Sandhi ya canza Harafin ⟨w⟩ a cikin yaren Kuteb yana riƙe da matsayinta na kusan labio-velar, kamar yadda yake a uwé 'face' ko kuma a wōm 'bushe' kodayake, lokacin da aka haɗa ⟨w⟩ a cikin gungu tare da baƙon faranti c, j, sh, nj w saboda canje-canjen sandhi, ya zama ana sakin murya ko sakin magana.
Rarraba baƙin A cikin Kuteb, akwai gungu da yawa na baƙaƙe waɗanda zasu iya wanzu, kodayake, mafi yawan waɗannan suna faruwa tsakanin iyakokin kalmomi, kodayake, wasu daga waɗannan suna faruwa ne a cikin keɓewar sigari guda ɗaya waɗannan jerin kalmomin suna ƙasa. A ka'idar duk da haka, duk wani haɗuwa da baƙi-na ƙarshe (duba ƙasa) sannan kowane harafin harafi zai biyo baya. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, ragin zai iya faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin kalmar ushitong 'mai motsa-miya' (daga shir da utoŋ inda aka jefa r a ciki. Har ila yau, lokacin da finalnn⟩ na ƙarshe mai tushe zai kasance mai tushe farawa da ⟨n⟩, ⟨nn⟩ doublen⟩ ninki biyu ya ragu zuwa kawai justn⟩. Ana iya nuna wannan tasirin a cikin kalmomi kamar munae (munn-náe) 'su kasance masu yalwa', kuma a munji (munn-nji) 'manta'. A cikin matsayin CV, ana amfani da baƙin baƙi masu zuwa: p ts tckb (d) (g) mb nd nj ŋg fs sh hvz nz mn ŋ rl
Duk da yake a cikin C (C) VC matsayi na ƙarshe, ana amfani da waɗannan a maimakon:
brgmn ŋ Kuma ana amfani da waɗannan masu zuwa a gungu CC:
Tare da Cw pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw Cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, da ŋw Tare da Cy py, mby
Tare da Ck pk, tk, fk, sk
Tare da Cg mbg, ndg
Ƙungiyoyin baƙi A cikin 1964, Peter Ladefoged ya yi rikodin sautuka a harsunan Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarukan shine Kuteb, kuma waɗannan abubuwan bincikensa ne:
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗin waje http://www.koeppe.de/titel_details.php?id=514
https://web.archive.org/web/20120405160934/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Kuteb.htm
http://www.koeppe.de/titel_details_print.php?id=514
http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/1757
Sake ambaton Karin magana a Kuteb
Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya
Harsuna
Al'adun Najeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Pages with unreviewed |
61747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsah%20Mala | Nsah Mala | Nsah Mala (an haife shi Kenneth Toah Nsah mawaƙin Kamaru ne, marubuci, marubucin littattafan yara kuma masanin bincike. Turanci, Faransanci, da Iteanghe-a-Mbesa (harshen Mbasa).
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a Mbesa (kuma Mbessa), Nsah Mala ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar CBC Mbesa.
Ya rubuta wasansa na farko a aji na Biyu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati (GSS) Mbessa, sannan ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun (GCE) a 2007. Ya yi karatun sakandire a CCAST Bambili inda ya samu GCE Advanced Level a shekarar 2009, inda ya zama dan takara na kasa baki daya a fannin adabi a Turanci wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo daga kungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Kamaru (CAMASEJ). A shekara ta 2012 ya sauke karatu daga École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Yaoundé da Jami'ar Yaoundé I. Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2018, tare da Erasmus Mundus Scholarship, ya yi karatu don Erasmus Mundus Masters Crossways in Cultural Narratives a Jami'ar Perpignan Via Domitia (Faransa), Jami'ar St Andrews (UK), da Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain).
A cikin Satumba 2018, ya shiga cikin shirin PhD a cikin Adabin Kwatancen a Jami'ar Aarhus (Denmark). A ranar goma sha ɗaya ga Maris 2022, ya yi nasarar kare karatunsa na PhD mai taken: "Shin Adabi Za Su Ceci Basin Kwango? Bayan Mulkin Mallaka da Ayyukan Adabin Muhalli Farfesa Mads Rosendahl Thomsen, Sashen Adabi na Kwatanta, da Mataimakin Farfesa Peter Mortensen, Sashen Turanci, duka a Jami'ar Aarhus ne suka kula da karatunsa. Kwamitin tantance digiri na Nsah ya ƙunshi Farfesa Scott Slovic, Sashen Turanci, Jami'ar Idaho (Amurka), Mataimakin Farfesa Étienne-Marie Lassi, Sashen Faransanci, Jami'ar Manitoba (Kanada), da Mataimakin Farfesa Marianne Ping Huang, Adabin Kwatancen, Jami'ar Aarhus Shugaban kwamitin). Likitan karatunsa na digiri ya sami lambar yabo ta Prix de thèses francophones en Prospective 2022 (Prize for Francophone Theses in Foresight and Futures Studies) daga la Fondation 2100 da l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF). Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na gaba da digiri a Jami'ar Radboud Netherlands Nsah an dauki shi a matsayin malamin koyarwa da bincike a Jami'ar De Lille (Faransa). An zaɓi Nsah Mala a matsayin 2023 na masu hange ƙarni na gaba (NGFP) mabiyin makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa na hangen gobe ta United Kingdom don wani aiki a kan Kongo Basin.
Labarai
Tarin wakoki (fr) Les Pleurs du mal, 2019, (ha) Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy, 2017, (ha) Idan Dole ne ku fadi Bush, 2016, (ha) Cizon Hauka, 2015, (ha) Yanci Chaining, 2012,
Littattafan yara (ha) Binciko Sautin Dabbobi tare da Ƙananan Nain (Ilimin NMI, 2022)
(ha) Andolo: Zabiya mai Hazaka, 2020, (fr) Andolo: albinos talentueux, 2020, (fr) Le petit Gabriel ya fara a lire, 2020, (ha) Karamin Jibril Ya Fara Karatu, 2020, ISBN 978-1-942876-71-7
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
25820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah%20Yeah%20Yeahs | Yeah Yeah Yeahs | The Yeah Yeah Yeahs American indie rock band ne da aka kafa a New York City a 2000. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi mawaƙa da kaɗe -kaɗe Karen O (wanda aka Haifa Karen Lee Orzolek), mawaƙa da mawaƙa Nick Zinner, da mai buga Brian Chase Mawaƙa na biyu David Pajo (tsohon Slint da Tortoise wanda ya haɗu a matsayin memba na yawon shakatawa a 2009 ya maye gurbin su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa kuma ya maye gurbin Imaad Wasif, wanda a baya ya riƙe matsayin. Dangane da hirar da aka watsa yayin ABC's Live daga Central Park SummerStage jerin, an ɗauki sunan ƙungiyar daga yaren New York City na zamani Ƙungiyar ta yi rikodin album ɗin studio guda huɗu; na farko, Fever to Tell, an sake shi a 2003. Na biyu, Nuna Kasusuwa, an sake shi a cikin 2006 kuma NME ta ba shi suna mafi kyawun kundi na shekara. Kundin studio na uku, Blitz ne!, an sake shi a cikin Maris 2009. Duk waƙoƙin guda uku sun sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Kiɗa. Kundin su na hudu, Sauro, an sake shi a watan Afrilu nat 2013.
Tarihi
Tsara da Zazzabi don Fada (1990s -2004) Karen O da Brian Chase sun fara haduwa a matsayin ɗalibai a Kwalejin Oberlin da ke Ohio a ƙarshen 1990s, inda Chase ya kasance ɗalibin jazz a ɗakin karatu. Daga nan Karen ya koma Jami'ar New York kuma ya sadu da Zinner a cikin mashaya ta gida, inda suka kafa "haɗin kai tsaye." A wannan lokacin, sun kuma raba bene tare da membobin ƙungiyar Metric na gaba Orzolek da Zinner sun kirkiro duo mai suna Unitard amma ba da daɗewa ba suka yanke shawarar "girgiza abubuwa kaɗan" ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "trashy, punky, grimy" band wanda aka tsara bayan ɗalibin fasaha, avant-punk band Karen O da aka fallasa a Oberlin. Bayan mawaƙin da suka fara ɗauka ya durƙusa, Chase ya shiga layi.
Ƙungiyar ta rubuta kashe -kashen waƙoƙi a farkon gwajin su kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka sami rauni suna tallafawa The Strokes da The White Stripes, suna samun babban fa'ida don yanayin fasahar su da wurin wasan garaje. A ƙarshen 2001, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun fito da EP na farko mai taken kansu, wanda suka yi rikodin tare da Boss Hog 's Jerry Teel, a kan nasu Shifty lakabin. A farkon shekara mai zuwa, sun shiga cikin hasashen duniya, suna fitowa a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma, suna yawon Amurka tare da 'Yan mata kan Boys, da Turai tare da Fashewar Jon Spencer Blues, da kuma jagorantar balaguron nasu na Burtaniya. Rikodin Wichita sun rarraba EP na ƙungiyar a Burtaniya kuma Touch and Go sun sake buga shi a cikin Jihohi. In 2003, the band released their debut album, Fever to Tell, which received several strong critical reviews and sold more than 750,000 copies worldwide. The album's third single, "Maps", received significant airplay on alternative radio. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked "Maps" as 386th in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The video for their 2004 single "Y Control" was directed by Spike Jonze. In October 2004, the band released their first DVD, Tell Me What Rockers to Swallow. The DVD included a concert filmed at The Fillmore in San Francisco, all of the band's music videos to date, and various interviews. Later the same year, they were featured in Scott Crary's documentary Kill Your Idols.
Nuna Kasusuwanku kuma shine EP (2005 2007) Kundin kundi na biyu na Yeah Yeah, Show Your Kasusuwa, an sake shi a ranar 27 28 ga Maris 2006. Karen O ya gaya wa zine ta kan layi da ta nutse cikin Sauti, Nuna Ƙashin Ƙashin ku shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da kuka sanya yatsan ku a cikin soket mai haske", yana ba da lada "Drake Barrett mai shekaru 9 da haihuwa. An fitar da waƙa ta farko daga kundi, Zinariya Zinare a ranar 20 ga Maris 2006, wanda ya kai lamba 18 a cikin Shafin Farko na Singles UK Leah Greenblatt ta lura cewa sautin "Zinare na Zinare yana da kama da "Babu Sabon Labarin da Za a Fada" daga 1980s madaidaicin ƙungiyar Love and Rockets Bandungiyar ta zagaya ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka yayin yawancin 2006, kuma sun taimaka wajen daidaita bugun Burtaniya Duk Gobe A watan Disamba na 2006, mujallar NME ta sanya wa album suna mafi kyawun album na shekara, kuma an zaɓi "Cheated Hearts" na 10 mafi kyawun waƙa. Mujallar Rolling Stone mai suna Nuna Kasusuwa ku mafi kyawun kundi na 44 a cikin shekara ta 2006, yayin da mujallar Spin ta sanya lamba 31 a cikin mafi kyawun faifan su na na shekara ta 2006.
Yeah Yeah Yeahs 'EP na uku, mai taken Is Is, an sake shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli a cikin shekara ta 2007. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 5 da ba a sake su ba a baya da kuma ɗan gajeren fim, wanda aka yi rikodin kuma aka yi fim ɗinsa a Glasslands Gallery a Brooklyn, NY. An rubuta waƙoƙin a cikin shekara ta 2004, yayin yawon shakatawa na Fever To Tell, kuma ana yin su kai tsaye. Uku daga cikin waƙoƙin guda biyar an nuna su a cikin Faɗa mini Abin da Rockers don Haɗa DVD.
Blitz ne! (2008-2009) An fito da kundi na gaba na Yeah Yeah Yeah a cikin Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma mai taken Yana da Blitz! Bandungiyar ta ce kundin yana da banbanci da waɗanda suka gabata amma "har yanzu [sauti] kamar Yeah Yeah Yeahs". Tun da farko an shirya za a sake shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, amma biyo bayan ɓarkewar intanet a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu,a cikin shekara ta 2010 lakabin ƙungiyar, Interscope, ya ja kwanan fitowar kusa don rage tasirin ruwan. Kundin ya haifar da wakoki guda uku: Zero Heads Will Roll da Skeletons Blitz ne! An ba shi suna mafi kyawun kundi na 2009 ta Spin Magazine kuma ta uku mafi kyau ta NME, tare da Zero daga kundin da aka jera a matsayin mafi kyawun waƙar shekara ta duka biyun.
Sauro da jinkiri (2011–2016) A ranar 9 ga Disamba a cikin shekara ta 2011, Karen O ta ba da rahoto ga NME cewa ta kasance tana aiki kan sabon kiɗa tare da ƙungiyar, tana mai nuna alamar wata sabuwar faifai na iya kasancewa. A ranar 14 ga Janairun a cikin shekara ta 2013, an sanar ta shafin su na Facebook cewa za a yiwa sabon kundin taken sauro An sake shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu nap wannan shekarar. Kundin yana nuna samarwa ta TV akan Dave Sitek na Rediyo, Nick Launay, da James Murphy na LCD Soundsystem. An saki na farko, Sacrilege ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a cikin shekara ta 2013. An fitar da "Raunin zuciya" a matsayin na biyu a ranar 23 ga Yuli a cikin shekara ta 2013. A watan Disamba a cikin shekara ta 2014, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun tafi hutu. A cikin shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar ta karɓi lambobin rubutu a kan Beyonce single Riƙe Komawa a 2017 A ranar 20 ga Yuni a cikin shekara ta 2017, Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su jagoranci taken Austin "Sauti akan Sauti" a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da ƙara da cewa: "Duba don ƙarin labarai masu zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba" Daga baya an soke Sautin kan Sauti. A ranar 26 ga Mayu a cikin shekara ta 2018, Yeah Yeah Yeahs ya taka leda a All Points Festival a Victoria Park, London.
Sake Zazzabi don Fada The Yeah Yeah Yeahs sun fitar da wani sabon salo na sake fasalin kundin su na farko Fever to Tell a ranar 20 ga Oktoba a cikin shekara ta 2017 ta Interscope UMe. Yana fasalta demos ɗin da ba a saki ba a baya, B-bangarorin, da sauran abubuwan taimako daga zamanin. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai, kungiyar ta sanar, "Abokin aboki ya ci gaba da tambaya ko za mu taba sanya Zazzabi don Bayyanawa akan vinyl kamar yadda bai kasance akan vinyl ba cikin shekaru 10. Wannan ba daidai bane. Don haka a nan yana kan vinyl a karon farko cikin shekaru 10 tare da ɗaukar hoto na lokaci, demos (1st da aka taɓa yin rikodin,) ƙaramin fim ɗin da ke yin bayanin faduwarmu kusa da sauran abubuwan nishaɗi, daga farkon karni na NYC, wanda aka yi da ƙauna jinin da aka saba, gumi hawaye na Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Don murnar sake fitowa, ƙungiyar ta yi ƙaramin jerin nunin a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba a Fonda Theatre a Los Angeles, California, Fox Oakland Theatre a Oakland, California, da Theatre Kings a Brooklyn, New York.
An bayyana salon Yeah Yeahs a matsayin "zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo na dutse wanda ya yi raunin post-punk, raket-friendly raket wanda ya cakuda Blondie tare da Siouxsie da Banshees Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Antville Music Video Awards
BMI London Awards'D&AD Awards|-
2005
"Y Control"
Direction
style="background:#FFBF00"| Yellow Pencil
rowspan=2|2014
rowspan=2|"Sacrilege"
Cinematography
style="background:#BF8040"| Wood Pencil
Editing
style="background:#8a8b89"| Graphite PencilGrammy Awards|-
style="text-align:center;"| 2004
Fever to Tell
rowspan="3"| Best Alternative Music Album
style="text-align:center;"| 2007
Show Your Bones
style="text-align:center;"| 2010
It's Blitz!
|-Kyaututtukan Kiɗa na DuniyaMTV Video Music AwardsBabban darajar MVPAmtvU Woodie AwardsKyautar NME'New York Music Awards
2011
"Heads Will Roll" (A-Trak Remix)
Best Dance Remix
Rober Awards Music Poll
rowspan=4|2009
rowspan=2|Themselves
Best Rock Artist
Band of the Year
"Zero"
Song of the Year
"Heads Will Roll" (A-Trak Remix)
Best Remix
Kyautar Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi
BŽebřík Music Awards
!Ref.
rowspan=2|2009
Karen O
Best International Female
rowspan=2|
Themselves
Best International Discovery
Binciken hoto Albums ɗin Studio
Zazzabi ya faɗi (2003)
Nuna Ƙashinku (2006)
Blitz ne! (2009)
Sauro (2013) Pages with unreviewed |
33202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaeke%20Emezi | Akwaeke Emezi | Akwaeke Emezi, marubuciyar ce mai almara ce ta Najeriya kuma mai yin bidiyo, wancce aka fi sani da novels Freshwater, Pet da kuma littafinsu na New York Times</i> bestselling novel The Death of Vivek Oji. Emezi marubuciya ce na gama-gari wacce ke rubuta almara, soyayya, memoirs da wakoki ga matasa manya da manya masu yawancin jigogi na LGBT. Ayyukansu sun ba su lambar yabo da yawa da nadi ciki har da Kyautar In ba haka ba da Kyautar Gajerun Labarai na Commonwealth. A cikin shekarar 2021, Lokaci ta nuna su azaman Jagoran Ƙira na gaba.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Akwaeke Emezi a Umuahia a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1987 mahaifinsa dan kabilar Ibo dan Najeriya, kuma uwarta wacce diya ce ga bakin haure 'yan kasar Sri Lanka da ke zaune a Malaysia, Emezi ta girma a Aba. Emezi ta fara karanta litattafai masu ban sha'awa kuma tare da 'yar'uwarsu Yagazie sun yi amfani da labarun labarai don guje wa tarzoma, mulkin kama-karya, da gaskiya mai haɗari na yarinta. Emezi ta kasance “mai son karatu” tun suna yara kuma sun fara rubuta gajerun labarai tun suna da shekara biyar. Emezi ta ƙaura zuwa Appalachia, Amurka lokacin da suke 'yan shekara 16 don halartar koleji kuma sun sami rabuwar halinsu na farko. Bayan karatun koleji, sun shiga makarantar likitan dabbobi kuma sun daina kafin su sami MPA daga Jami'ar New York. Emezi ta fara wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na na jima'i wanda ba a san su ba da kuma shafin yanar gizo na gashin gashi wanda ya ba su ƙarancin fahimta. A cikin 2014, sun shiga shirin MFA na rubuce-rubucen ƙirƙira a Syracuse inda suka fara daftarin littafinsu na farko Freshwater bayan sun halarci taron bitar rubuce-rubucen Najeriya a Legas.
Sana'a/Aiki Littafin novel na farko na Emezi Freshwater ya ba da labarin cikakken ɗan adam na jarumin, Ada, wanda shi ne ogbanje (mugun ruhun Igbo). Emezi ta binciko ruhi da jinsin al'adun kabilar Ibo tare da na gine-ginen yammacin duniya kuma ta gayyaci masu sauraronsu su yi tunani mai zurfi game da wannan ruhi/jiki. Freshwater ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an yi shi da yawa don manyan lambobin yabo. An kuma amince da Emezi a matsayin 2018 National Book Foundation "5 Under 35" mai girma. A cikin shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Freshwater a Kyautar Mata don Fiction-karo na farko da aka zaɓi marubucin transgender wanda ba na binary ba don kyautar. Alkaliyar kyautar mata Farfesa Kate Williams ta ce kwamitin bai san Emezi ba ba a lokacin da aka zabi littafin ba, amma ta ce Emezi ta yi farin ciki da zaben. Wani mai sharhi wanda ba na binary ba Vic Parsons ya rubuta cewa nadin ya haifar da tambayoyi marasa dadi, yana tambaya: "Shin ba za a sanya mawallafin da ba na binary ba wanda aka sanya namiji a lokacin haihuwa? Ina shakku sosai." Bayan nadin, an sanar da cewa Amintacciyar Kyautar Mata tana aiki akan sabbin ka'idoji don masu canza jinsi, waɗanda ba na binary ba, da mawallafin jinsi. Kyautar Mata daga baya ta nemi Emezi's "jima'i kamar yadda doka ta ayyana" lokacin gabatar da Mutuwar Vivek Oji don haɗawa, kuma Emezi ta zaɓi ya janye, yana kiran buƙatun transphobic kuma musamman keɓance ga mata masu canzawa. Littafin novel na biyu na Emezi kuma farkon matashin novel Pet, wanda aka saki a ranar 10 ga watan Satumban 2019, game da wani matashi mai canza jinsi mai suna Jam yana rayuwa a cikin duniyar da manya suka ƙi amincewa da wanzuwar dodanni. An fitar da Bitter prequel a cikin Fabrairu 2022. Emezi ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littafi biyu tare da Littattafan Riverhead. Na farko, Mutuwar Vivek Oji, ta fito a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2020 kuma shine mafi kyawun siyarwar "mweA"New York Times. Na biyu memoir ne mai suna Dear Senthuran: A Black Spirit Memoir. Tarin waqoqin farko na Emezi Gargaɗi na Abun ciki: An buga komai a cikin watan Afrilu 2022. A cikin watan Afrilun 2021, Deadline Hollywood ta ba da sanarwar cewa Amazon Studios sun sami 'yancin daidaita littafin soyayyar su mai zuwa Ka yi wawa ta Mutuwa tare da kyawun ku zuwa fim ɗin fasali. An saya shi a cikin babban yarjejeniyar adadi shida wanda Deadline ya kira yarjejeniyar littafi mafi girma na shekara zuwa yanzu. Michael B. Jordan 's Outlier Society zai haɓaka shi tare da Elizabeth Raposo. Emezi zai yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa.
Sauran ayyuka Emezi zata rubuta kuma zartarwa ya samar da karbuwar jerin shirye-shiryen TV na littafin su Freshwater don FX tare da Tamara P. Carter. Za a samar da shi ta FX Productions tare da Kevin Wandell da Lindsey Donahue.
Rayuwa ta sirri Emezi ta bayyana azaman transgender mara binary. Suna amfani da karin magana su/su/nasu. Suna fuskantar yawa kuma suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin oganje Sun rubuta game da kwarewarsu na yin tiyatar tabbatar da jinsi.
Kyaututtuka da naɗi
Bibliography
Littattafai
Manyan litattafan matasa
Labarin karya
Waka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
7381 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi%20a%20Musulunci | Azumi a Musulunci | Azumi ko kuma da Larabci Sawm ko Sawm Yana daya daga cikin shika-shikan Musulunci guda biyar wadanda dole sai da su ne Musuluncin mutum yake kammaluwa. Ma'anar azumi shi ne kamewa daga barin ci da sha da jima'i tun daga farkon fitowar Alfijir har ya zuwa faduwar rana.
Bayanin kalmar Sawm Kalmar Sawm daga Larabci ne ma'anar ta Kamewa
A wasu harsunan
Musulmai a tsakiyar Asiya kamar Afghanistan, Indiya, Iran, Bangladash, Pakistan da Turkiya, sunayin amfani da kalmar Roza/Rozha/Roja/Oruc, wadda asalinta daga yaren Farsi ne na mutanen Farisa wato Iran kenan a yau. Amma jama'ar Malay na kasar Malesiya, da a harshen Brunai da Singafo suna kiran kalmar da Puasa haka kuma a kan yi amfani da wannan kalmar a Indonesiya da kudancin Tailan da kudancin Filifin. Al'umar Hausawa suna amfani da kalmar Azumi sannan wadansu kan yi amfani da kalmar rikon baki.
Ma'anar Azumi
An haramta ma Musulmai ci da sha da jima'i tun dagadaga lokacin bullowar alfijir Fajr har zuwa lokacin faduwar rana maghrib. Musulmi na da damar yin dukkan abubuwan da aka haramta masa da rana tun daga faduwar rana har zuwa lokacin fitowar Al'fijir. Azumi na taimaka ma musulmi wajen kara kusanci da Allah da kuma tsoron Allah. Sannan musulmai na kara gane kyautar Allah a gare su sakamakon abubuwan da suka saba yi na Al'ada kuma na dole kamar ci da sha da kusantar iyali amma sakamakon azumi dukkan wadanan an haramta masu su. A nan ne musulmai kan farga da irin halin da wadanda basu da wadata kan shiga na rashin ci da sha.
Ma'anar azumi ba wai kawai hana bukatun dan Adam na al'ada ba ne ba kadai a'a harma da yana taimakama dan Adam wajen yin ainahin biyayya ga Allah da kara tsoron Allah da biyayya ga manzon Allah (s.a.w) da kuma kara lafiyar jiki da tattalin arziki da kara sada zumunci.
Sunnonin Azumi
1. Gaggauta bude baki, shi ne kuma bude-baki da zarar an
tabbatar da faduwar rana.
2. Abin bude baki ya kasance danyen dabino ko busasshen
dabinon ko kuma ruwa, wanda ya fi a cikin ukun wadanan
shi ne na farko da na karshe kuma shi ne na karshen su, mai
bi musu kuma shi ne na biyun.
3. Cin sahur, har zuwa kashe karshen dare, da niyyar azumi.
4. Jinkirta sahur, har zuwa tsagin dare na karshe.
Haujjar wajabcin azumi a Al-Kur'ani
Allah Yace:
Al-Baqarah (2), Ayah 183
Kur'ani Surah Al-Baqarah (2), Ayah 184
Surah Al-Baqarah (2), Ayah 185
Azumin Wajabci na Watan Ramadana
Akwai abubuwan da ayar Kur'ani ta [2:187] ta baiyana a kaurace masu yayin azumi kamar: Abinci, abin sha, da kuma kusantar iyali. Sannan akwai kari kan haka wanda Shari'a ta baiyana a kaurace masu kamar (Girman kai, mummunan kalami, fada, gulma, da sauran su). Idam musulmi ya kasance yana aikata koda daya daga cikin wadannan ne to azumin sa ka iya lalacewa. Musulmai an umarce su ne da yin sadaka da taimako ga mabukata a cikin watan Ramadana ko kuma yayin azumi.
Daga Kur'ani da Sunnah dukkannin wanda yanayi na rashin lafiya ya kaishi ga bazai iya azumi ba ko matafiyi wanda yake yin tafiyar da shari'a ta amince kuma halin tafiya yasa bazai iya azumi ba, to wadannan zasu yi kokarin su rama azumin da ya kubuce masu. Amma kuma wanda wata cuta wadda an kasa shawo kanta ke damunsa to wannan zai nemi shawarar masana lafiya ne idan har sun bashi tabbacin zai iya yin azumi to lallai azumi ya wajaba a kansa, amma kuma idan likitan ya fada masa cewa yin azumin ka iya zama sila ta karuwar larurar tasa to wannan hukuncin sa shine ya ciyar da mutane ko kuma wani mutun guda na tsawon kwana talatin ko kuma ashirin da tara gwargwadon dai yadda watan yayi.
Shiri'ar Musulunci ta haramta azumi ga matar da take jinin al'ada har sai lokacin da jinin ya dauke to sai ta yi wanka kuma taci gaba da azumi. Sannan wannan azumin daya kubuce mata to zata rama shi kafin dawowar wani ramadanan. Wani malamin Musulunci a kasar Amurika Nouman Ali Khan yace "hanin yin azumi ga mata masu al'ada yana da nasaba ne ga lafiyar su domin musulunci ne kadai ke kare lafiyar mabiyansa". Amma kuma matan masu al'ada ka iya cigaba da yin zikirori da adduo'in su.
Azumi ya wajanta ga wanda ya hada wadannan abubuwa guda biyar din
Musulmi ko Musulma
Baligi ko Baliga
Zai iya ko zata iya azumin (wato babu wata larura wadda shari'a ta amince zata sa a dakatar da azumi).
Mazaunin gida (wand ba matafiyi ba)
Wanda baya daga cikin wadannan Mai tsohon ciki, Mara lafiya, Mai babban rauni, Mai shayarwa.
Karya azumi
Idan mutum cikin halin mantuwa yaci ko yasha ko ya kusanci iyali yayin kuma da yake azumi to hukuncin sa shine zai rike wannan azumin wato ya karasa wannan ranar ba tare da aikata dukwani abinda zai karya azumi ba kuma zai rama shi bayan watan azumi. Amma kuma mutumin da yakasance yana sane ya ci ko yasha ko ya kusanci iyalin sa to wanna ga abinda shariar musulunci ta ce a kansa, Zai yanta bawa, idan ba hali to
Zai azumci wata biyu, shima idan ba hali to
Zai ciyar ko ya tufatar da mutun sittin.
Jerin Abubuwan dake karya azumi
Cin abinci da gangan
Shan abin sha da gangan.
Saduwa da mace da gangan.
Kakaro amai da gangan
Fasa niyar azumi.
Rashin dauko niyya tun dare ga mai azumin farilla.
Zuwan jinin Al’ada ko na haihuwa ana cikin azumi.
Shafar gaba da sha’awa, Ko kallo, Da shaawa, Ko tunanin mace da sha’awa, Har maniyyi ya fito.
Yin ridda da fita musulunci.
Yin Allurar Abinci.
Azumin Kaffara
Idan wani yayi rantsuwa kuma yazo ya karya to ga hukuncin sa, zai yanta bawa daya, idan ba hali to
zai ciyar koya tufatar da mutum goma, shima idan ba hali ne to
sai ya azumci kwana uku
Musulunci
Abubuwan da Ake son Mai Azumi Ya Kiyaye
An karhantawa mai azumi wasu al’amura wadanda ke iya
jawo lalacewar azumi, amma da yake ita akarankanta ba sa
karya azumi kai-tsaye, su ne:
1. Kai makura wajan kurkurar baki da shaka ruwa a hanci
lokacin alwala.
2. Sumbata, ita tana tasiri ta janyo sha’awa wanddaa ke
bata azumi ta dalilin fitowar maziyi ko ta saduwa ta yadda za
ta wajabta kaffara.
3. Yawan kallon mata don jin sha’awa.
4. Tunani a wajan sha’anin saduwa.
5. Shafa mace da hannu ko rungumarta.
Azumin da aka Haramta
1. Azumi ranar bukuwan sallah karama ko babba.
2. Ranakun shanya nama (yanyane, ranakun 11, 12, 13 na Zul
hajji) ga wanda ba mai tamattu’i da bai sami fidiya ba.
3. Ranakun al’ada da jinin haiuwa.
4. Azumin mara lafiya rashin lafiya mai tsanani wadda yake
ji wa kansa tsoron halaka.
|
31192 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB | USB | Universal Serial Bus (USB) misali ne na masana'antu wanda ke kafa ƙayyadaddun bayanai don igiyoyi, masu haɗawa da ka'idoji don haɗi, sadarwa da samar da wutar lantarki (musamman) tsakanin kwamfutoci, na'urori da sauran kwamfutoci. Akwai nau'ikan kayan aikin USB iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan masu haɗawa daban-daban guda 14, wanda USB-C shine na baya-bayan nan.
Da farko aka saki a shekara ta 1996, kebul ma'aunin suna kiyaye ta USB Immplementers Forum (USB-IF). Ƙarni huɗu na USB sune: USB 1. <i id="mwHg">x</i>, USB 2.0, USB 3. <i id="mwIQ">x</i>, da USB4 Bayanin An ƙera kebul ɗin don daidaita haɗin keɓaɓɓu zuwa kwamfutoci na sirri, duka don sadarwa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. Ya maye gurbin musaya kamar su serial ports da parallel ports, kuma ya zama ruwan dare akan na'urori da yawa. Misalai na abubuwan da ke haɗa su ta USB sun haɗa da madannai na kwamfuta da beraye, kyamarori na bidiyo, firintoci, ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labaru, wayoyin hannu (tauraruwa) dijital, fayafai, da adaftar hanyar sadarwa.
Masu haɗin USB suna ƙara maye gurbin wasu nau'ikan azaman cajin igiyoyi na na'urori masu ɗaukuwa.
Nau'in haɗi mai sauri
Muradai The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces.
Daga mahallin mai amfani da kwamfuta, kebul na kebul yana inganta sauƙin amfani ta hanyoyi da yawa:
Kebul na USB yana daidaitawa da kansa, yana kawar da buƙatar mai amfani don daidaita saitunan na'urar don saurin gudu ko tsarin bayanai, ko saita katsewa, adiresoshin shigarwa/fitarwa, ko tashoshin shiga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kai tsaye. An daidaita masu haɗin USB a wurin mai masaukin baki, don haka kowane yanki zai iya amfani da mafi yawan ma'auni.
USB yana ɗaukar cikakken amfani da ƙarin ƙarfin sarrafawa wanda za'a iya sanya shi ta hanyar tattalin arziki a cikin na'urori na gefe don su iya sarrafa kansu. Don haka, na'urorin USB galibi ba su da saitunan mu'amala mai daidaitawa.
Kebul na kebul yana da zafi-swappable (ana iya musanya na'urori ba tare da sake kunna kwamfutar mai masauki ba).
Ana iya kunna ƙananan na'urori kai tsaye daga kebul na USB, kawar da buƙatar ƙarin igiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki.
Saboda amfani da tambarin USB ana ba da izini kawai bayan gwajin yarda, mai amfani zai iya samun kwarin gwiwa cewa na'urar USB za ta yi aiki kamar yadda aka zata ba tare da babban hulɗa tare da saituna da daidaitawa ba.
Kebul na kebul yana bayyana ka'idoji don dawo da kurakurai na gama gari, inganta dogaro akan mu'amalar da ta gabata. Shigar da na'urar da ta dogara da ma'aunin USB yana buƙatar ƙaramin aikin mai aiki. Lokacin da mai amfani ya toshe na'ura a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a kan kwamfutar da ke aiki, ko dai gaba ɗaya yana daidaita ta atomatik ta amfani da direbobin na'ura, ko kuma tsarin ya sa mai amfani ya gano direba, wanda sai ya girka kuma ya daidaita ta atomatik.
Ma'aunin USB kuma yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga masana'antun kayan masarufi da masu haɓaka softuwaya, musamman cikin sauƙin aiwatarwa:
Ma'auni na USB yana kawar da buƙatu don haɓaka mu'amalar mallakar mallaka zuwa sabbin abubuwan kewaye.
Faɗin saurin canja wuri da ake samu daga kebul na kebul ya dace da na'urorin da suka kama daga madannai madannai da beraye har zuwa mu'amalar bidiyo mai yawo.
Ana iya tsara kebul na USB don samar da mafi kyawun latency don ayyuka masu mahimmanci na lokaci ko za'a iya saita shi don yin canja wurin bayanan manyan bayanai tare da ɗan tasiri akan albarkatun tsarin.
Kebul ɗin kebul ɗin yana gabaɗaya ba tare da layukan sigina da aka keɓe don aiki ɗaya kawai na na'ura ɗaya ba.
Iyakance Kamar yadda yake tare da duk ma'auni, USB yana da iyakoki da yawa ga ƙirar sa:
Kebul na USB suna da iyaka tsawon tsayi, kamar yadda aka yi niyya ga ma'aunin ma'auni a saman tebur guda ɗaya, ba tsakanin ɗakuna ko gine-gine ba. Koyaya, ana iya haɗa tashar USB zuwa ƙofar da ke shiga na'urori masu nisa.
Adadin canja wurin bayanai na USB yana da hankali fiye da na sauran hanyoyin haɗin kai kamar 100 Gigabit Ethernet USB yana da tsayayyen tsarin hanyar sadarwa na itace da ka'idar master/bayi don magance na'urorin gefe; Waɗancan na'urorin ba za su iya yin hulɗa da juna ba sai ta hanyar mai watsa shiri, kuma runduna biyu ba za su iya sadarwa ta tashoshin USB kai tsaye ba. Wasu tsawo zuwa wannan iyakance yana yiwuwa ta hanyar USB On-The-Go in, Dual-Role-Devices da gadar yarjejeniya Mai watsa shiri ba zai iya watsa sigina zuwa duk abubuwan da ke kewaye a lokaci ɗaya-kowannensu dole ne a yi magana da shi ɗaya ɗaya.
Yayin da masu canzawa ke wanzu tsakanin wasu musaya na gado da kebul, ƙila ba za su samar da cikakkiyar aiwatar da kayan aikin gado ba. Misali, mai canza tashar tashar USB-zuwa-daidaitacce-tashar yana iya aiki da kyau tare da firinta, amma ba tare da na'urar daukar hotan takardu ba wacce ke buƙatar amfani da fil ɗin bayanan bidirectional.
Ga mai haɓaka samfur, amfani da USB yana buƙatar aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida kuma yana nuna "mai hankali" mai sarrafawa a cikin na'urar. Masu haɓaka na'urorin USB waɗanda aka yi niyya don siyarwar jama'a gabaɗaya dole ne su sami ID na USB, wanda ke buƙatar biyan kuɗi zuwa Dandalin Masu Aiwatar da USB (USB-IF). Masu haɓaka samfuran da ke amfani da ƙayyadaddun USB dole ne su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da USB-IF. Amfani da tambarin USB akan samfurin yana buƙatar kuɗin shekara-shekara da zama memba a ƙungiyar.
Tarihi Rukunin kamfanoni bakwai sun fara haɓaka kebul na USB a cikin 1995: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, da Nortel Manufar ita ce ta sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe haɗa na'urorin waje zuwa PC ta hanyar maye gurbin ɗimbin masu haɗawa a bayan PCs, magance matsalolin amfani da mu'amalar da ke akwai, da sauƙaƙe tsarin software na duk na'urorin da ke da alaƙa da USB, da ba da izini mafi girma. ƙimar canja wurin bayanai don na'urorin waje da Fasalolin Toshe da Kunna Ajay Bhatt da tawagarsa sunyi aiki akan ma'auni a Intel; na farko hadedde da'irori masu goyon bayan USB aka samar da Intel a 1995. Joseph C. Decuir, Ba'amurke ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Injin Injiniya da Wutar Lantarki (IEEE) kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu zanen Atari na farko 8-bit game da tsarin kwamfuta (Atari VCS, Atari 400/800), da Commodore Amiga, ya yaba aikinsa akan Atari SIO, Atari 8-bit tsarin sadarwa na kwamfuta a matsayin tushen ma'aunin USB, wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen tsarawa kuma a ciki yana da haƙƙin mallaka. about 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year.
USB 1.x An sake shi a cikin Janairu 1996, USB 1.0 ƙayyadaddun ƙimar sigina na 1.5 Mbit/s Maɗaukakin Bandwidth ko Ƙananan Gudun da 12 Mbit/s Cikakken Gudu Bai ba da izinin tsawaita igiyoyi ko wucewa ta hanyar saka idanu ba, saboda iyakancewar lokaci da ƙarfin wuta. Na'urorin USB kaɗan ne suka sanya shi kasuwa har zuwa USB 1.1 an sake shi a watan Agusta na shekara ta 1998. USB 1.1 shine farkon bita da aka karɓa kuma ya haifar da abin da Microsoft ya ayyana PC mara izini". Babu USB 1.0 ko 1.1 da suka ƙididdige ƙira don kowane mai haɗawa da ƙasa da daidaitaccen nau'in A ko nau'in B. Ko da yake yawancin ƙira don mai haɗa nau'in B mai ƙarami sun bayyana akan sassa da yawa, daidai da na USB. Ma'aunin 1.x ya sami cikas ta hanyar kula da abubuwan da ke da ƙananan haɗe-haɗe kamar suna da haɗin haɗi (wato: babu filogi ko ma'auni a ƙarshen gefe). Babu wani ɗan ƙaramin mai haɗa nau'in A har sai USB 2.0 (bita 1.01) ya gabatar da ɗaya.
Kebul na USB 2.0 USB 2.0 an sake shi a cikin Afrilu 2000, yana ƙara ƙimar sigina mafi girma na 480 Mbit/s (mafi girman bayanan ka'idar 53 MByte/s mai suna High Speed ko High Bandwidth, ban da USB 1.x Cikakken saurin sigina na 12 Mbit/s (mafi girman kayan aikin bayanan ka'idar 1.2 MByte/s An yi gyare-gyare ga ƙayyadaddun kebul na USB ta hanyar sanarwar canjin injiniya (ECNs). Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan ECNs an haɗa su cikin kebul na USB 2.0 fakitin ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ake samu daga USB.org: Mini-A da Mini-B Connector
Kebul na Kebul na Micro-USB da Ƙayyadaddun Masu Haɗi 1.01
InterChip USB Supplement
On-The-Go Supplement 1.3 USB On-The-Go yana ba da damar na'urorin USB guda biyu don sadarwa tare da juna ba tare da buƙatar kebul na USB daban ba.
Ƙayyadaddun Cajin Baturi 1.1 Ƙara goyon baya don keɓaɓɓen caja, halayen caja na na'urori masu matattun batura
Ƙayyadaddun Cajin Baturi 1.2 tare da ƙãra halin yanzu na 1.5 A kan cajin tashar jiragen ruwa don na'urorin da ba a tsara su ba, ba da damar sadarwar High Speed alhali da halin yanzu har zuwa 1.5 A
Link Power Management Addendum ECN, wanda ke ƙara yanayin wutar lantarki
USB 2.0 VBUS Max Limit, ya ƙãra madaidaicin izini V_BUS ƙarfin lantarki daga 5.25V zuwa 5.50V don daidaitawa tare da USB Type-C Spec, wanda aka saki lokaci guda.
Kebul na An fito da ƙayyadaddun 3.0 akan 12 Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, tare da sarrafa sarrafa shi daga USB 3.0 Ƙungiya mai haɓaka zuwa Dandalin Masu Aiwatar da USB (USB-IF), kuma an sanar a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 a SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference. USB 3.0 yana ƙara yanayin canja wurin SuperSpeed, tare da haɗe-haɗe na baya masu dacewa da matosai, receptacles, da igiyoyi. Ana gano matosai na SuperSpeed da receptacles tare da tambari daban-daban da abubuwan saka shuɗi a cikin madaidaitan ma'auni.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
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25621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkhianatan%20G30S/PKI | Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI | Ba da daɗewa ba aka kira Suharto zuwa fadar sakandare a Bogor don yin magana da Sukarno. A can, shugaban ya ce ya samu tabbaci daga Air Marshal Omar Dani cewa rundunar sojin ba ta da hannu. Suharto ya karyata wannan magana, inda ya lura cewa makaman kungiyar tamkar na Sojojin Sama ne. Taron ƙarshe ya haifar da tabbatar da Suharto a matsayin jagoran Sojojin, suna aiki tare tare da Pranoto Reksosamodra A binciken su na abubuwan da suka faru, Sojojin sun gano sansanin a Lubang Buaya ciki har da gawarwakin janar -janar, wadanda aka kwato yayin da Suharto ke gabatar da jawabi yana bayanin juyin mulkin da rawar da PKI ke takawa a ciki. An kuma shiga tsakanin janar -janar a wani wuri kuma Suharto ya gabatar da yanayin jin daɗi inda ya la'anci G30S da PKI tare da roƙon mutanen Indonesia da su ci gaba da gwagwarmayar janar -janar.
Production Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ne Arifin C. Noer, darektan lashe lambar yabo ta Citra wanda ya kware a wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da gogewa da ta gabata a cikin salo, bayan ya yi fim ɗin yaƙi Serangan Fajar Dawn Attack 1981) wanda ya jaddada matsayin Suharto a Juyin Juya Halin Kasa Noer aka sanya wa aiki a kan fim da mallakar gwamnati National Film Production Company ko PPFN), wanda ke kula da matakin sarrafawa akan samarwa. Farfesoshi na al'adun Indonesiya Krishna Sen da David T. Hill sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙirar ƙirar Noer ba ta da yawa. Maimakon haka, "ga dukkan alamu" fim ɗin aikin furodusa ne, Birgediya-Janar Gufran Dwipayana, sannan shugaban PPFN kuma memba na ma'aikatan shugaban ƙasa. Koyaya, matar Noer Jajang C. Noer ta nace cewa ya kasance mai zaman kansa yayin yin fim. Fim ɗin don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya samo asali ne daga littafin na shekara ta 1968 na tarihin soja Nugroho Notosusanto da mai bincike Ismail Saleh mai taken Ƙoƙarin Juyin Juya Hali na 30 Satumba a Indonesia Littafin, wanda aka yi niyyar sabawa ra'ayoyin kasashen waje game da juyin mulkin, yayi cikakken bayani game da Harkar 30 ga Satumba kamar yadda gwamnati ta kalle ta. Notosusanto ne kawai, mafi girman matsayi na marubutan guda biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. A daidaita littafin Noer ya karanta yawancin littattafan da ke akwai (gami da takardun kotu) kuma ya yi hira da shaidu da yawa; Jajang, a cikin hirar 1998, ta ce mijinta ba kawai ya karanta sigar gwamnati ba, har ma da takaddar Cornell Paper mai rikitarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin mulkin a matsayin gaba ɗaya Sojan cikin gida ne. A lokacin yin fim ma'aikatan sun jaddada hakikanin gaskiya, "suna mai da hankali sosai ga daki -daki" da amfani da ainihin gidajen janar -janar. Saboda yawan mukamai ciki har da wasu 100 bit sassa da kuma fiye da 10,000 extras jifa don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da wahala. Noer yayi ƙoƙari ya jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi kama da adadi na tarihi da aka nuna; Rano Karno daga baya ya tuna cewa an ƙi shi saboda rawar da Pierre Tendean ya taka yayin da na ƙarshen ba shi da tawul a fuskarsa. Daga ƙarshe fim ɗin ya fito da Bram Adrianto a matsayin Untung, Amoroso Katamsi a matsayin Suharto, Umar Kayam a matsayin Sukarno, da Syubah Asa a matsayin Aidit; sauran jaruman sun hada da Ade Irawan, Sofia WD, Dani Marsuni, da Charlie Sahetapy. Kayam, sannan malami a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada da ke Yogyakarta, bai sami lokacin da zai bincika hanyoyin Sukarno daga littattafansa da jawabansa ba; a maimakon haka, ya kwatanta shugaban bisa shaidar da aka samu daga ma’aikatan fadar Bogor. Katamsi, a gefe guda, ya yi nazarin rawar Suharto daga littattafai kuma, lokacin da aka fara yin fim, yana jin kamar Pak Harto ne, ba kwaikwayon Pak Harto ba." Sanusi, a halin yanzu, ya ɗauki nasa aikin a matsayin abin ƙima. Samar da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Sejarah Orde Baru Tarihin Sabuwar Umarni ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu, yana ciyar da watanni huɗu kafin samarwa da shekara ɗaya da rabi a yin fim. Kudinsa Rp 800 miliyan, samun kuɗi daga gwamnati. Hasan Basri ne ya sarrafa sinima, tare da kidan ɗan uwan Arifin Embie C. Noer. Supandi ne ya yi gyara. Sassan fim ɗin, musamman mintuna goma na ƙarshe, sun sake amfani da hotunan tarihin da guntun jaridu masu dacewa da abubuwan da suka faru.
Jigogi Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana kwatanta PKI da kwaminisanci a matsayin mugunta ta asali, tare da mabiyansa "bayan fansa", yayin da ake ganin jagorancin G30S a matsayin masu wayo da rashin tausayi, suna kulla makirci "kowane motsi zuwa daki -daki na ƙarshe". Masanin tarihin Katherine McGregor ya ga wannan an jaddada shi a cikin hoton fim ɗin na jagorancin G30S a matsayin ƙungiya, suna zaune a cikin tarurrukan sirri a cikin girgijen hayaƙin sigari. Ta yi la’akari da wurin buɗe ido, inda PKI ke kai hari a makarantar Islamiyya, kamar yadda kuma ake nufin nuna “mugun hali” na kwaminisanci. An kwatanta PKI da jin daɗin tashin hankali, tare da fim ɗin da ke ɗauke da "mata masu ƙyamar ido da gaɓoɓi, gawarwaki". An yi garkuwa da janar -janar, kuma a lokuta da dama an kashe su, a gaban danginsu; daga baya ana azabtar da janar -janar da aka kama yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke rawa a kusa da wuta. Masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Adrian Vickers ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankalin fim ɗin an yi shi ne don nuna "maƙiyan jihar a waje da duniyar ɗan adam", kama da dodanni a cikin fina -finan ban tsoro. Yoseph Yapi Taum na Jami'ar Sanata Dharma ya lura cewa an nuna membobin ƙungiyar mata ta hagu Gerwani a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Kwaminisanci" mahaukaci, suna rawa cikin tsirara tare da yanke azzakarin Janar. Duk da haka, Vickers yana ɗaukar waɗannan hotunan a matsayin masu shubuha, yana ba da shawarar cewa an ba da izinin Sabuwar Gwamnatin don taɓarɓarewar tashin hankali. McGregor ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankali a cikin gidajen kwanciyar hankali sau ɗaya yana nuna lalata dangi Sen ya lura tashin hankali ya karyata "wakilcin hargitsi kafin oda" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a fina -finan New Order.
Saki Kafin fitowar ta kasuwanci, Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI an riga an tantance shi ga manyan hafsoshin soji da suka shiga tsaida juyin mulkin, ciki har da Suharto da Sarwo Edhie Wibowo An fito da fim ɗin a cikin 1984, fim ɗin farko da aka fito da shi na kasuwanci don magance abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1965. Mutane 699zuwa 282 sun gani a Jakarta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984, ɗan ƙasa rikodin wanda ya kasance ba a karye ba sama da shekaru goma. Koyaya, ba duk masu sauraro ne suka halarta da son ransu ba. Ariel Heryanto masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Indonesiya ya rubuta ɗalibai a matsayin ana buƙatar biya don ganin fim ɗin a lokutan makaranta, gaskiyar da ba ta bayyana a cikin bayanan zamani. Littafin labari na shahararren marubuci Arswendo Atmowiloto shima ya taimaka inganta fim ɗin. Tasirin Dwipayana ya tabbatar da cewa sake dubawa na zamani, musamman taƙaitattun bayanai, sun maimaita matsayin gwamnati kan juyin mulkin G30S. Wannan ba shine a ce duk sake dubawa sun kasance masu inganci ba. Misali, Marselli na Kompas, alal misali, ya gano cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da cikakkun bayanai, tare da aiki mai yawa da ingantaccen aiki wanda zai wakilci abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Ya ji, duk da haka, cewa fim ɗin ya ji tsayi sosai kuma, kamar yadda masu kallo suka san nan take wanene halayen kirki da marasa kyau, ya zama "ba komai bane face hoton baƙar fata da fari ba tare da wata matsala mai rikitarwa ba", wanda ya yi watsi da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa. ya haifar da motsi na G30S. Suharto, bayan da aka fara yin gwajin farko, ya bayyana cewa labarin bai ƙare ba kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba ya zama dole. Biyu na PPFN, Operasi Trisula (Operation Trisula; 1987) da Djakarta na shekara ta 1966 Jakarta na shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1988), sun biyo baya. Operasi Trisula, wanda BZ Kadaryono ya jagoranta, yayi maganin kashe G30S da membobin PKI a Blitar, Gabashin Java Djakarta na shekara ta 1966, a halin yanzu, Noer ne ya jagorance shi kuma ya nuna jagoran sa hannun Supersemar a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1966, inda Sukarno ya ba Suharto ikon ɗaukar duk matakan da "ya ga ya dace"; Kayam da Katamsi sun sake ba da matsayinsu na fim ɗin na ƙarshe, wanda ya ci lambobin yabo bakwai a Fim ɗin Bandung na shekara ta ne 1989.
Amfani da farfaganda Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1984 sabuwar gwamnatin umarni ta yi amfani da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI a matsayin motar farfaganda, tana nuna ta kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Gidan talabijin mallakar gwamnatin jihar TVRI ne ya watsa fim din, sannan daga baya a gidajen talabijin masu zaman kansu bayan an kafa su. An kuma nuna shi a makarantu da cibiyoyin gwamnati; ɗalibai za a kai su buɗe filayen don kallon fim ɗin a ƙungiya. Saboda wannan amfani, Sen da Hill suna ba da shawarar cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI shine mafi yawan watsa shirye-shirye kuma mafi yawan kallon fim ɗin Indonesiya na kowane lokaci. Binciken 2000 da mujallar Indonesiya Tempo ta samu 97 ta cent na ɗalibai 1,101 da aka bincika sun ga fim ɗin; 87 ta cent daga cikinsu sun gan shi fiye da sau ɗaya. A lokacin ragowar shekarar 1980 da farkon shekarar 1990s ba a yi jayayya da daidaiton tarihin Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI kuma fim ɗin ya zama wakilin tarihin canonical; sigar abubuwan da suka faru na 1965 ita ce kawai aka ba da izini a cikin buɗe magana. A tsakiyar shekarar 1990, duk da haka, al'ummomin intanet da ba a san su ba da ƙananan wallafe-wallafe sun fara tambayar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin; Sakon yanar gizo guda ɗaya, wanda aka aika ba tare da an sani ba ta hanyar jerin aikawasiku, ya tambaya "Idan da ƙaramin ɓangaren shugaban PKI da wakilan sojoji sun sani game da [juyin mulkin, kamar a cikin fim], ta yaya aka kashe sama da mutane miliyan kuma dubunnan mutanen da ba su san komai ba dole ne a daure su, a kore su, su rasa 'yancinsu na jama'a? Heryanto ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin fa'ida a cikin fim ɗin, yayin da Sen da Hill ke hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa Noer ya kasance yana sane da manufar gwamnati na farfaganda don haka ya sanya saƙon siyasa na fim "a fili ya sabawa juna". A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1998, watanni hudu bayan faduwar Suharto, Ministan Yada Labarai Yunus Yosfiah ya bayyana cewa fim din ba zai zama abin kallo na tilas ba, yana mai cewa wani yunkuri ne na sarrafa tarihi da kirkiro kungiyar asiri tare da Suharto a tsakiya. Tempo ta ba da rahoto a cikin 2012 cewa Saleh Basarah na Sojan Sama na Indonesiya (tsohon Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama) ya yi tasiri ga wannan dokar. Mujallar ta bayyana cewa Basarah ya kira Ministan Ilimi Juwono Sudarsono ya roƙe shi da kada ya duba Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, saboda yana cutar da Sojojin Sama. Haka kuma wasu fina -finan guda biyu, Janur Kuning Barkonon Kwakwa mai launin rawaya 1979) da Serangan Fajar, suma dokar ta shafa; Janur Kuning ya nuna Suharto a matsayin gwarzo a bayan babban Laifin Tarihi na 1 ga Maris 1949 a Yogyakarta yayin da Serangan Fajar ya nuna shi a matsayin babban gwarzon juyin juya halin ƙasa. A lokacin an ba da shawarar cewa TVRI tana ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta da tsohon shugaban. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin lokacin dattin alamomin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma a farkonshekara ta 2000s juzu'in da ba na gwamnati ba na juyin mulkin G30S sun kasance cikin sauƙi a Indonesia.
Gada Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya tabbatar da cewa shine fim ɗin Noer mafi rikitarwa, kodayake har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1995 darektan ya kasance a sarari a bainar jama'a. Abubuwan gani na fim gabaɗaya sun sami ingantattun bita, amma an yi Allah wadai da amfani da shi don furofaganda da sahihancin tarihi. Daraktan Indonisiya Hanung Bramantyo ya yaba da salon fim ɗin, yana mai bayyana cewa harbi na kusa da maza masu shan sigari yana da "haske" kuma a wasu lokuta, yana jin "ba fim bane. Amma na gaske! Hakanan darektan Monty Tiwa shima ya yaba da harbin fim ɗin, inda ya ambaci wani wurin da 'yar Pandjaitan ta yi kuka da mamaki yayin da aka harbi mahaifinta a matsayin" cike da wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da harbi [bai taɓa] gani kafin a wani Indonesian film Sen da Hill, duk da haka, samun" babu wani daga cikin ado hallmarks "na darektan ta sauran ayyukan. Hilmar Farid, wani masanin tarihin Indonesiya, ya kira furofaganda fim ɗin da aka haɗe da "wasu [na Sabon Tsarin]." Wakilin Hendro Subroto, wanda ya rubuta kwato gawarwakin janar-janar daga Lubang Buaya, ya soki sahihancin fim ɗin a shekara ta 2001; ya bayyana cewa gawarwakin ba su nuna wata shaidar azabtarwa ba. Tsohon marubucin Lekra Putu Oka Sukanta, a halin da ake ciki, ya bayyana fim din da cewa yana nuna wahalar da membobin PKI da sauran masu hagu a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin mulkin G30S, don haka ya zama "ƙarya ga mutane". Masanin tarihi John Roosa ya banbanta yadda aka nuna jagorancin G30S tare da takaddar Brigadier General MA Supardjo, wanda ke nuna juyin mulkin jagorancin "mutanen da ba su da hankali, masu yanke hukunci, da rashin tsari" kamar yadda yafi cin nasara kanta. A cikin hirar da aka yi a shekara ta 2012, Katamsi ya yarda cewa fim ɗin ya ɓace kuma ya kasance hanya ce mai ƙarfi don yadawa da sanya masu kallo cikin akidar Sabuwar oda. Binciken Tempo ya ba da shawarar cewa farfaganda ce mai tasiri, wanda ke jagorantar masu kallo don "ƙin duk abin da ke ƙamshin PKI da kwaminisanci". Kodayake ba a sake watsa shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, fim ɗin yana nan daram. Virgo ya fitar da faifan CD kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na G30S/PKI a Lubang Buaya yana ba da gwajin yau da kullun a cikin gidan sinima. Dukansu 35<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaw"> </span>mm da kwafin VHS an adana su a Sinematek Indonesia a Jakarta. Daga shekara ta 2017, shekaru ashirin bayan da ya zama tilas a nuna a gidan talabijin na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara shirya baje kolin fina -finan da ba a bayyana ba don yin daidai da ranar da abin ya faru; A cikin shekara ta 2018, SCTV ta watsa fim ɗin da son rai; tvOne (wanda shi ma ya watsa shi a shekarar da ta gabata) da TVRI sun bi sahu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2021, TVRI ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta watsa fim ɗin ba a ranar 30 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, inda ta ambaci shawarar acikin shekara ta 1998 inda ba a sake kula da ita azaman abin kallo na tilas ba.
Kyaututtuka Pengkhianatan G30S PKI samu bakwai gabatarwa a cikin shekara ta 1984 Indonesian Film Festival ko FFI), lashe lambar yabo ta Citra guda ɗaya don Mafi kyawun allo. An doke ta a fannoni huɗu, don Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi Kyawun Cinematography, Mafi Jagoran Mawaƙa, da Kyakkyawar Jagoran Musika, ta Sjumandjaja 's Budak Nafsu Bawa ga Sha'awa yayin da Ponirah Terpidana Ponirah na Slamet Rahardjo Wanda aka yanke wa hukunci ya ɗauki Mafi kyawun Jagorar Fasaha. A cikin shekara ta 1985 FFI Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya karɓi Kyautar Antemas a matsayin fim mafi siyarwa na shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. Masanin fim Thomas Barker ya ba da shawarar cewa kyaututtukan fim ɗin, a wani ɓangare, haɗin gwiwa ne na jihohi da FFI: duka an mai da hankali kan haɓaka al'adun ƙasashe masu haɗin kai.
Duba kuma Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Hadari, wani fim na Australiya na shekara ta 1982 wanda aka tsara akan juyin mulkin G30S
Puisi Tak Terkuburkan, wani fim na Indonesiya na shekara ta 2000 na bin mawaƙi wanda aka kama bisa kuskure saboda kasancewa ɗan gurguzu
Dokar Kashe (2012) da Kallon Shiru (2014), fina -finan fina -finai guda biyu game da kisan 'yan gurguzu bayan juyin mulkin
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
14977 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi | Canjin yanayi | Canjin yanayi, ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi wanda hayakin dan Adam na iskar gas, da kuma sauye-sauye masu yawa na yanayi. Koda yake canjin yanayi ya gabata a baya, tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin 20, yawan girman tasirin dan Adam kan tsarin yanayi na duniya da kuma girman tasirin wannan tsarin ba a taba yin irin sa ba. CanjCanjin yanayi; aɗan adam ya haifar da canjin yanayi ba wata ƙungiyar kimiyya ta ƙasa ko ta ƙasa ke jayayya ba. Babban direba shine fitarwa na iskar gas, wanda sama da 90% shine carbon dioxide (CO2) da methane. Kone burbushin mai don amfani da makamashi shine asalin tushen fitar da wannan hayaƙin, tare da kuma ƙarin gudummawa daga harkar noma, sare bishiyoyi, da kuma matakan masana'antu. Hawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka ko zafin rai ta hanyar bayanin yanayi, kamar asarar dusar ƙanƙara mai nuna hasken rana da murfin kankara, ƙarar tururin ruwa (iskar gas mai ɗari da kanta), da canje-canjen zuwa ƙasa da tekun.
Saboda yanayin samaniya yayi zafi fiye da na teku, hamada tana faɗaɗa kuma zafi da wutar daji sun fi zama ruwan dare. Hawan zafin sararin samaniya ya fi girma a cikin Arctic, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma komawar kankara da kankara a teku. yawan kuzarin yanayi da ƙimar kuzarin yanayi suna haifar da guguwa da tsananin yanayi, wanda ke lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa da aikin gona. Karuwar yanayin zafi yana iyakance yawan ruwan teku da kuma illa ga hannayen jari a yawancin sassan duniya. Abubuwan da ake tsammani yanzu da waɗanda ake tsammani daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsananin zafi da cuta sun sa Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana canjin yanayi mafi haɗari ga lafiyar duniya a cikin ƙarni na 21. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sun haɗa da ƙarewa ko ƙaura daga yawancin jinsuna yayin da tsarin halittunsu ya canza, mafi akasari nan da nan cikin murjani, dutsen, da Arctic. Ko da kuwa kokarin rage dumamar yanayi na gaba ya yi nasara, wasu tasirin za su ci gaba har tsawon karnoni, gami da hauhawar matakan teku, karuwar yanayin zafi na tekun, da kuma narkon ruwan daga tekun CO2.
Yawancin waɗannan tasirin an riga an lura dasu a halin yanzu kuma na zafin jiki, wanda yake kusan 1.1°C (2.0°F). Kungiyar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta ba da jerin rahotanni waɗanda ke nuna ƙimar girma a cikin waɗannan tasirin yayin da ɗumamar yanayi ke ci gaba zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) da kuma bayan. A karkashin yarjejeniyar ta Paris, kasashe sun amince da ci gaba da dumamar yanayi "sosai a karkashin 2.0°C (3.6°F)" ta hanyar rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin waɗannan alƙawura, ɗumamar yanayi zai kai kimanin 2.8°C (5.0°F) a ƙarshen karnin, kuma manufofin yanzu zasu haifar da kusan 3.0°C (5.4°F) na dumamar yanayi. Iyakan ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C (2.7°F) na buƙatar rabin fitar da hayaƙi a cikin 2030, sa'annan ya kai matakin kusan sifili ta 2050.. Yunkurin ragewa ya hada da bincike, cigaba, da kuma tura fasahohin masu amfani da makamashi mai kara kuzari, ingantaccen ingancin makamashi, manufofi na rage hayakin mai, burbushin lamura, da kuma adana gandun daji. Fasahar aikin injiniya na yanayi, mafi yawan fitowar hasken rana da kuma cire carbon dioxide, suna da iyakantattun abubuwa kuma suna ɗaukar manyan rashin tabbas. Kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci kuma suna aiki don daidaitawa da tasirin ɗumamar yanayi na yanzu da kuma nan gaba ta hanyar ingantaccen kariya ta bakin teku, kyakkyawan kula da bala'i, da haɓaka albarkatun gona masu tsayayya.
Hawan yanayin da aka lura Masana da yawa da aka samar da kayan aikin sun nuna cewa tsarin yanayi yana dumama, tun da ga shekarun 2009-2018 kasancewar 0.93 0.07°C (1.67 0.13 F) ya fi tsarin farko na masana'antu (1850-1900) zafi. A halin yanzu, yanayin zafi yana tashi da kusan 0.2°C (0.36°F) a shekaru goma. Tun daga shekarar 1950, adadin ranakun sanyi da dare sun ragu, kuma yawan kwanaki masu dumi da dare sun ƙaru. Abubuwan tarihi na ɗumama da sanyaya, kamar yanayin zamanin da Little Ice Age, basu kasance daidai ba a duk yankuna kamar ɗumamar yanayin yanzu, amma ƙila sun kai yanayin zafi kamar na ƙarshen karni na 20 a cikin iyakokin yankuna. Akwai lokuttan da suka gabata na dumamar yanayi, kamar su Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum. Ko yaya, haɓbakar da aka lura a cikin zafin jiki da CO2 kididdigar yana da sauri har ma abubuwan da suka faru a bayyane waɗanda suka faru a tarihin duniya ba su kusan faruwa yanzu ba.
Rikodin wakili na yanayi ya nuna cewa bambancin yanayi yana daidaita farkon tasirin Juyin Masana'antu, don haka akwai ɗan ƙaramin ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin ƙarni na 18 da tsakiyar karni na 19. Ma'aikatar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta karɓi lokacin ƙayyadaddun lokacin aiki zuwa 1850-1900 a matsayin kusancin yanayin zafin duniya na kafin masana'antu, lokacin da rikodin ma'aunin zafi da sanyi ya fara ba da yanayin duniya.
Duk da yake ma'aunin dumamar yanayi yana kusa da canjin yanayin zafin yanayi, ana auna waɗannan ma'aunin da nau'ikan sauran abubuwan lura. An sami ƙaruwa a cikin yanayi da ƙarfi na hazo mai yawa, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta ƙasa, da ƙaruwar yanayin yanayi. Fure da fauna suna yin halin da ya dace da ɗumama ɗumi; misali, tsire-tsire suna fure a farkon bazara. Wani mahimmin alama shine sanyaya yanayi na sama, wanda ke nuna cewa iskar gas masu dumama yanayi suna kama zafi a kusa da doron ƙasa kuma suna hana shi watsawa zuwa sararin samaniya.
Kodayake shekaru masu rikodin rikodin suna jawo hankalin manyan kafofin watsa labaru, shekarun mutum ba su da mahimmanci fiye da yanayin yanayin duniya mai tsawo. Misali na gajeriyar matsala shine saurin karuwar yanayin zafin daga 1998 zuwa 2012, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "dumamar yanayin duniya". A duk tsawon wannan lokacin, ajiyar zafin ruwan teku ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali zuwa sama, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa ya yi sama sama. Za'a iya danganta saurin saurin ɗumamar yanayi da haɗuwa da sauyin yanayi, rage ayyukan hasken rana, da ƙara hasken hasken rana ta abubuwan da ke fitowa daga aman wuta.
Mafita game da canjin yanayi Maganin canjin yanayi
Misali, makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana da wutar lantarki, shine mafita daya da ake amfani da ita don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Makamashi mai sabuntawa shine ainihin mahimmancin maganin sauyin yanayi. Hanya ce ta samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da iskar gas ba. Ikon hasken rana babban misali ne na makamashi mai sabuntawa. Masu amfani da hasken rana suna canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki da gidaje da kasuwanci. Wannan yana rage bukatar wutar lantarki daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kona albarkatun mai, kamar gawayin kwal da iskar gas. Ikon hasken rana shine tushen makamashi mai tsabta da sabuntawa. Hakanan yana ƙara samun araha yayin da fasahar ke inganta.
Bambancicakjini Dumamar yanayi na nufin matsakaita na duniya, tare da yawan ɗumamar yanayi ta bambanta da yanki. Abubuwan da ke sanya ɗumi-dumi ba su da 'yanci daga wuraren da hayaƙin haya ke gurɓata, saboda iskar gas ɗin ta daɗe sosai don yaɗuwa a duniya; Koyaya, baƙar adibas da aka saka a kan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara suna taimakawa dumamar yanayi.
Tun kafin lokacin masana'antu, matsakaiciyar yanayin duniya ya karu kusan ninki biyu kamar na yanayin duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda girman karfin zafi na tekuna, kuma saboda tekuna suna rasa karin zafi ta hanyar danshin. Fiye da kashi 90% na ƙarin makamashi a cikin tsarin yanayi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata an adana su a cikin teku, suna dumama da shi. Ragowar ƙarin makamashin ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dumi nahiyoyi da yanayi. Hawan zafi a cikin teku yana haifar da fadada yanayin zafi wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga lura da haɓakar tekun.
Yankin Arewa da pole na Arewa sun dumamau da sauri fiye da pole na Kudu da Kudancin Kudu. Yankin Arewacin duniya ba wai kawai yana da yanki mai yawa ba, har ma yana da yankin dusar kankara da kankara a teku, saboda yadda aka tsara dimbin mutanen da ke kewayen Tekun Arctic. Yayinda wadannan saman suke jujjuyawa daga nuna haske da yawa zuwa duhu bayan kankara ta narke, sai su fara daukar wutar da zafi. Hasashen Kudancin duniya sun riga sun sami ɗan kankara a lokacin bazara kafin ta fara ɗumi. Yanayin Yankin Arctic ya karu kuma ana hasashen zai ci gaba da karuwa a wannan karnin sama da sau biyu na sauran kasashen duniya. Narkewar kankara da katifun kankara a cikin Arctic ya lalata zirga-zirgar teku, gami da raunin Ruwan Tekun, yana haifar da karin dumamar yanayi a wasu yankuna..
Direbobin motsa jiki na canjin yanayi na kwanan nan Da kanta, tsarin yanayi yana fuskantar wasu zagaye daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar shekaru (kamar El Niño Southern Oscillation) zuwa shekaru gommai ko ƙarni. Sauran canje-canje ana haifar dasu ne ta hanyar rashin daidaiton kuzari wanda yake "waje" ga tsarin yanayi, amma ba koyaushe yake waje da Duniya ba. Misalan abubuwan karfafa na waje sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya (misali ƙarar haɓakar iskar gas), hasken rana, fitowar dutsen dutse, da kuma bambancin da kewayar duniya da ke kewaye da Rana.
Yanayin canjin yanayi shine kokarin nuna ilimin kimiyya wadanne hanyoyin suke da alhakin canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin yanayin duniya. Don ƙayyade halayen anthropogenic, sanannen canjin yanayin cikin gida da tilas da ƙirar waje na halitta ana buƙatar fitar da su. Saboda haka, babbar hanya ita ce yin amfani da samfurin kwamfuta ta tsarin sauyin yanayi don tantance "zanan yatsun hannu" na musamman don duk dalilan da ke iya haifar da shi. Ta hanyar kwatanta waɗannan zanan yatsun hannu tare da alamun da aka lura da kuma canjin canjin yanayi, da kuma tarihin da aka kiyaye na tilastawa, ana iya ƙayyade dalilan sauyin da aka lura. Misali, tilasta yin amfani da hasken rana ba zai zama babban dalili ba saboda yatsan yatsa yana dumamawa a cikin yanayi duka, kuma ƙananan yanayi ne kawai ya warmed, wanda shine abin da ake tsammani daga iskar gas mai zafi (wanda ke kama tarkon zafin da yake fitowa daga sama). Bayanin canjin yanayi na kwanan nan ya nuna cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shine gas mai dumama yanayi, kuma na biyun sauyin amfani da ƙasa, da aerosol da ƙoshin lafiya.
Iskar gas Duniya na daukar hasken rana, sannan ta haskaka shi azaman zafi. Wasu daga cikin wannan hasken infrared yana sharar iskar gas mai guba a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma saboda sake fitar da shi ta kowane bangare wani ɓangare na zafin yana kamawa a cikin Duniya maimakon tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Kafin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen yanayi ya sa iska kusa da farfajiya ta kasance kusan 33°C (59°F) dumi fiye da yadda zai kasance a rashi. Ba tare da yanayin duniya ba, da matsakaita zafin duniya zai yi kasa da daskarewa na ruwa. Duk da yake tururin ruwa (~50%) da gajimare (~25%) sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin koren yanayi, suna ƙaruwa azaman aiki na yanayin zafin jiki kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukar su ra'ayoyi. A gefe guda, yawan gas kamar CO2 (~20%), ozone da nitrous oxide basu da dogaro da yanayin zafin jiki, kuma saboda haka ake ɗaukar su da tilastawa waje. Ozone yana aiki a matsayin iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙasƙantar layin sararin samaniya, yanayin sararin samaniya (sabanin yanayin ozone na stratospheric). Bugu da ƙari, ozone yana aiki sosai kuma yana hulɗa tare da sauran iskar gas da aerosols.
Ayyukan mutane tun daga Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, galibi cirewa da ƙone man burbushin (kwal, mai, da iskar gas), ya kara yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna ƙaruwa a matakan gas kamar CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, da nitrous oxide sun haɓaka tilasta radiative. A cikin 2018, ƙididdigar CO2 kuma methane ya karu da kusan kashi 45% da 160%, bi da bi, tun shekara ta 1750. A cikin 2013, karatun CO2 da aka ɗauka a shafin farko na duniya a Mauna Loa ya zarce 400 ppm a karo na farko (matakan pre-masana'antu na yau da kullun sun kasance ~270ppm). Wadannan CO2 Matakan sun fi yadda suka kasance a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da aka tattara ingantattun bayanai don iska da aka makale a cikin dusar kankara. Ananan shaidar ilimin ƙasa kai tsaye suna nuna cewa CO
Valuesimomi 2 ba su da yawa wannan tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.
Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas na anthropogenic na duniya a cikin 2018, ban da waɗanda daga canjin amfani da ƙasa, sun yi daidai da tan biliyan 52 na CO2. Daga cikin waɗannan hayakin da aka fitar, kashi 72 cikin ɗari ya kasance CO2, 19% shine methane, 6% sunadarin nitrous, kuma 3% sunadarin gas ne. Haɗin CO2 da farko ya fito ne daga ƙona burbushin mai don samar da haske mai amfani da makamashi mai zafi don jigilar kayayyaki, ƙera masana'antu, dumama wutar lantarki. Emarin fitar da CO2 ya fito ne daga sare dazuzzuka da kuma masana'antun masana'antu, waɗanda suka haɗa da CO2 da aka fitar ta halayen sunadarai don yin suminti, ƙarfe, aluminum, da takin zamani. Haɗin methane yana zuwa ne daga dabbobi, taki, noman shinkafa, wuraren shara, ruwa mai ƙaya, hakar kwal, da kuma hakar mai da gas. Haɗakar da ke cikin iska mai ƙoshin lafiya ta fito ne daga bazuwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da takin gargajiya..
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30688 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20Muhalli%20a%20New%20Jersey | Dokar kare Muhalli a New Jersey | Dokar muhalli a New Jersey ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na doka da na tsari don kare yanayi a cikin Jihar New Jersey Irin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da dokoki da ƙa'idodi don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, daidaita tsaftar ruwan sha, gyara gurɓatattun wurare, da kiyaye filaye daga cigaba, musamman a yankunan Pineland na kudancin New Jersey da tsaunuka a arewacin jihar. Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) ce ke aiwatar da dokokin muhalli a New Jersey.
Tarihi Kamar yadda yake da sauran jihohi a Amurka, New Jersey ba ta da tsarin dokokin muhalli na jaha gabaɗaya kafin tsakiyar karni na 20. Har ya zuwa lokacin, an fara aiwatar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi, Sannna Kuma ta hanyar dokokin da suka tsara yadda ake zubar da shara da najasa da kuma samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna birnin. Misali, yarjejeniyar 1874 na birnin Trenton ya ce:“Bai halatta ga wani mutum ko wani kamfani ya saka a cikin kowane magudanar ruwa, ko magudanar ruwa, ko rafi a cikin wannan birni, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rumbun ruwa, na sirri, ko kowace irin kazanta da za ta iya cutar da lafiyar al’umma. birni." Gwamnatin birni ce za ta aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma tana da fa'ida sosai da za a iya amfani da ita don aiwatar da illar lafiyar jama'a daga gurɓacewar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'anta. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga kalmomin doka, sannan kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don daidaita najasa. Misalin da ya yi kama da ka'idojin muhalli na zamani shine dokar shekarata 1927 da Union City ta amince da ita "hana fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga amfani da gawayi mai bituminous a cikin wasu kayan aikin kona mai da kuma sanya hukunci kan keta shi," wanda ke wakiltar yunƙurin farko. don magance gurbacewar iska a cikin birnin. New Jersey na daya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka zartar da dokar da ta shafi gurbatar iska a sikeli. Dokar hana gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954),” kamar yadda aka kafa ta tun farko, ta kafa hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi a ma’aikatar lafiya ta kuma umurci hukumar da ta kirkiro ka’idojin gurbacewar iska sannan ta baiwa sashen cikakken ikon aiwatar da dokar. "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" har yanzu ita ce babbar dokar gurɓacewar iska ta jihar, kodayake an yi mata kwaskwarima da faɗaɗawa sosai tun shekarar 1954 (duba ƙasa). Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1950s, jihar ta fara sha'awar ingancin ruwa da al'amurran samar da ruwa a fadin jihar, ta wuce "Dokar samar da ruwa ta New Jersey, 1958. A shekarun 1960s sun ga manyan gyare-gyare ga "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" da kuma farkon shirin kiyaye ƙasa a duk faɗin Jiha tare da aiwatar da "Dokar Samar da ƙasa ta New Jersey Green Acres na shekarata 1961." Wannan dokar ta ba da dala miliyan 60 don adana ƙasa tare da kafa shirin Green Acres a cikin jihar. 1960s kuma sun ga aiwatar da ka'idoji na farko a duk fadin jihar game da gine-gine a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa: "Dokar Kula da Hadarin Ruwan Ruwa." Wannan doka daga baya za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokokin jihar na amfani da filaye. Sai dai, a tsarinta na farko, wannan doka ta ba wa gwamnati izini kawai ta ware wani yanki da kasancewa cikin haɗarin ambaliya tare da sanar da ƙananan hukumomi da jama'a wannan gaskiyar.
A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarata 1970, an kafa NJDEP don ƙarfafa aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihohi, waɗanda aka ba wa hukumomin jihohi da yawa. Wannan, haɗe da haɓakar motsin muhalli a cikin 1970s a duk faɗin ƙasar Amurka, ya haifar da aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na muhalli a faɗin jihar kamar yadda suke a yau.
Manyan Dokoki ta Taken
Kula da gurbataccen iska NJDEP tana aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta 1963 ta hanyar Shirin Aiwatar da Jiha (SIP), hade da dokoki, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin da ke amfani da wurare guda ɗaya a cikin jihar, da tanadin ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida kamar tsare-tsaren da NJDEP ta ƙera don magance takamaiman batu. Ana iya samun SIP na New Jersey a cikin Code of Dokokin Tarayya (CFR) a 40 CFR §52.1570. Wasu daga cikin manyan dokokin da ke cikin shirin sun haɗa da dokokin da ke tsara konewa a buɗe da kuma nau'in man fetur na abin hawa, dokokin da ke buƙatar gwajin hayakin mota, da dokokin da ke buƙatar wuraren da ke samar da adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu don neman izini daga NJDEP da bi. bukatun da aka kafa don izini. Kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsaftar iska ta tsara Ma'aunin Ingantacciyar iska ta ƙasa don ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar, kuma tana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ɗauki ƙa'idodi don cika ƙa'idodi. A cikin shekarata 2010s, New Jersey ta sami damar cika ka'idojin kowane gurɓataccen abu sai ozone. Babbar dokar kula da gurɓacewar iska ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954)." Wannan doka ta riga ta fara aiwatar da dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta tarayya amma an yi mata gyara sosai a shekarar 1967 don mayar da martani ga dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya da gyare-gyare a 1965 da 1967. An shigar da tanade-tanaden "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" a cikin SIP don aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya. “Dokar hana gurbatar iska” ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a kanta, duk da haka, saboda tana ba hukumar NJDEP ikon bincikar wurare da kuma hukunta mutanen da ba su bi ka’idojin hana gurbatar iska ba.
Kula da gurbataccen ruwa An baiwa NJDEP ikon aiwatar da dokar tsaftar ruwa ta tarayya. Dokokin farko na jihar game da gurbatar ruwa shine "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa." Dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta hana fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan jihar ba tare da ingantaccen izini ba. NJDEP tana aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa" ta hanyar Tsarin Kawar da Gurɓacewar Ruwa na New Jersey, tsarin ba da izini ga wuraren da ke fitar da sharar ruwa a cikin ruwan halitta a cikin jihar. Sannan Kuma A cewar gidan yanar gizon NJDEP, "[t] nau'ikan wuraren da aka tsara na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan masu amfani kamar sansani, makarantu, da wuraren sayayya zuwa manyan masana'antu da masu zubar da ruwa na birni."
Amintaccen ruwan sha Babbar dokar ruwan sha ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Aminci." Ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don ɗaukar matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa don gurɓata daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha (misali gubar da tagulla). Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi bin ƙa'idodin da Dokar Ruwa Mai Aminci ta tarayya ta kafa. Koyaya, ka'idodin jihar NJDEP sun fi tsauri ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta karɓi matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa ga wasu abubuwa (misali perfluorooctanoic acid da perfluorooctanesulfonic acid waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ba ta karɓa ba. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta amince da ka'idojin ruwan sha na "na biyu" don abubuwan da ke tasiri dandano, kamshi, da bayyanar ruwan sha. Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba amma suna aiki ne kawai azaman shawarwari ga masu aikin tsabtace ruwan sha.
Gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata Babbar doka game da sarrafawa da tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari ita ce "Dokar Kula da Zuba Jari." An kira "Dokar Kashe Kuɗi da Kulawa" a matsayin takwararta ta jiha ga dokar Superfund ta tarayya, kodayake ta riga ta fara dokar Superfund. "Dokar biyan diyya da sarrafawa" ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don tsaftace wuraren da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta ba da izinin NJDEP don karɓar diyya na farashin gyara daga "duk mutumin da ya sallame shi. wani abu mai haɗari, ko kuma ta kowace hanya ne ke da alhakin" fitarwa. Har ila yau, tana riƙe mutanen da abin ya shafa "tabbataccen abin dogaro, tare da kuma daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da laifi ba, kuma don duk farashin tsaftacewa da cirewa," wanda shine babban nau'i na abin alhaki. Misali, a cikin Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha v. Ventron Corp, Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyayen kamfanin na kamfanin gurbataccen yanayi, da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da suka sayi wani yanki na gurbataccen kadarorin, suna da alhakin tsaftacewa. Inda aka yi niyyar aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Matsalolin Zuba Jari" a cikin lamuran da aka yi kuskure ko kuma da gangan aka saki abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman ruwan karkashin kasa, "Dokar Farfado da Yanar Gizon Masana'antu" (ISRA) ta shafi wuraren masana'antu waɗanda aka riga aka yi su. gurbata ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullun na wurin. An kafa ISRA a cikin shekarata 1993, tare da maye gurbin "Dokar Nauyin Tsabtace Muhalli" (ECRA) wanda ba a so da kuma cece-kuce. ISRA tana da manufa iri ɗaya da ECRA, duk da haka, ita ce ta ɗora wa mai gidan masana'antu alhakin tsaftace wurin. Don haka ISRA tana buƙatar wuraren masana'antu waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ko samar da samfuran haɗari don tsabtace wuraren su don gamsar da NJDEP, kuma a matsayin sharadi na siyar da kadarorin ko dakatar da samarwa a wurin. Kuma Domin ISRA ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta daidaita ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a ƙarƙashin ECRA, sanarwar sanya hannu kan dokar ta haɗa da jawabin Gwamna Jim Florio cewa "wannan sabuwar doka ana iya kiranta Dokar Farfado da Rukunan Masana'antu, amma ina so in yi la'akari da ita a matsayin Dokar Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Ayyuka. Kiyaye daga ci gaba Shirin Green Acres, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1961, yana bawa jiha, gundumomi, da filayen sa-kai damar siyan filaye don adana dindindin a matsayin sarari. An gyara tsarin mulkin jihar a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2014 don ba da wani kaso na kudaden harajin kasuwancin jihar ga shirin Green Acres. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, NJDEP ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya adana fili mai girman eka 650,000. Bugu da kari, New Jersey ta kafa wasu manyan dokoki guda biyu don sarrafa ci gaba a manyan yankuna biyu na jihar. Kuma Domin kudancin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariya ta Pinelands" tana tsara ci gaba a cikin National Reserve na Pinelands, kuma, a arewacin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariyar Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands" tana tsara ci gaba a yankin Highlands, wani yanki mai fadi a arewacin rabin arewa. na jihar da ke dauke da tsaunukan Appalachian da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan sha ga jihar. Majalisa ta ƙirƙira National Reserve na Pinelands a cikin shakarar 1978 ta hanyar aiwatar da "Dokar Parks da Recreation ta 1978" ta tarayya. A cikin wannan dokar, Majalisa ta amince da "masu muhalli, dabi'a, al'adu, nishaɗi, ilimi, noma, da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a" na yankin Pinelands tare da ayyana shi a matsayin amfanin ƙasa don karewa da adana "waɗannan fa'idodin ga mazaunan baƙi zuwa yankin." Daga nan ne majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa dokar “Pinelands Protection Act” domin aiwatar da manufofin dokar tarayya. Dokar "Pinelands Protection Act" ta kafa hukumar da aka fi sani da Pinelands Commission wanda ke da alhakin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yankin Pineland da kuma amincewa da tsare-tsaren ci gaba na kowace karamar hukuma a yankin. Babban manufar Hukumar Pinelands ita ce ta ba da sabon ci gaba zuwa wasu wuraren da ba su da kula da muhalli, da kuma guje wa ƙarancin ci gaba a kan babban yanki.
An kafa dokar "Kare Ruwa da Tsare-tsare" a cikin shekarata 2004. Ba kamar Dokar Pinelands ba, doka ce kawai ta matakin jiha kuma baya aiwatar da dokar tarayya. Dokar "Highlands Act" ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands, wacce ke da alhakin tsara shirin ci gaba a yankin. Har ila yau, dokar ta raba yankin Highland zuwa "tsarin kiyayewa," wanda ake bukata don dacewa da tsarin ci gaban majalisar, da kuma "yankin tsarawa," wanda bin tsarin ci gaban majalisar na son rai ne. Kuma A cikin wurin adanawa, yawancin manyan ci gaba suna buƙatar izini na musamman daga NJDEP kafin su ci gaba. Waɗannan izini gabaɗaya sun fi tsauri fiye da yadda za su kasance don ci gaba a wajen yankin Highlands.
Binciken muhalli na Jiha Dokar Zartarwa ta New Jersey 215 (1989)
A cikin shekarar 1989, Gwamna Thomas Kean (R) na wancan lokacin ya rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa mai lamba 215 (EO 215), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin New Jersey daidai da ayyukan manufofin muhalli na doka a wasu jihohi da kuma dokar NEPA ta tarayya Manufar EO 215 ita ce "rage ko kawar da duk wani mummunan tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da gwamnati ta fara ko kuma ta ba da kuɗaɗen." Don haka, ana buƙatar duk hukumomin jihohi, sassan, da sauran hukumomin da suka ba da shawara ko ba da kuɗi 20%) 'manyan ayyuka' don shirya ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rahoton muhalli masu zuwa:
Ƙimar muhalli (EA) ita ce mafi ƙarancin fa'ida kuma mafi ƙarancin sifofin rahoton guda biyu. Ba kamar EIS ba, EA baya buƙatar ƙunsar nazarin hanyoyin da aka tsara zuwa babban aikin. Koyaya, bayanin aikin da kayan rakiyar (zane-zane, shuke-shuken rukunin yanar gizo, taswirori, da sauransu) za su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin abu. Ana buƙatar EA don abin da EO 215 ya kira aikin Level 1, inda ake sa ran ginin gine-gine ya wuce 1 miliyan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya maye gurbin Gano Babu Muhimman Tasiri FONSI bisa ga dokar NEPA ta tarayya da New Jersey EA. Bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS) ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi girma. Dole ne EIS ya haɗa da jeri kuma ya bayyana madadin aikin da aka tsara. Ana buƙatar EIS don aikin mataki na 2, inda ake sa ran farashin gini ya zarce dala miliyan 5 kuma sawun filaye ya zarce kadada biyar. An ƙaddamar da rahotannin EA da EIS (ko FONSIs) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) Sashen na bitar waɗannan rahotanni, yana fitar da bincike game da cikar su, kuma (idan ya cika) yana ba da shawarar matakin aiki. Hukumar da ke ba da shawara na iya ba da amsa ta hanyar karɓa ko jayayya da shawarwarin NJDEP. A ƙarshe, EO 215 zai buƙaci kwamishinonin NJDEP da hukumar da ke ba da shawara don cimma matsaya ta "aminci mai kyau" na duk wani ci gaba da rashin jituwa. Bukatun bitar muhalli na jihar New Jersey ba su da yawa a kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin New York da wasu jihohi, inda ƙayyadaddun nau'in aikin (da madaidaicin zurfin tsarin bitar) ya dogara ne akan ƙarin rarrabuwa na yuwuwar tasirin aikin, maimakon haka. fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na ƙasa wanda New Jersey ke aiki a ƙarƙashin EO 215. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatun bitar muhalli na New Jersey sun shafi ayyukan da hukumomin jiha suka qaddamar ko kuma ba da kuɗaɗe masu yawa, kuma ba ga ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar matakin sanin yakamata na jiha ba, kamar bayar da izini na jiha ko na gida. Musamman ma, ya kamata masu haɓakawa su sani cewa wasu gundumomin New Jersey sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin, ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun bitar muhalli don ayyukan gida waɗanda suka wuce buƙatun jihar ƙarƙashin EO 215.
Duba wasu abubuwan Dokar New Jersey
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29925 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20%C6%98asa | Dokar Ƙasa | Dokokin ƙasa nau'i ne na doka da ke magana game da haƙƙin amfani, ƙetare, ko keɓe wasu daga ƙasa A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana kiran waɗannan nau'ikan kadarorin a matsayin dukiya ko arziƙi, kamar yadda suka bambanta da na mutum Yarjejeniyar amfani da ƙasa, gami da hayarta, muhimmin haɗin gwiwa ne na kadarori da dokar kwangila ta Ƙaddamar da haƙƙin ƙasa na ɗaya, kamar sauƙi, na iya zama haƙƙin ƙasa na wani. Haƙƙin ma'adinai da haƙƙin ruwa suna da alaƙa ta ƙud da ƙud, kuma galibi ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa da juna.
Haƙƙin filaye irin waɗannan dokoki ne na asali waɗanda suke haɓaka ko da babu wata ƙasa da za ta tilasta su; alal misali, kulab ɗin da'awa na Yammacin Amurka, cibiyoyi ne waɗanda suka taso a zahiri don aiwatar da tsarin ƙa'idojin da suka shafi hakar ma'adinai. matsuguni, mallakar ƙasa ba tare da mallaka ba, al'amari ne na ko'ina a duniya.
Mulkin Ƙasa Mulki, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen doka na gama-gari, galibi ana kiransa da cikakken ta ke, ko ta ken ma mallaki. Kusan duk waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen suna da tsarin rajistar ƙasa, don yin rikodin biyan buƙatu masu sauƙi, da tsarin neman ƙasa, don warware husuma.
Haƙƙin ƙasa Asalin haƙƙin ƙasa sun shaida da haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa da kuma tsarin dokokin ƙasa na dokokin gama gari da ƙasashen na farar hula A cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama-gari, ana kiran haƙƙin filaye na ƴan asali a matsayin ta ke na asali A cikin hukunce-hukuncen dokokin al'ada, ƙasar al'ada ita ce mafi girman nau'in mallakar filaye.
Gyaran ƙasa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati da ke ɗauke da/ko sake rarraba ƙasa, kamar:- kyautar ƙasa Haƙƙoƙin filaye na nuni ne ga yadda mutane ba za su iya karewa ba na samun damar yin amfani da su da kuma mallaki fili bisa ga ra’ayinsu, matukar dai ayyukan da suke yi a wannan kasa ba su tauye hakkin wasu ba. Wannan ba za a ruɗe shi da samun fili ba, wanda ke ba wa ɗaiɗai damar amfani da fili ta fuskar tattalin arziki (watau noma). Maimakon haka, haƙƙoƙin ƙasa suna magana game da ikon mallakar ƙasa wanda ke ba da tsaro kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin ɗan adam Lokacin da mutum yake da damar yin amfani da ƙasa, suna cikin barazanar kora akai-akai dangane da zaɓin mai mallakar ƙasar, wanda ke iyakance kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi. Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa wani muhimmin sashi ne na Dokokin Ƙasa, yayin da suke aiwatar da ƙungiyoyin ƴancin jama'a na haƙƙin mallakar filaye daidai da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Dokar filaye ta yi magana game da hurumin shari'a da wata ƙasa ta gindaya dangane da mallakar filaye, yayin da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ke nuni ga yarda da zamantakewar mallakar ƙasa. Ƙungiyar Landesa ta ɗauki matsayin cewa duk da cewa doka na iya ba da shawarar samun daidaiton damar mallakar filaye, haƙƙin ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe da al'adu na iya hana ƴan ƙungiya mallakar fili. Dokoki suna da mahimmanci, amma dole ne a goyi bayansu ta hanyar al'adar al'adu da yarda da zamantakewa. Don haka, dokokin da suka shafi mallakar filaye da haƙƙin ƙasa dole ne su kasance cikin yarjejeniya.
A duk duniya, an ƙara mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ƙasa, saboda suna da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban na ci gaba. A cewar Wickeri da Kalhan, mallakar ƙasa na iya zama tushen babban jari, tsaro na kuɗi, abinci, ruwa, matsuguni, da albarkatu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Global Land Tool kungiyar ta gano cewa rashin ƙasa a karkara shine babban hasashen talauci da yunwa, kuma yana tasiri mara kyau ga Ƙarfafawa da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan matsala mai mahimmanci na rashin isassun haƙƙin ƙasa, Manufar Ci gaban Ƙarni 7D na ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauye miliyan 100. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarin haƙƙin ƙasa ga talakawa, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa. Ko da yake haƙƙin ƙasa na da mahimmanci wajen samun ingantacciyar rayuwa, wasu ƙungiyoyin daidaikun mutane a koyaushe ana barin su daga tanadin mallakar ƙasa. Doka na iya ba da damar samun fili, duk da haka, shingen al'adu da tarkon talauci suna iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin tsiraru na mallakar filaye. Don cimma daidaito, dole ne waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su sami isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin al'umma da ta doka.
Iyaka na hukunce-hukuncen kasa da ikon mallakar Ƙasa Cikakkun ikon ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasaƘuntatawa kan hukunce-hukuncen ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasa Hukuncin ƙasa da ƙasa bisa ga gadon kowa na ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da mata Malamai da yawa suna jayayya cewa rashin isassun ‘yancin mata na ƙasa yana shafar danginsu na kusa da sauran al’umma, haka nan. Tare da mallakar filaye, mata za su iya haɓaka kuɗin shiga kuma su ware wannan kuɗin shiga cikin adalci a cikin gida. malam Tim Hanstad ya yi iƙirarin cewa samar da isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ga mata yana da fa'ida saboda, da zarar mata sun sami damar yin amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin za a inganta su: Mata za su rage kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS saboda ba sai sun yi karuwanci ba
Mata ba za su kasance masu fama da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba
Yaransu za su fi samun ilimi kuma su daɗe a makaranta
Mata za su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi, don samun matsakaicin rance
A ƙasashen duniya da dama, mata na samun fili don yin noma; duk da haka, akwai al'adu da suka hana mata cin gado ko sayen fili. Wannan yana sanya mata a wurin dogara ga mazajensu, ’yan’uwansu, ko iyayensu don rayuwa da matsuguni. Idan akwai rashin lafiya, tashin hankalin gida, ko mutuwa a cikin iyali, mata za su zama marasa ƙasa kuma ba za su iya yin noma don abinci ba, ko hayar ƙasa don riba. Mallakar filaye ga mata wani muhimmin tsari ne na tsaro da samun kudin shiga, da kara Karfafawa da rage Talauci Ƙasar Indiya Malam Kanakalatha Mukund ya ba da muhimmin batu cewa duk da cewa mata a Indiya suna da haƙƙin mallaka na shari'a, amma kaɗan ne kawai suke yin hakan a sakamakon ayyukan magabata da suka mamaye al'ummar ƙasar. Har zuwa kwanan nan, matan Indiya sun kasance ba su da dokoki game da rabon filayen jama'a kuma an tilasta musu dogaro da ƙaramin yuwuwar samun fili mai zaman kansa daga danginsu. Dokokin gado waɗanda ke kula da maza suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin haƙƙin ƙasa. A cewar Bina Agarwal, mallakar ƙasa yana bayyana matsayin zamantakewa da ikon siyasa a cikin gida da ƙauyen, tsara dangantaka da samar da yanayin iyali. Don haka gadon fili yana fifita maza sama da mata a cikin gida, da kuma a cikin al'umma. Ba tare da ja-gorancin siyasa a ƙauyen ba, kuma tare da iyakacin ikon yin ciniki a cikin gida, mata ba su da murya don neman haƙƙinsu. Wani batu da ya shafi hakkin filaye a Indiya shi ne yadda suke barin mata kwata-kwata a kan rayuwar mazajensu. Wani bincike da malama Bina Agarwal ya yi ya gano cewa a Yammacin Bengal, iyalai masu wadata sun zama marasa galihu idan shugaban gidan na miji ya mutu, saboda ba a yarda mata su mallaki gonar mijinta. Haka kuma, saboda al'ada su, girman matsayi na mace, ba zai yiwu ba ta sami wata fasaha ta ci gaba da za ta yi amfani da ita wajen neman aiki. Su wadannan matan ana tilasta musu yin bara da abinci da matsuguni da zarar mazajensu ya mutu saboda ba a basu damar samun gogewar aiki ba. Malama Bina Agarwal ta bayar da hujjar cewa mallakar filaye na matukar rage yiwuwar cin zarafin mata a Indiya. Mallakar dukiya yana ɗaukaka mata zuwa matsayi mafi girma a cikin gida, yana ba da damar ƙarin daidaito da ikon yin ciniki. Ƙari ga haka, mallakar dukiya dabam da mazajensu ya ba wa mata damar kuɓuta daga mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba Agarwal ta ƙarasa da cewa begen samun mafaka mai aminci a wajen gidan babban gida yana rage tsawon lokacin tashin hankalin gida. Haƙƙin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga mata a Indiya saboda yawan al'ummar ubangida da suke rayuwa a ciki. Ra'ayoyin al'adu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yarda da daidaito tsakanin mallakar ƙasa. Mallakar kasa a karshe mata suna amfanar gida da al'umma gaba daya. Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan game da daidaito a haƙƙin ƙasa a Indiya shine Dokar Nasara ta Hindu ta 2005 Wannan aikin ya yi niyya don kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi wanda ke cikin Dokar Nasara ta Hindu, 1956 A cikin sabon gyaran, 'ya'ya mata da maza suna da haƙƙin daidaitawa don samun fili daga iyayensu. Wannan matakin ya kasance duka biyun muhimmin mataki na doka da zamantakewa don yancin mata na filaye. Ba wai kawai dokar ta ba da umarnin daidaito a maye gurbin ƙasa ba, har ma ta tabbatar da matsayin mata a matsayin daidaito a cikin al'umma.
Ƙasar Uganda Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na 1995 ya tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, gami da mallaka da mallakar filaye. Duk da haka, bincike daga ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ya nuna cewa ba a ware mata daga mallakar filaye saboda al'adu da kuma tushen al'adu masu zurfi. Ko da mata suka tara isassun kudade don siyan fili, ana sanya hannu a kan filin da sunan mijinsu, yayin da mata suka sa hannu a matsayin shaida. Ayyukan gado wani cikas ne na musamman wanda ke rage ƙarfafa mata, haka nan. Ana rarraba ƙasa ta hanyar zuriyar maza wanda ke ƙarfafa keɓancewar mata daga mallakar filaye. Wani abin da ke haifar da daidaito, kamar yadda kungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ta yi nuni da cewa, mata ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da hakkokin da suke da shi a karkashin dokar mallakar filaye. Matan karkara, da jahilai ma ba su da damar yin amfani da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da ya ba su damar mallakar filaye.
Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1995 ya tanadi daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, amma har yanzu akwai gibi a cikin dokar da ke shafar ‘yancin mata na mallakar filaye. Doka ta kare hakkin mata a cikin aure; duk da haka, bai magance bukatun matan da mazansu suka mutu ba ko kuma wadanda aka kashe. Sakamakon haka, an bar waɗannan matan ba su da ƙasa kuma ba tare da bayar da kariya ta filayen ba. Har ila yau, mata na da wuya a kai kara kotu saboda cin hanci da rashawa da tsadar shari’a. Gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi filaye suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo ana aiwatar da su ta yadda mata da yawa ba sa yin ƙoƙarin neman taimakon doka.
Ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afurka) ita ba da shawarwari don rage rashin daidaito a cikin mallakar filaye. Ana iya ilmantar da matan karkara game da hakkokinsu ta hanyar yakin rediyo, tattaunawar al'umma, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, da tarukan jama'a. Dole ne a magance matsalolin al'adu a cikin manufofi kuma ana iya ilimantar da shugabannin al'umma game da haɗa ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Har ila yau, dokar da kanta za ta iya magance hakkokin zawarawa da wadanda aka kashe baya ga hakkokin matan aure.
Duba kuma Dokokin ƙasar Ingila
Raba ƙasa
Kasa tamu ce
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya
Gwagwarmayar Kasa
Shaidoji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28060 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Sui | Deng Sui | Deng Sui (Sinanci: AD 81-121), a hukumance Sarauniya Hexi (Sinanci: lit. 'matsakaici da kwantar da hankalin sarki') ta kasance sarauniya a lokacin daular Han na tarihin kasar Sin. Ita ce Sarkin sarakuna He matarsa ta biyu, kuma bayan mutuwarsa "ya mulki daular na gaba shekaru goma da rabi da m iyawa." A matsayinta na sarauniya dowager, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki ga ɗan sarki He Emperor Shang kuma ɗan'uwan Emperor An a cikin 106-121, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mai iyawa da ƙwazo. Ana kuma ganin ta da alhakin karɓar takarda a hukumance na farko a duniya, kuma ta kasance majiɓincin fasaha. A lokacin mulkinta, ta rage kudaden da ake kashewa a fada, da samar da taimako ga gajiyayyu, ta samu damar fuskantar kalubalen bala'o'i da suka hada da gurgunta ambaliya, fari da kankara a sassa da dama na daular, tare da dakile yakin da aka yi da Xiongnu da Qiang. An yaba mata saboda kulawar da ta yi akan masu aikata laifuka. Ilimi mai kyau, Sarauniya Deng ya kirkiro sabbin mukamai ga malamai, ya karfafa tunanin asali, kuma yana da alhakin daidaita ma'aunin litattafai guda biyar. Ta kira mambobi 70 daga cikin iyalan sarakuna don yin nazarin litattafai kuma ta kula da jarrabawar su da kanta. Ana kallonta a matsayin shugabar daular Han ta ƙarshe mai tasiri, yayin da sarakunan da suka biyo baya da kuma Sarauniya Dowagers suka shiga cikin gwagwarmayar mulki da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular.
Asalin iyali da farkon rayuwa An haife Deng Sui a shekara ta 81 AD a Nanyang. Mahaifinta Deng Xun shi ne ɗa na shida ga firaministan Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu Deng Yu. Mahaifiyarta, Lady Yin, 'yar kani ce ga matar Sarkin Guangwu Sarauniya Yin Lihua. Tana da sha'awar yin karatu sosai, tana iya karanta litattafai na tarihi tun tana shekara shida kuma tana iya karanta shujing da lunyu lokacin tana shekara goma sha biyu.
An zabe ta ta kasance a fadar a shekara ta 95. Ta zama uwargidan Sarkin sarakuna He a shekara ta 96, lokacin tana shekara 15, kuma yana da shekaru 17.
Yarjejeniyar sarki da masarauta Sarkin sarakuna He riga ya halicci Sarauniya Yin masarauta. An siffanta Sarauniya Yin a matsayin kyakkyawa amma gajarta kuma mara hankali, sannan kuma ta shahara da kishi. Consort Deng ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɓaka dangantaka mai kyau da ita ta hanyar zama mai tawali'u, kuma an kwatanta ta da ƙoƙarin rufe kurakuran Sarauniya Yin. Wannan, duk da haka, kawai ya jawo kishin Sarauniya Yin, domin Sarkin sarakuna ya burge ta kuma ya dauke ta a cikin abubuwan da ya fi so. Har ila yauya Yin bai ji daɗin cewa Consort Deng ba, wanda ya damu da cewa Sarkin sarakuna ya kasance yana rasa 'ya'ya maza tun yana yaro, sau da yawa ya ba da shawarar wasu abokan aure don ya yi jima'i da su. Da zarar, lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Ya yi rashin lafiya, Sarauniya Yin ta yi furuci cewa idan ta zama mai martaba sarki, za a yanka Dengs kuma da jin wannan magana, Consort Deng ta yi tunanin kashe kanta, kuma wata mata da take jira ta cece ta ta hanyar yin ƙarya. ita da sarki ya warke. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba sarkin ya murmure, don haka Consort Deng da danginta sun tsira daga mugun hali.
A cikin 102, Sarauniya Yin da kakarta, Deng Zhu an zarge su da yin amfani da maita don la'antar daular sarakuna (watakila ciki har da Consort Deng). An kore ta kuma ta mutu saboda bakin ciki, watakila a cikin 102 kuma. Sarkin sarakuna He halicci Consort Deng empress don maye gurbinta.
A matsayinta na sarki, an kwatanta Sarauniya Deng a matsayin mai himma da tawali'u, kuma ta ki amincewa da tayin da Sarkin sarakuna ya yi don inganta danginta. Ban Zhao ne ya koyar da ita, wadda ta yi mata-in-jira.
Ta kuma hana hakimai da shugabanni ba da harajinta—wanda aka saba yi wa sarakunan sarki. A matsayinta na masarauta, ta ki yarda da duk wani haraji daga kasashen waje, tana mai dagewa akan karbar kyautar takarda da tawada a maimakon.
Regent ga Sarkin sarakuna Shang A cikin 106, tare da kasar Sin na fuskantar matsalar kudi, Sarkin sarakuna ya mutu, yana haifar da rikici. Sarauniya Deng da dukan sarakunan sarauta sun daɗe ba tare da 'ya'ya maza ba. (An kwatanta Sarkin da cewa yana da ’ya’ya maza da yawa da suka mutu tun suna ƙanana; ba a sani ba ko Sarauniya Yin ko Sarauniya Deng ta taɓa haihuwa, amma da alama ba su yi ba.) A ƙarshen sarautar Sarkin, ya haifi ’ya’ya biyu— wadanda ba a ambaci iyayensu a tarihi ba—Liu Sheng da Liu Long. Karkashin camfi na lokacin, an yi tunanin cewa za su iya rayuwa da kyau idan sun girma a wajen gidan sarauta bisa la’akari da mutuwar sauran ’yan’uwansu da wuri, don haka an ba su duka ga iyayen da suka yi reno.
A lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna He rasu, Liu Sheng, babban ɗa, yana ƙarami (amma ba a rubuta ainihin shekarun a tarihi ba) kuma an yi imanin cewa yana fama da rashin lafiya. Karamin, Liu Long, ya cika kwanaki 100 kacal. Dukansu sun yi maraba da dawowa fadar, kuma Sarauniya Deng ta kirkiro Liu Long yarima mai jiran gado, yana mai imani cewa zai fi koshin lafiya, sa'an nan kuma a wannan dare aka nada shi sarki, a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna Shang. Iko ya kasance a hannun Sarauniya Dowager Deng, a matsayin mai mulki ga jaririyar sarki, kuma ɗan'uwanta Deng Zhi ya zama babban jami'i a kotu da sauri. Ta kuma nemi shawarar Ban Zhao, har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 116. Ta ba da babban yafewa, wanda ya amfanar da mutanen da aka kwace musu hakkinsu saboda cudanya da dangin Sarauniya Dou, wadanda danginsu suka yi karfi a farkon mulkin mallaka. Sarkin sarakuna He amma an yi masa juyin mulki.
A ƙarshen 106, matashin sarki ya mutu, ya haifar da wani rikici na maye gurbin. A wannan lokacin, jami'ai sun fahimci cewa Yarima Sheng (Yariman Pingyuan na lokacin) ba shi da lafiya kamar yadda ake tunani da farko, kuma gaba daya suna son ya zama sarki. Duk da haka, Sarauniya Dowager Deng, wanda ya damu cewa Yarima Sheng zai yi fushi don ba a nada shi sarki da farko ba, yana da wasu ra'ayoyi. Ta dage sai ta mai da dan uwan Sarkin sarakuna Shang, Yarima Hu, wanda wasu ke kallon shi a matsayin wanda ya cancanta ya zama sarki. Ya ɗauki kursiyin a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna An, yana da shekaru 12.
Kamar yadda regent ga Sarkin sarakuna An Lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna An hau kan karagar mulki, mahaifinsa Liu Qing yana raye, haka kuma matarsa Consort Geng wacce ta kasance tare da shi a babban birnin Luoyang har zuwa hawansa. (Mahaifiyar Sarkin sarakuna An Consort Zuo Xiao'e ƙwarƙwarar Liu Qing, ta mutu a wani lokaci da wuri.) Duk da haka, Deng Sui ta iya tabbatar da ikon mallakar sarki na musamman, a matsayinsa na sarauniya dowager, ta hanyar aika Consort Geng zuwa ga mijinta Liu Qing a masarautarsa ta Qinghe.
Deng Sui ta nuna kanta a matsayin mai iya mulki wacce ba ta yarda da cin hanci da rashawa ba, har ma da danginta. Ta kuma aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dokar laifuka. Misali, a shekara ta 107, ta fitar da wata doka da ta tsawaita lokacin daukaka karar hukuncin kisa. Ta rage kudin da ake kashewa a gidan sarki, kamar yin sana'o'in hannu masu tsada, irin su jedi da sassaƙa na hauren giwa, ta aika da ma'aikatan fadar gida da ayyuka na ban mamaki. Ta kuma bukaci a rage haraji daga larduna. Yayin da masarauta, sau biyu ta buɗe granaries na sarki don ciyar da mayunwata; tilas a rage masu kudin shiga da aka samu daga filin da suka hayar; ta gyara magudanan ruwa tare da yanke tsafi da liyafa.
A cikin 107, duk da haka, za a sami manyan matsaloli a kan iyakoki. Da farko, masarautun yankunan Yamma (ko Xiyu, Xinjiang na zamani da Asiya ta tsakiya), wadanda suka mika wuya ga Han suzerainty a zamanin babban janar Ban Chao, sun dade suna adawa da magadan Ban Chao saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, kuma a cikin 107, Sarauniya Dowager Deng a karshe ya ba da umurni cewa a yi watsi da Xiyu. A wannan shekarar, ƙabilar Qiang, waɗanda jami'an Han suka zalunta fiye da shekaru goma, kuma suna tsoron cewa za a ba su umarnin murkushe tawayen Xiyu, sun yi wa kansu tawaye. Wannan wani babban tawaye ne, wanda ya shafi wani yanki mai fadi a kan Shaanxi na zamani, da Gansu, da arewacin Sichuan, har ma sojojin Qiang sun yi kutsawa cikin Shanxi na zamani tare da yin barazana ga babban birnin kasar a wani lokaci. Lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai, har Deng Zhi ya yi la'akari da yin watsi da lardin Liang wato Gansu na zamani), shawarar da Sarauniya Dowager Deng ta yi watsi da ita cikin hikima. Ba za a kawo karshen tawayen ba har sai 118, inda daular yamma ta kasance cikin rugujewa.
Har ila yau, a cikin 107 zuwa 109, an sami bala’o’i da yawa— ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da ƙanƙara, a sassa dabam-dabam na daular. Sarauniya Dowager Deng ta yi tasiri sosai wajen shirya ayyukan agajin gaggawa.
A cikin 109, Kudancin Xiongnu, wanda ya kasance mai aminci har zuwa wannan lokaci, shi ma ya yi tawaye, yana mai imani cewa Han ya raunana ta hanyar tawayen Qiang, wanda zai zama mai sauƙi. Duk da haka, bayan da Han ya yi wani gagarumin baje-kolin karfin tuwo, Kudancin Xiongnu ya sake mika wuya kuma ba zai zama wata matsala ga sauran daular Han ba.
A cikin 110, mahaifiyar Sarauniya Dowager Deng Lady Yin ta rasu. 'Yan uwanta sun yi murabus daga mukaminsu don yin zaman makoki na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma bayan da tun farko ba ta amince da bukatar ba, daga karshe ta yi hakan, bisa shawarar wata masarauta Ban Zhao. Duk da cewa ba su da manyan mukaman gwamnati, duk da haka, sun kasance masu ba da shawara masu ƙarfi. Yayin da shekaru ke tafiya, Asalin tawali'u na Sarauniya Dowager Deng ya bayyana ya gaji gaba ɗaya yayin da ta rataye kan karagar mulki, kuma lokacin da wasu 'yan uwanta da makusanta suka ba da shawarar cewa ta mika mulki ga Sarkin sarakuna An, ta yi fushi da su kuma ba za ta yarda ba. yi haka.
A cikin 121, Sarauniya Dowager Deng ya mutu kuma aka binne shi tare da mijinta Sarkin sarakuna He tare da cikakkiyar girmamawa. A ƙarshe Sarkin sarakuna An ya karɓi mulki yana ɗan shekara 28. Ma’aikaciyar jinya Wang Sheng da amintaccen eunuchs Li Run da Jiang Jing waɗanda suka jira shekaru don samun mulki, sun zargi Sarauniya Dowager Deng da ƙarya. bayan da ya yi la'akari da sauke Sarkin sarakuna An kuma ya maye gurbinsa da dan uwansa, Liu Yi Sarkin Hejian. A cikin fushi, Sarkin sarakuna An cire dukkan dangin Sarauniya Dowager Deng daga gwamnati tare da tilasta yawancin su kashe kansu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, duk da haka, wani bangare ya juya umarninsa, kuma an bar wasu daga cikin dangin Sarauniya Dowager Deng su dawo, amma an lalata dangin a lokacin.
Manazarta
Sources Monro, Alexander (2017) The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention (Vintage Books)
Book of Later Han, vols. 4, 10, part 1.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 48, 49, 50.
Mutuwan |
20460 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Kebbi | Masarautar Kebbi | Masarautar Kebbi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Argungu, masarauta ce ta gargajiya wadda ta dogara da garin Argungu a cikin jihar Kebbi Najeriya. Magaji ne ga tsohuwar Daular Hausa ta kebbi. Masarautar tana daya daga cikin manyan masarautu hudu a cikin Jihar Kebbi, sauran kuma su ne Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Yawuri da Masarautar Zuru.
Wuri Masarautar Kebbi tana Arewa Maso Yamma na Jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan baya sun fadada Kudu da asalin Babban Birninta na Birnin Kebbi, wanda yanzu shi ne babban birnin masarautar Gwandu da kuma ita kanta jihar Kebbi. Yankin shimfidar wuri yawanci Savanna ne na Sudanian, a buɗe dazuzzuka tare da kuma bishiyoyi warwatse. Yankin ya hade da gangaren kogin Rima, wadanda suke cika ruwa lokaci-lokaci. Akwai rani tsakanin watan Mayu da watan Satumba, tare da ɗan ruwan sama a ragowar shekarar. Ruwan sama na shekara yana nufin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi kusan 26 C, jere daga 21 C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 C tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Yuni. Birnin Kebbi yana da ƙoshin lafiya ta hanyar Kebbawa, ƙaramin rukuni na ƙasar Hausa.
Tarihi
Asali A al'adance ana daukar Kebbi mallakar Banza bakwai na kasar hausa. Dangane da labarin da aka sani a ƙasar Hausa, masarautar Kebbi na ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("ban iska bakwai") ko "haramtattun" jihohi bakwai. Shugabanni na wadannan jihohi da aka kamata ya gano su jinsi zuwa wani ƙwarƙwarar na Hausa kafa uba, Bayajidda, Saboda haka da gida na kai lokaci Banza "shege"). Nassoshin tarihi na farko sun kasance zuwa lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464–1492). Kanta Kotal, wani Ba’amurke ne dan ci-rani daga Kuyambana a Kudancin Katsina ya zama a zahiri gwamnan soja na yankin Songhay da ke lardin Kebbi, kuma ya ayyana ‘yancin kai a 1516. A wannan lokacin Surame, wanda har yanzu manyan ganuwar ke rayuwa, shi ne babban birnin masarautar. Birnin kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, inda ya bijire wa hare-haren Songhay, ya fadada zuwa kasashen Yauri da Nupe zuwa kudu sannan ya kayar da yunkurin masarautar Bornu na mamayewa da mamayar jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar kanta a shekara ta 1556 sai jihohin Hausawa suka daina ba da tallafi, kuma ɗansa kuma magajinsa Ahmadu bai yi yunƙurin tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ta zama ƙaramar masarauta.
Gwagwarmaya da Jihadin Fulani A lokacin jihadin Fulani, a shekarar 1808 Abdullahi dan Fodio (c. 1766-1828), kanin Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin masarautar Gwandu, wadda ta mamaye Arewa Maso Gabas na Khalifancin Sakkwato. An kori Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani mai tsana, Usman Masa. Duk da haka, Kebbawa sun cigaba da turjiya, kuma Abdullahi bai sami ikon kammala yakin ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya yi yaki a kwarin Zamfara, da wanda ya gaje shi Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa. Bayan rasuwar Karari a 1831, dansa Yakubu Nabame ya mika wuya, kuma ya yi shekaru 16 yana gudun hijira a Sakkwato har sai da Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai kula da Halifanci. A shekarar 1849 Yakubu ya yi mubaya'a ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Kebbi. Bayan fadace-fadace na gani-gani, gami da wani lokaci da sojojin Sakkwato suka yi wa Argungu kawanya, Sultan Aliyu na Sakkwato ya amince da 'yancin Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Yanzu haka Kebbi ta kulla kawance tsakanin Sakkwato da Gwandu, kuma yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya cigaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A cikin 1859 dan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara an kashe shi a cikin yaƙi a busasshiyar magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rima A 1860 aka kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru a yaƙi a Karakara. A 1867 Fulanin sun amince da 'yancin kan Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya. A shekarar 1875 yaki ya sake barkewa yayin da mutanen Fanna da ke ƙasan Rima suka yanke shawarar canza aminci ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da dama a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu tsauraran matakai, har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa mulkin mallakar Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya a karshe ya kawo karshen yakin.
Mulkin mallaka A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1890 turawan Ingila da Faransa suka kulla wata yarjejeniya ta raba Afirka ta Yamma tsakanin kasashen biyu masu mulkin mallaka. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniyar, Biritaniya za ta mallaki dukkan yankuna har zuwa na Khalifanci na Sakkwato, yayin da Faransawa za su ci gaba da mallakar yankunan zuwa arewa. Ba a nemi shawarar mutanen yankin ba. An bawa Bafaranshe Parfait-Louis Monteil ragamar balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin halifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sakkwato, duk da cewa za a fatattake ta daga Sakkwato a watan Maris na 1892 kuma a tilasta ta sake zama kasa mai mulkin mallaka. Monteil ya kuma sami ƙaramin shaidar kasancewar kamfanin na Royal Royal Niger da ke da'awar a yankin, ban da wasu rumbunan kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka ji labarin Monteil, sannan kuma suka ji cewa Faransawa sun daga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka tura sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekarar 1898, inda ba su sami Faransawa ba. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa runduna ta dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don ba da kariya ga ayarin Faransawan da ke ratsa yankin na Birtaniyya ta hanyar yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyaka tsakanin bangarorin Faransa da Ingila. Da jin labarin cewa Sarkin Musulmi yana tattara rundunoninsa, an tura wannan runduna da sauran su zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fadan sun sami babbar nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi wa Burtaniya maraba saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya sami damar dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. Zuwa shekara ta 1908, ba a tambayi ikon Burtaniya ba. A wata durbar da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard, sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sarkin Musulmi sun fito kwansu da kwarkwata, tare da nuna mahaya da rakuma dubu goma sha biyar. Sarakunan sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma suka yi masa sujada. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa tsari inda aka baiwa masarautu babbar ikon gudanarwa bisa jagorancin Shugabannin Gundumomi. Ba a nemi layin Argungu ba. Sauro ba su da kyau sosai don haka dole DO ta kwana cikin keɓaɓɓiyar keji.
Masarautar a yau
Bikin Kamun Kifi Bikin Kifi na Argungu na shekara-shekara yana daga cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin na da dadadden tarihi. An fara shi ne lokacin da mai alfarma Sarkin Musulmi, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a shekarar 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi ne don nuna karfin Kabawa da Sarki Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance na gari ne, amma a shekarar 1972 ya samu halartar Shugaban kasar Najeriya, Janar Yakubu Gowon da takwaransa na Nijar, Hamani Diori Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma babu wani biki da aka shirya daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2004. Bikin yanzu ya sake farfadowa kuma ya zama babban wurin jan hankalin 'yan yawon bude ido. Zuwa shekara ta 2009, bikin sake bikin Argungu na Duniya da Al'adu ya hada da wata babbar durbar tare da dawakai 500 da mahayansu, da rakuma 120 da mahayansu, wadanda ke dauke da tutar masarautar Argungu tare da mahalarta daga sauran kabilu da yawa. Babban kifi ya kai nauyin 55 Kg, kuma an bayar da kyaututtukan wannan kamun ludayin a wani bikin da Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua ya halarta, matar sa, gwamnoni shida da sarakunan gargajiya da yawa. Bikin na shekarar 2009 ya kuma hada da wasannin ruwa, gasar harbi da kibiya da kuma gasa cata, taron gangamin mota, wasan kwaikwayon da kungiyoyin raye-raye suka yi daga kasashen Nijar, Mali, Chadi da Benin, wasan kokawa da dambe, da kuma baje kolin kayan gona. Mahimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin ta hanyar hana amfani da gidan sauro da raga.
Shirin ban ruwa An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin shekara ta 1969 kuma an daɗe da jinkiri, amma da alama za a fara shi a cikin shekara ta 2009. Aikin zai yi ban ruwa mai girman hekta 10,572 a cikin kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar su kunun aya, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai dankali da dankalin Irish. Madatsar ruwan kuma za ta amfani masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a cikin jihar. Aikin ya yi alƙawarin fa'idodi masu yawa amma yana da sabani, tunda zai canza fasalin amfani da ƙasa, sanya wasu al'ummomin cikin muhalli da ambaliya a wurin bikin kamun kifin na shekara shekara. An yi wa Sarkin Argungu jifa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da aikin.
Gidan kayan gargajiya A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi don ba wa Surame mai tarihi jerin kayan tarihin Duniya. Surame shi ne babban birni na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata Umaru Abubakar Argungu ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba wai kawai abin tarihi ba har ma da kayan tarihin al'adu na jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya. Ginin gidan kayan tarihin, kusa da babbar kasuwa an gina shi ne a shekara ta 1831 wanda Yakubu Nabame ya gina kuma ya kasance a matsayin fadar Sarki har zuwa shekara ta 1942, lokacin da Turawan ingila suka gina sabuwar fadar mulki a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1958, aka buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ke ba da damar fahimtar tarihin rayuwar jihar Kebbi Gidan kayan tarihin yana da tarin makamai, wadanda suka hada da layu, mashi, takuba, itace, duwatsu, bakuna da kibiyoyi, bindigogin cikin gida har ma da ganguna da ake nunawa. Gidan kayan tarihin sanannen wuri ne da ake binne matattun sarakunan karamar hukumar.
Sarakuna Sarakunan masarautar Hausawa kafin a sanya su a cikin Khalifanci na Sakkwato sune kamar haka:
Rulers of the Hausa Emirate established at Argungu:
Kasar da ta gaji kasar Hausa bisa dogaro da Argungu Sarakunan Masarautar Hausawa da aka kafa a Argungu sune kamar haka:
Bibliography Harris, PG: Jaridar lardin Sokoto, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled].
Hogben, SJ da AHM Kirk-Greene Masarautar Arewacin Najeriya, Landan 1966.
Johnston, YA, Daular Fulani ta Sakkwato, Oxford 1967 (shafi na. 187–195).
Manazarta Sarakunan Fulani
Sarakuna
Tarihin Najeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Masarautu a Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
47921 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Anagnos | Michael Anagnos | Michael Anagnos 7 ga Nuwamba, 1837 29 ga Yuni, 1906) ya kasance amintacce kuma daga baya darektan na biyu na Makarantar Perkins na Makafi. Ya kasance marubuci, malami, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Anagnos sananne ne saboda aikinsa tare da Helen Keller Tarihi An haifi Michael Anagnos Michael Anagnopoulos a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1837, a Papingo, wani karamin ƙauye a yankin tsaunuka na Epirus Mahaifinsa Demetrios A. Theodore ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Kallina Panayiotes Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma makiyayi kuma ya sanya babban darajar ilimantar da ɗansa. Gwamnatin Ottoman ba ta katse yankin ba kuma sun biya haraji na musamman ga sultan. Sojojin Ottoman ba su taɓa zuwa ƙauyen ba. Anagos ya tafi makarantar sakandare a Ioannina kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens yana da shekaru goma sha tara. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, ya yi karatun Girkanci, Latin, Faransanci, da falsafar. Anagnos daga nan ya yi karatun shari'a na tsawon shekaru uku tare da niyyar zama masanin kimiyyar siyasa da ɗan jarida. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 24, ya shiga Ethnophylax, jaridar Athens ta yau da kullun. Daga baya ya zama babban edita.
Anagnos ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adawa da Sarki Otto da gwamnatinsa. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin cire Sarki Otto daga sarauta wanda ya gabatar da ɗakunan Freemasonry a matsayin wani ɓangare na cirewa tare da taimakon Giuseppe Garibaldi da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza. [1] Sarki George ya gaji Sarki Otto da Anagnos ya bar takarda saboda rashin jituwa game da tawaye na tsibirin Crete a 1866. Girka ta kasance cikin yaki da Daular Ottoman daga 1821, kuma Amurka Philhellene da Dokta Samuel Gridley Howe sun yi tafiya zuwa Girka a cikin shekarun 1860 don ba da taimako da taimako. Dokta Samuel Gridley Howe ya sadu da Anagnos kuma ya hayar da shi a matsayin sakatarensa. Anagnos ya shirya taimako don kokarin yaki kuma yana kula da al'amuran Kwamitin Crete a Athens. Dokta Howe ya koma Amurka kuma ya gayyaci Anagnos zuwa Boston don ci gaba da aikinsa tare da Kwamitin Crete a New England a kusa da 1868. [1]
Anagnos ya isa Amurka yana da shekaru 31. Ya kasance mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga iyalin Howe; Howe ya kuma kafa Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Anagnos ya fara koyar da Latin da Girkanci ga yara makafi da yawa. Bayan shekaru da yawa a Amurka kuma tare da taimakon Howe, Anagnos ya fara koyar da Helenanci a kwalejoji daban-daban. Ya auri 'yar Howe, Julia Romana Howe, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1870. Gidan dindindin na Anagnos ya zama Boston.
Anagnos ita ce mataimakin Howe. Lokacin da Howe bai kasance ba Anagnos ya kasance Darakta na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi; ya saba da tsarin koyar da makafi da kurame. Ya yi nazarin nasarar Laura Bridgman, tsohon dalibi na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga aikinsa tare da Helen Keller, Thomas Stringer, Willie Elizabeth Robin, da sauran ɗaliban makafi da kurame. Howe ya mutu a watan Janairun 1876; bayan mutuwarsa, Anagnos ya zama darektan na biyu na Makarantar Perkins don Makafi. Anagnos ya buga Ilimin Makafi a cikin 1882. A wannan lokacin, ya tsara wani shiri na makarantar sakandare don koyar da yara makafi da kurame. Matarsa tana da ilimi sosai. A wannan lokacin ta wallafa littattafai da yawa kuma ta taimaka kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga aikin mijinta tare da kurame da makafi da kuma taimakawa wajen tara kuɗi don makarantar sakandare. Koyaya, ba zato ba tsammani ta mutu tana da shekaru 41 a 1886. Ma'auratan ba su da yara. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, an gina ginin makarantar sakandare a Jamaica Plain, Boston, kuma an shirya babban kyauta. Anagnos ya rasa diyya kuma ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don kammala aikin. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko shine Thomas Stringer A wannan lokacin Anagnos ya aika da tsohuwar ɗalibar Perkins Anne Sullivan don koyar da Helen Keller. Anagnos ya yi tafiya zuwa Girka da sauran sassan Turai na watanni 15 a kusa da 1889. Yayinda yake Girka ya sadu da Olga, Sarauniyar Girka. Sarauniyar ta koyi labarin Helen Keller kuma ta nemi ta karanta kowane wasika da ta rubuta Anagnos. Sha'awarta ta kasance mai tsanani har ta adana yawancin wasiƙu kuma yarinyar makafi mai shekaru tara tana da daraja sosai a kotun sarauniya. Yawancin jaridu na Amurka sun rarraba labarin game da shahararren Helen Keller a cikin kotun sarauta, wanda ya haifar da gadonta. A kusa da shekaru goma Helen Keller ta rubuta "The Frost King" kuma ta aika shi a matsayin kyautar ranar haihuwar ga Anagnos. Ya buga labarin a cikin The Mentor, mujallar Perkins alumni An buga labarin a cikin The Goodson Gazette, wata mujallar kan ilimin kurame da ke Virginia. Helen Keller daga baya ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na farko. Labarin ta ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun tarihin Amurka.
Anagnos akai-akai yana ciyar da lokaci tare da sanannen farfesa na Harvard Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles A shekara ta 1892, Anagnos ya sami digiri na girmamawa na AM daga Jami'ar Harvard A kusa da 1900, ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don halartar Taron Kasa da Kasa na Malamai da Abokai na Makafi An tura shi don wakiltar Amurka da Makarantar Perkins. Ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi mai yawa ga ilimin Girka kuma ya kafa makarantu a Papingo, Girka. Ya kasance shugaban kasa kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar National Union of Greeks a Amurka. Ya kuma kafa kungiyar Plato, kungiyar Panhellenic, da kuma kungiyar Alexander the Great. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Massachusetts Medical Gymnastic Association Anagnos ya taimaka wajen fara Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na gida a yankin Boston da kuma taimaka wa baƙi na Girka na gida.
A shekara ta 1906, yana da shekaru 69, ya yi tafiya zuwa Athens kuma ya lura da wasannin Olympics. Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1906, yayin da yake tafiya a Romania. An kai jikinsa zuwa Epirus kuma an binne shi a can. A Boston, mutane 2000 sun taru don hidimar tunawa da shi a Haikali na Tremont Shahararrun baƙi sun haɗa da Gwamna Curtis Guild Jr., Magajin garin John F. Fitzgerald, Julia Ward Howe, Bishop na Episcopal na Massachusetts William Lawrence, da Florence Howe Hall.
Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Ilimi na Makafi Tarihin Tarihi na Asalinsa, Tashi da Ci gaba 1882
Makarantar jariri da Firamare don Makafi A Kira na Biyu don Tushenta da Kyauta 1884
Ilimi na Makafi a Amurka Ka'idodinsa, Ci gaba da Sakamakon; Adireshin Biyu 1904
Bayani
Bayanan |
26445 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambarin%20Wikipedia | Tambarin Wikipedia | Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images
A logo na free online kundin Wikipedia ne wani wanda ba a kare duniya gina daga jigsaw guda-guda wasu suna ɓacewa a saman-kowane rubũtacce tare da wani glyph daga wani daban-daban rubuce-rubuce tsarin Kamar yadda aka nuna akan shafukan yanar gizo na bugun aikin Ingilishi, akwai alamar "W A" a ƙarƙashin duniya, kuma a ƙasa wannan rubutun "The Free Encyclopedia" a cikin tushen Libertine na kyauta Ƙirƙiri-duniya zane Kowane yanki yana ɗauke da glyph harafi ko wata harafi ko glyphs, alamar yaruka da yawa na Wikipedia. Kamar yadda harafin Latin "W", waɗannan glyphs galibi sune farkon glyph ko glyphs na sunan "Wikipedia" da aka fassara a cikin yaren. Ga su kamar haka: A bar, daga saman saukar, suna Armenian v, Kambodiyanci Ve (kwance a kan ta gefe), Bengali U, QFontDatabase vi, kuma Jojiyanci v.
A tsakiyar-hagu shafi ne Girkanci o, kuma a kasa da suke da Sin Wei, Kannada Vi, kuma (da kyar ake iya gani a ƙasa) Tibet A saman bakin layi na wuyar warwarewa yanki a kan raya gefen ball (as gani da 2D hali map crosses ta cikin gida indentation wuyar warwarewa yanki a lokacin da kyan gani, daga default gaban hangen zaman gaba. Wurin da babu komai a saman yana wakiltar yanayin aikin da bai cika ba, Tarihi IKIPEDI rubutun "WIKIPEDIA" a ƙarƙashin duniya, tare da haɗin-V W da babban A, mai amfani da Wikipedia The Cunctator ne ya tsara shi don gasa tambarin Nuwambar shekara ta 2001. Paul Stansifer, wani ɗan shekara 17 mai amfani da Wikipedia, ne ya ƙirƙira ƙirar farko na tambarin-dunƙule-duniya, wanda shigowar sa ta lashe gasar ƙira da shafin ya gudanar a 2003. Wani mai amfani da Wikipedia, David Friedland, daga baya ya inganta tambarin ta hanyar canza salo na jigsaw don iyakokin su ya zama kamar ba su da sauƙi kuma sun sauƙaƙa abubuwan da ke cikin su don su zama guda ɗaya kawai, maimakon jujjuyawar rubutun harsuna marasa ma'ana. Ana cikin haka, an gabatar da wasu kurakurai. Musamman, yanki ɗaya na rubutun Devanagari, da yanki ɗaya na katakana na Jafananci an ba su kuskure. Hakanan, halin Sinawa ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da Wikipedia.
Alamar yanzu A cikin shekara ta 2007, Wikimedia Taiwan ta haɓaka ƙirar 3D don Wikimania, lokacin da suka rarraba diamita mai siffa dangane da tambarin, wanda masu halarta zasu iya yanki tare. Bai ƙara wasu glyphs akan sassan waɗanda ba za a iya gani akan tambarin 2D ba, amma yayi amfani da wannan sarari don haɗawa da ƙananan tambarin ayyukan 'yar'uwar da bayanai game da Wikimania. An yi amfani da bambancin wannan ƙirar don gina Wikiball mai girman mutum wanda ya hau kan tsayuwa, wanda aka nuna yayin taron. Wannan ya haifar da sabon sha'awar samun madaidaicin ƙirar 3D don tambarin.
Zuwa shekara ta 2007, masu amfani akan jerinervs sun gano cewa tambarin yana da wasu ƙananan kurakurai. Ba a gyara kurakuran nan da nan ba, saboda, a cewar Friedland, ba zai iya gano asalin fayil ɗin aikin ba. Friedland ya kara da cewa "Na yi kokarin sake gina shi, amma bai yi daidai ba" kuma dole ne kwararren mai zanen ya sake zana tambarin. Kizu Naoko wani dan Wikipedian, ya ce galibin masu amfani da kasar Japan sun goyi bayan gyara kurakuran. A cikin imel zuwa Noam Cohen na New York Times, Kizu ya ce "Yana iya zama zaɓi barin su kamar yadda suke
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ɗauki nauyin gyara kurakurai kuma gaba ɗaya sabunta tambarin duniya. Daga cikin wasu damuwar, tambarin na asali bai yi sikeli sosai ba kuma wasu haruffa sun bayyana gurbata. Don sabon tambarin, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta ayyana waɗanne haruffa da suka bayyana akan guntun “ɓoyayyen”, kuma suna da ƙirar kwamfuta mai girma uku na duniya da aka ƙera don ba da damar tsara wasu ra’ayoyi. An ba da izinin wani yanki na 3D don ofishin Wikimedia. An fitar da tambarin akan ayyukan a watan Mayun shekara ta 2010. Yana fasalta sabon fassarar 3D na duniyar wuyar warwarewa, tare da ingantattun haruffa (kuma an maye gurbin halin Klingon da halin Ge'ez An canza alamar kalma daga harafin Hoefler zuwa font Libertine font mai buɗewa, kuma ba a sake sanya taken taken ba. The "W" harafin, wanda aka yi amfani da daban-daban da sauran wurare a cikin Wikipedia (kamar favicon da aka a "rarrabe ɓangare na Wikipedia alama", da aka stylized kamar yadda ya haye V ta a cikin na asali logo, yayin da W a cikin Linux ana yin Libertine tare da layi ɗaya. Don samar da bayyanar al'ada ta Wikipedia "W". A ranar 24 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta fitar da tambarin, tare da duk wasu tambura mallakar Gidauniyar, a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2017, tambarin Wikipedia ya nutse zuwa kasan tafkin Sevan na Armeniya saboda haɗin gwiwa na Wikimedia Armenia da ArmDiving club 'club. Alamar ita ce duniyar da ba a ƙare ba da aka yi da guntun guntu tare da alamomi (gami da harafin Armenian "v") daga tsarin sigina daban -daban da aka rubuta akan su. Tsayin 2m, 2m-high logo (mafi girma a duniya) an yi shi a Armenia don taron shekara -shekara na masu haɗin gwiwa na Wikimedia na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, Wikimedia CEE Meeting da ƙasar ta shirya a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2016 a Dilijan Alamar kasuwanci Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ta yi rijistar tambarin (tsohuwar) a matsayin Alamar Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Turai. Alamar kasuwanci tana ɗauke da ƙaddamar ranar 31 ga Janairun shekara ta 2008 da ranar rajista na 20 ga Janairun shekara ta 2009.
Tambura
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26460 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Tsakiya | Sinima a Afirka ta Tsakiya | Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu fama da talauci a duniya kuma masana'antar shirya fina -finai ta ƙasar ƙarama ce. Fim na farko da aka yi a CAR da alama Les enfants de la danse, wani ɗan gajeren shirin tsara al'adun gargajiya na Faransa na shekarar 1945. Joseph Akouissone shi ne dan Afirka ta Tsakiya na farko da ya fara yin fim a kasar, tare da kuma shirinsa na fim na Un homme est un homme; shirye -shiryen bidiyo da Léonie Yangba Zowe suka yi a shekarun 1980. Tun daga wannan lokacin jerin rikice-rikicen da ke gudana da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki sun takaita ci gaban shirin fim a cikin kasar. Wasan kwaikwayo na farko mai tsayi da aka yi a cikin ƙasar shine Le silence de la forêt, haɗin gwiwar CAR-Gabon-Kamaru na 2003 game da mutanen Biaka Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Tsakiya Wannan jerin jerin fina -finan da aka shirya a cikin CAR. </ref>
Fina -finan da aka yi A Pygmy a cikin Bathtub.
gajeren fim, 1993. Watsawa: Canal Plus, TV5, Bikin CFI: Montreal, Fespaco, Amiens…
La Couture de Paris,
gajeren fim, 1995. Rarraba: CFI, Canal Horizon, TV5, Bukukuwa: Fespaco, Amiens, Montréal, Namur.
Au Bout du couloir,
gajeren fim, 1999. Bukukuwa: Montreal, Amiens.
Diogenes to Brazzaville,
Documentary film, 2004. Hoton marubucin Kongo Sony Labou Tansi. Watsawa: TV 10, CFI, Canal Horizon, TV5, Bukukuwa: Vue d'Afrique Montreal, Amiens, Fespaco, Namur, Milan, Lisbon.
Tchicaya, ƙaramin ganye da ke rera ƙasarta,
Documentary film, 2004. Hoton marubucin Kongo Tchicaya U'Tamsi. Rarraba: Ƙarin Hotuna, CFI, Canal Horizon, Bukukuwa: Fespaco, Amiens.
Fim Yangba bolo, 1985
Lengu, 1985
N'Zale, 1986
Paroles de sages, 1987
Fina-finai Le silent de la forêt [Silence of the Forest], 2003
Daraktocin fina -finan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya <Didier Ouénangaré
Léonie Yangba Zowe
Mamadou Mahmoud N'Dongo
Joseph Akouissone
Maurice Alezra
Béatrice Boffety
Patrick Demeester
Georges Durupt
Micheline Durupt
Richard
Bernard Guenau
Gérard Garin
Evane Hanska
Charles Lescaut
harles Leaut
Chantal Monstile
Denis Parrichon
Moussa Ndongo
Sylviane Gboulou Mbapondo
Leila Tami
Maman Habib
Fiacre Bindala
Camille Lepage
Andre kolingbe
boko Sango
tushen Quenitin
Alex Ballu
Heritter Acteur
Djimon Hounsou
Mbéni Yé ta Sparrow
Entienne Goyémidé
Eric Sabe,
Ida Mabaya,
lesultan de dekoa
Hippolyte Donossio
Ousna Ousnabee
SHIRIN DRAMAN
NGAISSIO Abdoul Karim
ASSANAS TEKATA Simon Patrick
LAMINE Odilon Alias Cheguevara
Andy melo
kailou Sylla
Nicna Meunrisse
Boris Lojkin
Didier Flort Ouén
Leger Serge kokpakpa
Jm wolf Gang
Lafiya Orphelin
Brown Go
Eric Yelemou
Lassa Kossangue
Asalin sunan mahaifi Bande
Hurel BenInga
Manazarta Sinima a |
15946 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke%20Silva | Joke Silva | Joke Silva, MFR (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1961) ’yar fim ce ta Nijeriya, darekta, kuma’ yar kasuwa.
Dalibar da ta kammala karatu a Jami’ar Legas da kuma Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art da ke Landan, ta fara harkar fim ne a farkon shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta sami babban matsayi, wanda suka fito tare da Colin Firth da Nia Long a fim din Burtaniya da Kanada Kanar Sirrin Mata. A shekara ta 2006, ta lashe "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayi na Gwarzo" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka a gadon mata, da kuma "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayin Tallafawa" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan a na hiyar Afirka a shekarar 2008 don rawar da ta taka kaka a Farin Ruwa. Silva ya auri jarumi Olu Jacobs. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, wani kamfanin dillancin labarai wanda ya kunshi samar da fina-finai, kadarorin rarrabawa da kuma Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts. Silva shine Daraktan Nazarin a karshen. Ita ce kuma babbar manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar Kwara A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2014, Silva samu amincewa a matsayin wani mamba na Order of tarayyar, daya daga Najeriya ta National Daraja, a taron kasa da kasa Center a Abuja.
Rayuwar Farko An haifi Silva a cikin Lagos cikin dangin Amaro mai yara huɗu. Mahaifiyarta, Adebimbola Silva, likita ne na farko, ta mutu a watan Yulin shekarar 2015. Mahaifinta lauya ne. Ta halarci kwalejin Holy Child a Legas. A jami'a tana daga cikin kungiyar al'adu wadanda suka hada da marubuciya Bode Osanyin da mawakiya Stella Monye. Silva ta dauki shekara guda daga karatunta, a lokacin ne ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar fim. Daga nan Silva ya koma Ingila, yana karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art a London. Da farko iyayenta sun yi adawa da shawarar Silva na shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara tallafa mata, suna farin cikin nasarar da ta samu na aikinta. A lokacin tafiyarta sannu a hankali, ta koma makaranta, tana karatun Turanci a Jami’ar Legas Ayyuka Silva ta yi fice a fina-finai da yawa da shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin yarukan Ingilishi da Yarbanci. Daya daga cikin matsayinta na farko ita ce a fim din Turanci na shekara ta 1990 Mind Bending A shekarar 1993 ta bayyana a Owulorojo, bi da keta a shekara ta 1995. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta alamar tauraro gaban Colin Firth da Nia Long a Birtaniya-Kanad film Asirin dariya na mata, a cikin abin da ta bayyana Nene. Marubuciya Finola Kerrigan ta lura fiye da yadda Silva ya yi fice a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a masana'antar fim ta Nijeriya bayan ambaton rawar da ta taka. [10]
A cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ta fara fitowa a gaban Bimbo Akintola a cikin Ci gaba da Imani Daga baya Akintola ya ambaci Silva, wanda take kira da "Aunty Joke", a matsayin babban tasirin aiki, inda ta kara da cewa, "Silva ta yi abubuwa da yawa, amma ba ma game da abubuwan da ta yi ba ne, game da abubuwan da ba ta ankara ba ne cewa tayi Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ya shirya tare kuma ya fito a cikin The Kingmaker tare da Olu Jacobs [12] Wannan ya biyo bayan matsayi a cikin hotuna kamar Matar Miji (2003), Shylock (2004), da kuma Aikin da Ya Zo Ya Taɓa (2004).
Nasara mai mahimmanci (2006-present) A shekarar 2006, an ba Silva lambar yabo "Kyakkyawar 'Yar wasa a Gaban Matsayi" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na 2 saboda rawar da ta taka a gadon mata Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Silva ya yi rawar gani a gaban Genevieve Nnaji a wasan kwaikwayo na Mildred Okwo na Kwanaki 30, wanda ya sami takara 10 a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka a shekara ta 2008. Ta kuma ruwaito labarin Jeta Amata 'Anglo-Nigerian' na The Amazing Grace, [18] wanda aka harba a Calabar. Masu sharhi sun yaba fim din, kuma an zabi shi ne don bayar da lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards 11. Labarin ya lura da "muryar kamar waka, [wacce] ke ba da hankali ga ayyukan". A cikin shekarar 2007, Silva ta fara wasa a gaban Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Michael Okon da Fred Essien a cikin Ndubuisi Okoh's Don Soyayya da Riƙe. Silva ta sami kyautuka mafi kyawu a matsayin Jaruma a cikin shekarar 2008 saboda “yadda take nuna tsohuwar kaka” a cikin White Water (2007), duk da cewa ba ta halarci bikin ba don karɓar lambar yabo da kanta. A cikin wata hira ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008, Silva ta yi da'awar cewa "duk lokacin da ta yi wasa da mugayen halaye a cikin fim, za ta yi addu'a kuma ta yi amfani da Yesu a matsayin 'shinge'. Silva kuma shine mai karɓar lambar yabo ta EMOTAN daga African Independent Television (AIT) da SOLIDRA Award don Kayayyakin Kayayyakin. A cikin shekarar 2011, Silva ta fito tare da Nse Ikpe Etim, Wale Ojo da Lydia Forson a cikin Kunle Afolayan 's Swap mai ban dariya ta Waya Swap. Wanda masu suka suka yaba, kuma daya daga cikin finafinan da ake jira a shekarar, ya samu takara har sau hudu a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka karo na 8, gami da gabatarwa ga Fim din Najeriyar Mafi Kyawu Hakanan ya sami lambar yabo don Nasarori a cikin Designirƙirar Samarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Silva ta hau fage don bayyana a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thespian Family Theater da Production wanda yake nuna "Mad King na Ijudiya" a zauren Agip na Muson Centre na Legas a lokacin Kirsimeti. An nuna nunin biyu a 3 maraice da 6 a ranar 21, 22, 28 da 29 ga Disamba, wanda Vanguard ta bayyana a matsayin "tatsuniyoyin almara na gargajiya, raye-raye da kade-kade na gargajiya wadanda ke daukar masu sauraro zuwa wani kauye na Afirka".
Ambasada na fatan alheri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya nada Joke Silva a matsayin jakadiya ta fatan alheri. Dangane da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na neman fitattun mutane a fannonin fasaha, kide-kide, fina-finai, wasanni da wallafe-wallafe don taimaka wa yakin neman zabensu, rawar da Silva ta taka a kan shigar ta cikin yaki da fataucin mutane a Najeriya. Aikin yaki da fataucin mutane na daga cikin kamfen din "Ni Ba Na da Kima", wanda shi ma ya samu tallafi daga hukumomin Najeriya. Nadin Silva ya kasance na tsawon shekaru uku.
Rayuwar mutum Silva ya auri fitaccen jarumi Olu Jacobs kuma yana da yara biyu. Ma'auratan sun hadu a shekarar 1981 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Lagos yayin bikin cika shekaru 21 da samun 'yancin kai. Silva ita ce Daraktar Nazari a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lufodo, yayin da mijinta ke shugabancin makarantar. Kwalejin Lufodo tana ɗaya daga cikin kadarorin da ma'auratan suka mallaka a matsayin ɓangare na rukunin Lufodo, gami da Lufodo Production, Lufodo Consult, da Lufodo Distribution. Silva ya sami kulawa ga Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim, Documentary da Shayari da Gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012, sannan kuma shi ne babban manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Jihar Kwara. Baya ga aikinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Silva mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma mai matukar goyon bayan kwato' yancin mata da karfafa mata, tana bayar da gudummawa ga iliminsu, horo da ci gaban su. A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2014, an girmama Silva a matsayin memba na Umurnin Tarayyar, ɗayan girmamawa ta ƙasa a Nijeriya, a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya a Abuja. A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, an bayyana ta a matsayin jakadiyar alama ta AIICO Pension Managers Limited (APML).
Filmography da aka zaba Dariyar Mata (1999)
Bikin arshe (2004)
Kwanaki 30 (2006) Eewo Orisa (2007)
Sirrin
Diamonds a cikin Sky (2018)
Otal din Royal Hibiscus (2017)
Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Joke Silva on IMDb
Joke Silva at the TCM Movie Database Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
22490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate | Ƙungiyar Climate | Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri.
Tarihi Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba.
An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na Alkawarin Yunkuri ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya mutu-in a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida.
Kwamitin ba da shawara Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org
Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya
Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon
Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim
Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short
Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein
Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli
David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red
Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli
Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop.
Duba kuma Tattalin arziki
Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2
Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje TheClimateMobilization.org
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed |
6637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Akpeyi | Daniel Akpeyi | Daniel Akpeyi (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 1986) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Kaizer Chiefs da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Akpeyi ya fara taka leda da kungiyar Gabros International FC kuma ya samu karin girma zuwa kungiyar farko a shekarar 2005, amma ya koma Nasarawa United FC a watan Janairu a shekara ta 2007) Ya kasance dan wasan da ba a jayayya ga kungiyoyin biyu.
Akpeyi ya koma Heartland FC don kamfen ɗin CAF Champions League na shekarar (2010) kuma ya sake zama zaɓi na farko. A cikin Fabrairu a shekara ta 2014) an sanar da cewa ya bar Heartland don shiga cikin abokan hamayyarsa Warri Wolves, amma 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, Heartland ta musanta matakin da wata sanarwa a hukumance, ta bayyana cewa ba su da niyyar sayar da mai tsaron gida na farko. A cikin wata mai zuwa, duk da haka, an sake tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kuma Akpeyi ya koma Warri Wolves. A cikin shekara ta 2015) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Chippa. A cikin shekara ta (2019) ya sanya hannu tare da Kaizer Chiefs (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da Amakhosi).
Rayuwa ta sirri Akpeyi ya auri budurwarsa mai suna Emmanuella Ebert-Kalu a watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). A watan Yulin shekara ta (2018). sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko, Prince Jason Akpeyi, wanda aka haifa a Port Elizabeth. An ba shi lambar yabo don nemo Gidauniyar ƙarfafa Yara ta Daniel Akpeyi (Dacef) ƙungiyar mara riba an kafa ta a cikin shekara ta (2020). Manufar gidauniyar ita ce ta taimaka wa ci gaban Afirka ta hanyar taimaka wa yara marasa galihu su sami ingantaccen Ilimi.
Kwanan nan, Dacef ya isa ga mutane a wuraren Gauteng, Johannesburg yayin kulle-kullen duniya na Covid19.
Ayyukan kasa Akpeyi ya kasance memba na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa ta FIFA a shekarar 2005 a Netherlands kuma yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 22 kafin gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta Beijing 2008, amma bai ga wani mataki ba a kowace gasa. An kuma kira shi zuwa tawagar 'yan wasa 23 a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2014. a matsayin madadin Chigozie Agbim. A ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, an saka sunan Akpeyi a cikin tawagar wucin gadi 30 kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014. Ya yi cikakken fitar sa na farko a cikin shekarar 2015, wanda aka kira wasan sada zumunci vs. Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Vincent Enyeama da ya ji rauni. Ya ajiye bugun fanariti kuma an yaba masa saboda kwazon da ya taka a wasansa na Man of the Match. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2018 an saka shi a cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. An saka Akpeyi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe na kungiyar zuwa gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekarar 2019. Ya ci gaba da tsare shi a wasanni biyun farko da kungiyar ta buga. A wasan rukuni na karshe Ikechukwu Ezenwa ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da Najeriya ta lallasa Madagascar da ci 2-0. Akpeyi ya dawo fagen daga a zagaye na 16 da suka yi da zakarun Kamaru marasa rinjaye inda ya zura kwallaye 2 a kungiyoyinsa da ci 3-2. Ya kuma kasance a cikin zira a wasan da kungiyar ta yi nasara a kan Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2-1 S. Francis Uzoho ne ya zura kwallo a ragar Tunisia a matsayi na uku. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2020, Akpeyi ya tsawaita yarjejeniyarsa da gasar firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu wanda zai ci gaba da rike shi da Amakhosi har zuwa watan Yuni, shekarar 2022. A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2021, kocin rikon kwarya na Najeriya Eguavoen ya zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 28 da za su buga wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2021.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa
Kulob Kofin FA na Najeriya Wanda ya ci 2011, 2012
Ƙasashen Duniya Wasannin Olympics na bazara Medal tagulla, Brazil. 2016
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Medal tagulla, Masar. 2019
FIFA U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya: Medal Azurfa, Holland. 2005
Manazarta martaba na Olympi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30471 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Mata%20Saddam%20Hussein%27s%20Iraq | Haƙƙin Mata Saddam Hussein's Iraq | Iraki ƙarƙashin Saddam Hussein ta ga mummunan take Haƙƙin dan Adam, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi muni a duniya. 'Yan sandan sirri, ta'addancin gwamnati, azabtarwa, kisan jama'a, kisan kare dangi, kawar da kabilanci, fyade, korar mutane, kisan gilla, bacewar tilas, kisan gilla, yakin sinadarai, da lalata yankunan Mesofotamiya na daga cikin hanyoyin Saddam da Ba'ath na ƙasar. gwamnatin da aka yi amfani da su kula da iko. Ba a san adadin adadin mace- mace da bacewar da ke da alaƙa da danniya a cikin wannan lokaci ba, amma an kiyasta ya kai akalla 250,000 zuwa 290,000 a cewar Human Rights Watch, tare da mafi yawan waɗanda ke faruwa a sakamakon kisan kare dangi na Anfal shekara ta 1988. da kuma murkushe zanga-zangar Iraki a shekara ta 1991. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International sun fitar da rahotanni akai-akai kan yadda ake daure mutane da azabtarwa.
Takaddun take hakkin ɗan adam 1979-2003 Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama sun tattara bayanan hukuncin kisa da gwamnati ta amince da su, da azabtarwa da fyade shekaru da yawa tun bayan hawan Saddam Hussein kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1979 har zuwa faduwarsa a shekara ta 2003.
A shekara ta 2002, wani ƙuduri da kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyi hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta amince da shi, wanda ya ce babu wani ci gaba a rikicin kare hakkin bil'adama a Iraki. Sanarwar ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin shugaba Saddam Hussein saboda "tsare-tsare, yaduwa da kuma take Haƙƙin bil'adama da kuma dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa" tare da yin kira ga Iraki da ta dakatar da "takaitacce da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba". yin amfani da fyade a matsayin kayan siyasa da duk wani tilastawa da bacewar ba da son rai ba." Cikakkun shiga harkokin siyasa a matakin ƙasa an iyakance ga membobin jam'iyyar Ba'ath ne kawai, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 8% na al'ummar ƙasar.
Ba a ba wa 'yan Iraki damar yin taro ba bisa ka'ida ba sai dai don nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati. Gwamnatin Iraqi ce ke kula da kafa jam'iyyun siyasa, tana tsara harkokin cikin gida da kuma sanya ido kan harkokinsu.
Shingayen binciken 'yan sanda a kan tituna da manyan tituna na Iraki sun hana 'yan kasa yin balaguro a duk fadin kasar ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba, kuma tsadar bizar ficewa ta hana 'yan kasar ta Iraki fita kasashen waje. Kafin ya yi tafiya, dole ne ɗan ƙasar Iraqi ya aika takardar shaidar. Matan Iraki ba za su iya yin balaguro zuwa wajen kasar ba sai da rakiyar dan uwansu namiji. Zaluntar Feyli Kurdawa a karkashin Saddam Hussein, wanda kuma aka sani da kisan kare dangi na Feyli Kurdawa, wani tsari ne na zalunci da Saddam Hussein ya yi wa Feylis tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekarar 2003. Yakin zalunci ya kai ga korar, gudu da kuma gudun hijira na Feyli Kurdawa daga kasashen kakanninsu a Iraki Zaluntar ta fara ne a lokacin da babban adadin Feyli Kurdawa suka fallasa wani babban yakin da gwamnatin da ta fara da rushewar RCCR bayar da shawarar 666, wanda ya hana Feyli Kurdawan dan kasar Iraqi kuma ya dauke su a matsayin Iraniyawa An fara aiwatar da hukuncin kisa bisa tsari a Baghdad da Khanaqin a shekara ta 1979. daga baya kuma ya bazu zuwa wasu yankunan Iraki da Kurdawa. An kiyasta cewa kusan Kurdawan Feyli 25,000 ne suka mutu saboda garkuwa da kuma azabtarwa. Harin iskar gas na Halabja: Harin iskar gas mai guba a Halabja ya faru ne a tsakanin ranar 15-19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1988. a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Iraki suka yi amfani da makamai masu guba tare da kashe dubban fararen hula a garin Halabja na Kurdawan Iraki. Yakin Anfal A cikin shekara ta 1988, gwamnatin Hussein ta fara yaƙin kawar da al'ummar Kurdawa da ke zaune a Arewacin Iraki. Ana kiran wannan da yakin Anfal Tawagar masu bincike na Human Rights Watch sun tabbatar da cewa, bayan nazarin ton goma sha takwas na takardun Iraqi da aka kama, da gwada samfurin kasa da kuma yin hira da shaidu fiye da 350, sun tabbatar da cewa hare-haren da aka kai kan Kurdawa ya kasance da mummunar take hakkin dan Adam, ciki har da kisa da yawa. da bacewar dubun-dubatar ’yan tawaye da yawa, da yin amfani da makamai masu guba da suka hada da Sarin, gas din mustard da kuma jijiya wanda ya kashe dubbai, daure dubun-dubatar mata, da yara, da tsofaffi ba bisa ka’ida ba na tsawon watanni a cikin yanayi na tsananin rashi ya tilastawa dubban daruruwan mutanen kauye da muhallansu bayan rugujewar gidajensu, tare da lalata kusan kauyuka dubu biyu tare da makarantunsu, masallatai, gonaki da tashoshin wutar lantarki An kama Shi'a 50,000 zuwa 70,000 a shekarun 1980 kuma ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba Kurdawa 8,000 daga dangin Barzani sun bace kuma ana iya kashe su 50,000 'yan adawa, 'yan jam'iyya, Kurdawa, da sauran tsiraru an bace kuma ana zaton an kashe su a cikin 1980s zuwa 1990s A cikin watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1991, bayan Saddam ya rasa ikon Kuwait a yakin Gulf na Farisa, ya murkushe rashin tausayi a kan wasu tashe-tashen hankula a arewacin Kurdawa da kuma kudancin Shi'a Sojojinsa sun yi kisan kiyashi da sauran manyan laifukan take hakkin bil adama a kan kungiyoyin biyu kwatankwacin irin tauye hakkin da aka ambata a baya.
A cikin watan Yunin, shekara ta alif 1994, gwamnatin Hussein a Iraki ta kafa hukunci mai tsanani, ciki har da yanke jiki, sanya alama da kuma hukuncin kisa ga laifuffukan laifuffuka kamar sata, cin hanci da rashawa, hasashe na kudi da ficewa na soja, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin shari'ar Musulunci, yayin da membobin gwamnati da kuma Iyalan Saddam sun tsira daga hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi wadannan laifuka. A shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Iraqi ta yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki gyara domin yin luwadi a matsayin babban laifi.
A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2003, a lokacin mamaye Iraki na shekarar 2003, gidan talabijin na Iraki ya gabatar da hira da fursunonin yaki a talabijin, wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Geneva Hakanan a cikin watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2003, CNN ta bayyana cewa ta ɓoye bayanai game da azabtar da 'yan jarida da 'yan Iraki a cikin 1990s. A cewar babban jami'in yada labarai na CNN, tashar ta damu ba don kare lafiyar ma'aikatanta kawai ba, har ma da majiyoyi da masu ba da labari na Iraki, waɗanda za su iya tsammanin za a hukunta su don yin magana da manema labarai kyauta. Har ila yau, a cewar hukumar zartarwa, "sauran kungiyoyin labarai sun kasance cikin ɗaure ɗaya." Bayan mamayar kasar Iraqi a shekara ta 2003, an gano kaburbura da dama a kasar Iraqi dauke da gawarwaki dubu da dama kuma ana ci gaba da gano wasu har yau. Yayin da akasarin wadanda suka mutu a cikin kaburbura an yi imanin sun mutu ne a boren shekara ta 1991. da aka yi wa Saddam Hussein, wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana sun mutu ne saboda kisa ko kuma sun mutu a wasu lokutan ban da tawaye na shekarar alif 1991 Har ila yau, bayan harin an gano cibiyoyin azabtarwa da dama a ofisoshin tsaro da ofisoshin 'yan sanda a fadin kasar ta Iraki. Kayan aikin da aka samu a waɗannan cibiyoyin yawanci sun haɗa da ƙugiya don rataye mutane da hannu don duka, na'urorin girgiza wutar lantarki da sauran kayan aiki galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙasashe masu tsauraran matakan tsaro da sauran ƙasashe masu iko.
'Saddam's Dirty Dozen' A cewar jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, yawancin zarafin bil'adama da aka yi a Irakin Saddam Hussein an yi su ne da kai ko kuma bisa umarnin Saddam Hussein da wasu mutane goma sha daya. Kalmar "Saddam's Dirty Dozen" an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin watan Oktoba, shekarar 2002.
(daga wani labari na EM Nathanson, daga baya an daidaita shi azaman fim ɗin da Robert Aldrich ya jagoranta) kuma jami'an Amurka suka yi amfani da su don kwatanta wannan rukuni. Galibin mambobin kungiyar sun rike manyan mukamai a gwamnatin Iraki kuma mambobi sun tafi ne tun daga masu tsaron sirrin Saddam zuwa 'ya'yan Saddam. Gwamnatin Bush ta yi amfani da jerin sunayen don taimakawa wajen jayayya cewa yakin Iraki na shekarar 2003. ya kasance akan Saddam Hussein da shugabancin Baath Party, maimakon a kan mutanen Iraqi. Membobin su ne: Saddam Hussein (1937-2006), Shugaban Iraqi, wanda ke da alhakin azabtarwa da yawa, kisa da kuma ba da umarnin tsarkake Kurdawa a shekara ta alif 1988. a Arewacin Iraki.
Qusay Hussein (1966-2003), ɗan shugaban ƙasa, shugaban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Republican, wanda aka yi imanin Saddam ne ya zaɓi shi a matsayin magajinsa Uday Hussein (1964-2003), dan shugaban kasa, yana da dakin azabtarwa na sirri, kuma shi ne ke da alhakin yi wa mata da dama fyade da kashe su. Ya kasance wani bangare na gurgu bayan yunkurin kashe shi a shekarar 1996, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Fedayeen Saddam da kuma na kafafen yada labarai na Iraki.
Taha Yassin Ramadan (1938-2007), mataimakin shugaban kasa, haifaffen Kurdistan Iraqi Shi ne ya jagoranci kashe-kashen jama’a da aka yi wa yan Shi’a a shekarar 1991.
Tariq Aziz (1936-2015), Ministan Harkokin Wajen Iraki, ya goyi bayan hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataye abokan adawar siyasa bayan juyin juya halin shekara ta 1968.
Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1951-2007), ɗan'uwan Hussein, shugaban sabis na sirri na Iraqi, Mukhabarat Ya kasance wakilin Iraki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1947-2013), ɗan'uwan Saddam, shi ne jagoran Mukhabarat a lokacin Yaƙin Gulf na shekarar alif 1991. Darakta Janar na Tsaron Iraki daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa 1996. Ya shiga cikin murkushe Kurdawa a 1991.
Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1952–2015), kane ga Saddam, tsohon babban ministan cikin gida wanda kuma shine mashawarcin shugaban kasa Saddam. Uday Hussein ya harbe a kafa a shekara ta alif 1995. Ya ba da umarnin azabtarwa, fyade, kisa da kora Ali Hassan al-Majid (1941–2010), Chemical Ali, wanda ya jagoranci kisan gillar da Saddam ya yi wa Kurdawan 'yan tawaye a shekarar alif 1988; dan uwan farko na Saddam Hussein.
Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri (1942-2020), kwamandan soji, mataimakin shugaban majalisar juyin juya hali kuma mataimakin kwamandan hafsan soji a lokacin yakin neman zabe daban-daban.
Aziz Saleh Nuhmah (b. ya nada gwamnan Kuwait daga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1990 zuwa watan Fabrairu, shekara ta alif 1991, ya ba da umarnin a wawashe shaguna tare da yi wa matan Kuwait fyade a lokacin mulkinsa. Haka kuma ya ba da umarnin rusa wurare masu tsarki na Shi'a a shekarun 1970 da 1980. a matsayin gwamnan larduna biyu na Iraki.
Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi (1938-2005), wanda aka fi sani da dan daba Saddam, Firayim Minista na Iraki daga shekara ta alif 1991 zuwa 1993 ya ba da umarnin kashe mutane da yawa.
Sauran zalunci An kwatanta lalata wuraren ibada na Shi’a da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta yi “da matakin daidaita garuruwa a yakin duniya na biyu, kuma barnar da aka yi wa wuraren ibada na Husaini da Abbas ya fi wanda aka yi wa da yawa. Cathedrals na Turai." Bayan kisan kare dangi na 1983-1988, an ba wa wasu Kurdawa miliyan 1 damar sake tsugunar da su a kauyukan samfura A cewar wani rahoton ma’aikatan majalisar dattijan Amurka, wadannan kauyukan “ba a gina su ba, ba su da tsafta da ruwa kadan, kuma sun ba mazauna guraben aikin yi kadan. Wasu, in ba mafi yawa ba, an kewaye su da igiyar waya, kuma Kurdawa suna iya shiga ko fita kawai da kyar.” Bayan kafuwar mulkin jamhuriya a Iraqi ,yawan mutanen Iraqi sun tsere daga kasar don gujewa zaluncin siyasa daga Abd al-Karim Qasim da magajinsa, ciki har da Saddam Hussein; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, an kiyasta cewa "'yan gudun hijirar Iraki sun kai fiye da miliyan 3 (suka bar mutane miliyan 23 a cikin kasar)." Nicholas Kristof na jaridar The New York Times ya yi sharhi: “Yan sanda a wasu ƙasashe suna azabtarwa, bayan haka, amma akwai sahihan rahotanni da ke cewa ‘yan sandan Saddam sun yanke harsuna da kuma yin atisayen lantarki. Wasu kasashe suna zare idanuwa 'yan adawa; Masu yi wa Saddam tambayoyi sun zare idanun ɗaruruwan yara don su sa iyayensu su yi magana.”
Adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa A cikin watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2004, Human Rights Watch ya ƙiyasta cewa 250,000 zuwa 290,000 Iraqis aka kashe ko bace ta gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ciki har da: Kiyasin 290,000 “batattu” kuma da ake zaton kashe sun haɗa da: fiye da 100,000 Kurdawa da aka kashe a lokacin yaƙin Anfal na 1987-88 da kuma kaiwa gare shi; tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 70,000 'yan Shi'a da aka kama a shekarun 1980 kuma ana tsare da su har abada ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, wadanda har yau ba a san inda suke ba; kimanin maza 8,000 na kabilar Barzani da aka kwashe daga sansanonin sake tsugunar da su a Kurdistan na Iraqi a 1983; Maza 10,000 ko fiye da aka raba da iyalan Feyli Kurdawa da aka koro zuwa Iran a cikin 1980s; kimanin 'yan adawa 50,000, ciki har da 'yan gurguzu da sauran 'yan adawa, Kurdawa da sauran 'yan tsiraru, da kuma Ba'thists, wadanda ba su da goyon baya, kama da "bace" a cikin 1980s da 1990s; 'Yan Shi'a na Iraqi kimanin 30,000 ne aka tattara bayan rikicin watan Maris na 1991 wanda ba a ji duriyarsu ba tun daga lokacin; daruruwan malaman Shi’a da dalibansu sun kame kuma sun “bace” bayan 1991; dubun dubatan Larabawa da suka bace bayan an kama su a lokacin da sojoji ke gudanar da ayyukan soji a yankunan kudancin kasar; da waɗanda aka kashe a tsare-a cikin wasu shekaru dubu da yawa-a abin da ake kira "prison cleansing" kamfenA watan Janairun shekara ta 2003. The New York Times labarin John Fisher Burns ma ya bayyana cewa "yawan wadanda 'batattu' a hannun 'yan sandan sirri, ba za a sake jin duriyarsu ba, zai iya zama 200,000" kuma idan aka kwatanta Saddam da Joseph Stalin, yayin da yarda da cewa "Ko da bisa ka'ida, laifukan (Stalin) sun zarce na Mr. Hussein." Yakin Al-Anfal na shekara ta alif 1988. ya yi sanadin mutuwar Kurdawa 50,000-100,000 (ko da yake majiyoyin Kurdawa sun ba da misali da adadi mafi girma na 182,000), yayin da aka kashe fararen hula da 'yan tawaye 25,000-100,000 a lokacin murkushe zanga-zangar shekarar 1991 Bugu da kari, fursunoni 4,000 a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib an bayar da rahoton cewa an kashe su a wani babban tsarkakewa na shekarar alif 1984. An san cewa an kashe 'yan Iraki kadan da aka kashe a sauran shekarun mulkin Saddam. Misali, "Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa a cikin shekara ta 1981. an kashe mutane fiye da 350 a hukumance a Iraki. Kwamitin yaki da danniya a Iraki ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da kisa 798 (tare da kashe mutane 264 na mutanen da ba a sani ba, da tarihin 428 na mutanen da ba a yanke hukunci ba da kuma wadanda ba a bace)." Kanan Makiya ya yi gargadin cewa mayar da hankali kan adadin mutanen da suka mutu ya rufe baki daya "ta'addancin da ke cikin Iraki," wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga 'yan sandan sirri da suka mamaye da kuma yadda ake azabtar da su.
Duba kuma 1969 Baghdad rataye
Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Hakkin dan Adam a kasar Iraqi kafin Saddam
Hakkin dan Adam a Iraki bayan Saddam Hussein
Takunkumin Iraqi
Kaburbura a kasar Iraqi
Tunawa da Saddam
Ta'addancin Jiha
Shari'ar Saddam Hussein
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Kadhim, Abbas. Hawza Dake Karkashe Wani Nazari A Cikin Taskar Jam'iyyar Ba'th Archive Cibiyar Nazarin Iraki ta Jami'ar Boston (IISBU) Takarda na lokaci-lokaci. Na 1. Yuni 2013.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Amnesty International game da azabtarwa a Iraki (2001)
INDICT yakin neman gurfanar da masu take hakkin dan adam daga gwamnatin Hussein
Dozin na datti na Iraki
Taskar Haƙƙin Dan Adam 1999–2001 Gidauniyar Iraqi
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da Iraki kan hakkin dan Adam, BBC Afrilu 2002
Iraki 1984-1992 Human Rights Watch
Rahotanni kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Ofishin Demokraɗiyya na Amurka, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Aiki
Human Rights Watch: Bayani kan Rikicin Iraki (shafi na kunshe da rahotanni daban-daban na kungiyar kan Iraki, galibi bayan faduwar gwamnatin Saddam) Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙoƙi
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin |
25713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20Gang | Press Gang | Press Gang shine wasan kwaikwayo na na gidan talabijin na yara na Burtaniya wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 43 a cikin jerin biyar da aka watsa daga shekarar 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1993. Richmond Film Television don Tsakiya ne ya samar da shi, kuma an nuna shi akan hanyar sadarwa ta ITV a cikin madaidaiciyar sati da rana na yara, ITV na Yara, yawanci a cikin rami na 4:45 na yamma (kwanaki sun bambanta akan lokacin da ake gudana).
Anyi shine da niyyan daukan hankalin manyan yara da matasa, shirin ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan jaridar yara, Junior Gazette, wanda ɗalibai daga babban makarantar ƙaramar hukuma ta samar. A cikin jerin daga baya an nuna shi azaman kasuwanci. Nunin ya haɗu da abubuwan ban dariya da ban mamaki. Kazalika da magance alakar mutane (musamman a cikin labarin Lynda-Spike arc), wasan kwaikwayon ya magance batutuwan kamar cin zarafin ƙarfi, cin zarafin yara da sarrafa makamai. Wanda tsohon malami Steven Moffat, ya rubuta fiye da rabin abubuwan da suke kunshe a cikin sun samu daukar nauyi daga Bob Spiers, sanannen darektan wasan barkwanci na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance a baya yayi aiki kan littattafai kamar su Fawlty Towers Tarba mai mahimmanci ta kasance mai inganci, musamman don ingancin rubuce -rubuce, kuma jerin sun jawo hankalin wata ƙungiya mai bi tare da yawan shekaru.
Labarun labari Shahararren ɗan jarida mai suna Matt Kerr (Clive Wood) ya iso daga titin Fleet don gyara jaridar gida. Ya kafa ƙaramin sigar takarda, The Junior Gazette, don ɗalibai daga ƙananan makarantun gida su samar da su kafin da bayan lokutan makaranta. Wasu daga cikin yan ƙungiyar "taurarin ɗaliba" ne, amma wasu suna da martaba saboda rashin laifi. Suchaya daga cikin ɗalibin, Spike Thompson Dexter Fletcher an tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a kore shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan yana jan hankalin editan Lynda Day Julia Sawalha amma suna yin taɗi, suna jifar junansu. Alaƙar su tana haɓaka kuma suna da alaƙar kashewa. Suna tattauna yadda suke ji a kai a kai, musamman a ƙarshen sassan kowane jerin. A kashi na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, "Riƙewa", Spike ba tare da saninsa ba yana bayyana ƙaƙƙarfan jin daɗin sa ga Lynda yayin da ake liƙa shi. Kishin budurwarsa Ba'amurke, Zoe, Lynda ta sanya kaset ɗin a kan sitiriyo na sirri na Zoe, yana lalata alakar su. Ilimin sunadarai akan allo tsakanin jagororin biyu an nuna shi akan allo yayin da suka zama abu na shekaru da yawa. Koda yake tarihin Lynda da Spike yana gudana a cikin jerin, yawancin al'amuran suna ƙunshe da labarai masu ɗauke da labarai da ƙananan makirci. Daga cikin labarai masu sauƙi, kamar ɗaya game da Colin da gangan halartar jana'izar sanye da zomo mai ruwan hoda, wasan kwaikwayon ya magance manyan matsaloli da yawa. Jeff Evans, yana rubutu a cikin Guinness Television Encyclopedia, ya rubuta cewa jerin sun yi amfani da “mafi girman tsarin manya” fiye da “ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya iri ɗaya” kamar A Bunch of Fives Wasu masu sukar sun kuma kwatanta shi da Hill Street Blues, Lou Grant "da sauran wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka masu tunani, godiya ga haƙiƙanin sa da matakin sa na matakan batutuwa masu taɓawa." Jerin farko ya kusanci cin zarafi mai ƙarfi a cikin "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", kuma NSPCC ta taimaka wajen samar da abubuwan Wani mummunan abu game da cin zarafin yara An yi garkuwa da ƙungiyar ta wani mai sha'awar bindiga a cikin jerin Kalmar Ƙarshe ta uku, yayin da ƙarshen ƙarshe ya kusanci shan miyagun ƙwayoyi Abubuwan da ke jagorantar batun sun yi aiki don haɓaka manyan haruffan, ta yadda "Wani Abu Mai Girma" ya fi "game da fansar Colin [daga 'yan jari hujja mai son kai], maimakon cin zarafin Cindy." Dangane da Cibiyar Fina -Finan Burtaniya, "Gangar Jaridar ta yi nasarar zama wataƙila jerin yara mafi ban dariya da aka taɓa yi kuma a lokaci guda mafi raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi da gaskiya. Sautin zai iya canzawa ba tare da wata wahala ba kuma daga hankali zuwa nesa zuwa bala'i a cikin sarari. Kodayake ana kiran jerin shirye -shiryen wani lokacin wasan barkwanci, Moffat ya nace cewa wasan kwaikwayo ne tare da barkwanci a ciki. Marubucin ya tuna "wata doguwar muhawara tare da Geoff Hogg (editan fim akan Press Gang game da ko Press Gang ya kasance mai ban dariya. Ya dage cewa haka ne kuma na ce ba haka bane abin dariya ne kawai. Wasu ɓarna suna kaiwa Moffat da'awar cewa "tana da barkwanci mafi ƙazanta a tarihi; mun tafi da tarin abubuwa. Mun kusa tsere da wargi game da jima'i ta dubura, amma sun gan ta a minti na ƙarshe. A cikin wani labarin Lynda ta ce za ta shayar da shi kuma, lokacin da aka tambaye shi (yayin da yake kwanan wata a gidan abincin otal) idan yana zama a otal ɗin, Colin ya amsa "Bai kamata in yi tunanin haka ba: shine farkon data. Jeff Evans ya kuma yi sharhi cewa anyi fim ɗin ta hanyar fina-finai, yana taɓarɓarewaa cikin "jerin mafarkai, hasashe, jindadi da kuma, a wani lokaci,a Moonlighting -esque na fim ɗin It's Wonderful Life Nunin yana da fa'ida mai ƙarfi na ci gaba, tare da wasu labarai, abubuwan da suka faru da ƙananan haruffa da aka ambata a cikin jerin. An gayyaci 'yan wasan da suka buga haruffa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin jerin biyun farko don sake maimaita matsayinsu a cikin shirye-shiryen gaba. David Jefford (Alex Crockett) an tashe shi daga 1989 "Litinin Talata" don fitowa a cikin wasan karshe "Akwai Kalanda", yayin da 'yar wasan guda ɗaya (Aisling Flitton) wacce ta buga lambar da ba daidai ba a cikin "Soyayya da ƙaramar Jarida. an gayyace ta don sake fasalin halinta don jerin shirye -shirye na uku" Chance is a Fine Thing. "Kula da daki -daki" kamar wannan shine, a cewar Paul Cornell, "daya daga cikin hanyoyi masu yawa da jerin ke mutunta basirar masu kallo." Bayan ƙungiyar ta bar makaranta, takarda ta sami 'yancin kuɗi kuma tana gudanar da kasuwanci. Mataimakin edita Kenny Lee Ross ya bar ƙarshen jerin uku don maye gurbin Julie Lucy Benjamin wacce ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko.
Halaye
Babban Ranar Lynda Julia Sawalha ita ce editan Junior Gazette Tana da ƙarfi kuma tana da ra’ayi, kuma da yawa daga cikin ƙawayenta na tsoron ta. Moffat ya ce halayyar ta ɗan dogara ne akan mai gabatar da wasan "ƙwallon ƙwal", Sandra C. Hastie. Kodayake tana bayyana da taurin kai, amma a wasu lokuta tana fallasa yadda take ji. Ta bar takardar a ƙarshen "Litinin-Talata", kuma a cikin "Mafarkin Rana" Makoki "Me yasa nake samun komai a cikin rayuwata ta wauta duka?" A tsoratar da zamantakewa, ta yi biris da ra'ayin. Tana cikin tashin hankali a wurin shaye -shaye, a cikin "A ƙarshe Dodo", har ta yi ƙoƙarin barin lokuta da yawa. An kwatanta cakuɗɗen gefen hankalin Lynda da ɗabi'arta mai wadatar kai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen 'Karshen Ƙarshe.' Ta tsawatawa fatalwar Gary (Mark Sayers), wanda ya mutu bayan shan maganin maye, ta ce:
Duba, na tuba kun mutu, lafiya? Na yi kulawa. Amma in zama mai gaskiya tare da ku, ban damu sosai ba. Kuna da zabi, kun sha kwayoyi, kun mutu. Shin da gaske kuke da'awar babu wanda yayi muku kashedi yana da haɗari? Ina nufin, kun kalli duniyar kwanan nan? Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kashe ku kuma ba a yi muku gargaɗi kwata -kwata. Don haka manne kan ku cikin kada da aka gaya muku ba a lissafa don samun tausayina. James "Spike" Thomson Dexter Fletcher ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne, wanda aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda maimakon a cire shi daga makaranta. Nan da nan ya ja hankalin Lynda, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar masu ba da rahoto da ke da alhakin samun labarin jagoran su na farko. Yawancin lokaci yana da kewayon masu layi ɗaya, kodayake ana yawan sukar sa, musamman ta Lynda, saboda yawan wuce gona da iri. Koyaya, Spike sau da yawa yana amfani da abin dariya don sauƙaƙe sautin, kamar a "Litinin-Talata" lokacin da yayi ƙoƙarin farantawa Lynda rai bayan ta ji alhakin kashe David. Da farko an rubuta halayen a matsayin Ingilishi, har sai mai samarwa Hastie ya ji cewa halayyar Amurkawa za ta haɓaka damar siyar da ƙasashen waje. Wannan yana nufin cewa Fletcher haifaffen Ingilishi dole ne yayi aiki cikin lafazin Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyar. Moffat ya ce bai da tabbas [cewa] Dexter na katako da wannan lafazin ya kasance mai hankali. Lafazin Ba'amurke ya sa wasu magoya baya mamaki da sanin Fletcher ainihin Ingilishi ne. Kenny Phillips Lee Ross yana ɗaya daga cikin abokan Lynda (kaɗan) na dogon lokaci kuma shine mataimakiyar edita a cikin jerin ukun farko. Kenny ya fi Lynda kwanciyar hankali, kodayake har yanzu tana mamaye ta. Duk da wannan, yana ɗaya daga cikin fewan mutanen da za su iya tsayawa kan Lynda, a cikin nasa shiru. Kodayake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai daɗi", amma bai yi sa'ar soyayya ba: Jenny Sadie Frost budurwar da ya sadu da ita a "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa", zubar da shi saboda yana da fahimta sosai. An bayyana sha'awar sirrinsa don rubuta kiɗa a ƙarshen jerin biyu, wanda sha'awar Ross ta rinjayi shi. Colin ya shirya kuma ya tallafa masa kide kide da wake -wake, kuma jerin na biyu ya ƙare tare da Kenny yana yin "Ba ku Ji A Gare Ni" (Ross da kansa ya rubuta). Lee Ross ya sami damar aiwatar da abubuwa shida na farko na jerin shirye-shirye 12 na uku da huɗu na yin fim saboda yana tsammanin rawar fim. Don haka, ta jerin hudu, Kenny ya tafi Australia.
Colin Mathews Paul Reynolds shine Thatcherite mai kula da kuɗin takarda da talla. Sau da yawa yana sanye da manyan riguna, kuma dabarunsa daban-daban sun haɗa da tallace-tallace mara kyau na rabin ping-pong (kamar 'pings'), kayan bita na jarrabawa da soda wanda ke barin tabo na fuska. Rosie Marcel da Claire Hearnden sun bayyana a cikin jerin na biyu kamar Sophie da Laura, mataimakan matasa matasa na Colin.
Julie Craig Lucy Benjamin ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane -zane a jerin farko. Moffat ya burge aikin Benjamin, kuma ya faɗaɗa halinta don jerin na biyu. Koyaya ta ba da kanta ga ayyuka a cikin sitcom na LWT kusa da Gida da Jupiter Moon, don haka Sam ya maye gurbin halin. Halin ya dawo a farkon shirin jerin huɗu a matsayin mai bincike a ranar Asabar da safe yana nuna Crazy Stuff Ta shirya Lynda da Spike su sake haɗuwa a gidan talabijin na kai tsaye, amma korafe -korafen da suka biyo baya game da tashin hankalin (bugun fuska) yana haifar da harbe -harben Julie. Bayan bai wa Lynda wasu gaskiyar gida, Julie ta maye gurbin Kenny a matsayin mataimakiyar edita don jerin biyu na ƙarshe. Ita 'yar kwarkwasa ce, kuma, a cewar Lynda, ita ce ta "tsoma baki a rikicin na kurkuku na ƙarshe." Sarah Jackson Kelda Holmes ita ce jagorar marubucin. Kodayake tana da hankali tana samun damuwa, kamar lokacin hirarta don editan Jaridar Junior Labarin ta na ƙarshe, "Wuta Mai Kyau", yana nuna ci gaban kawancen ta da Lynda, da kuma yadda ƙarshen ya gan ta a matsayin ƙalubale lokacin da ta isa Norbridge High. Tare suka kafa mujallar makarantar ƙarƙashin ƙasa: Mujallar Damn Yunƙurin farko na barin jaridar don halartar karatun rubuce -rubuce a kwaleji na gida Lynda ta hana ta, amma a ƙarshe ta bar cikin jerin biyar don shiga jami'a (yana nuna dalilin tashin Holmes). Frazer "Frazz" Davis Mmoloki Chrystie yana ɗaya daga cikin masu laifin Spike da aka tilasta yin aiki akan takarda, babban aikinsa na farko shine rubuta horoscopes Da farko an nuna Frazz a matsayin "mai ƙalubalantar ilimi", kamar rashin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin "rukunin taurari" da horoscopes. Daga baya abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna masa yaudara, kamar a cikin "Maganar Ƙarshe: Kashi na 2" lokacin da ya murƙushe ɗan bindigar ta amfani da manyan bindigogi Maimaitawa Sam Black Gabrielle Anwar ya maye gurbin Julie a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar masu zane a jerin na biyu. Sam tana sane da salon kwalliya sosai kuma tana kwarkwasa, kuma tana mamakin lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙi ci gabanta don fifita Saratu. Anwar ya yi bitar rawar Lynda. (An gayyaci 'yan wasan da yawa waɗanda ba a yi nasarar tantance su ba don manyan haruffa daga baya don matsayin baƙi. Moffat ya faɗaɗa rawar Julie bayan jerin farko, amma Lucy Benjamin bai samu ba don jerin biyu. Sam, saboda haka, ainihin halayyar Julie ce a ƙarƙashin wani suna daban, musamman a cikin abubuwan da ta fara a baya. Danny McColl Charlie Creed-Miles mai daukar hoton takarda. Creed-Miles ya zama abin ƙyama da ƙaramin rawar da ya taka kuma ya bar bayan jerin na biyu. Toni "Tiddler" Tildesley Joanna Dukes ƙaramin memba ne na ƙungiyar, ke da alhakin ƙaramin sashi, Junior Junior Gazette Billy Homer (Andy Crowe) shima hali ne mai maimaitawa. Tetraplegic, yana da ƙwarewa sosai tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, wani lokacin yana yin kutse cikin bayanan makarantar. Labarun labarinsa wasu daga cikin wakilcin Intanet na farko a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya. Moffat ya ji cewa ba zai iya ci gaba da halayen ba, kuma yana bayyana ba zato ba tsammani bayan jerin farko. Manyan manyan sune mataimakiyar shugaban makarantar Bill Sullivan Nick Stringer editan maverick Matt Kerr Clive Wood da gogaggen ɗan jaridar Gazette Chrissie Stewart Angela Bruce Production
Farawa Bill Moffat, shugaban makaranta daga Glasgow, yana da ra'ayin shirin talabijin na yara mai suna The Norbridge Files Ya nuna shi ga wani furodusa wanda ya ziyarci makarantarsa, Makarantar Firamare ta Thorn a Johnstone, Renfrewshire, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman wurin da za a yi wani taron babbar hanyar Harry Secombe Furodusa Sandra C. Hastie ta ji daɗin wannan ra'ayin kuma ta nuna wa mijinta Bill Ward na gaba, abokin aikin kamfanin ta Richmond Films da Talabijin. Lokacin da ta nemi rubutun, Moffat ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗansa mai shekaru 25, Steven, malamin Ingilishi, ya rubuta. Hastie ta ce "mafi kyawun rubutun farko" da ta karanta. Duk shirye -shiryen 43 Steven Moffat ne ya rubuta A lokacin samar da jerin abubuwa biyu, yana samun rayuwa ta rashin jin daɗi bayan rabuwar aurensa na farko. An wakilci sabon masoyin matarsa a cikin shirin "Babban Ƙarshe?" ta halin Brian Magboy Simon Schatzberger sunan da Brian ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi: Yaron Maggie. Moffat ya shigo da halayen don kowane irin abin takaici ya faru da shi, kamar sanya injin bugawa a ƙafa. Wannan lokacin a rayuwar Moffat shima za a nuna a cikin sitcom Joking Apart Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na tsakiya ya kasance yana da kwarin gwiwa kan aikin, don haka maimakon wasan kwaikwayon da aka harba a ɗakunan su a Nottingham kamar yadda aka tsara, sun ba Richmond kasafin kuɗi na fan miliyan biyu. Wannan ya ba shi damar harbe shi a fim 16 mm maimakon faifan bidiyo na yau da kullun, mai rahusa, kuma a wurin, yana mai tsada sosai idan aka kwatanta da yawancin talabijin na yara. Waɗannan ƙimar kuɗaɗen kusan sun kai ga sokewarsa a ƙarshen jerin na biyu, wanda a lokacin ne babban jami'i na tsakiya Lewis Rudd ya kasa aiwatar da shirye -shirye da kansa.
Daraktoci Fiye da rabi na shirye -shiryen Bob Spiers ne ya jagorance su, sanannen darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya wanda a baya ya yi aiki a Fawlty Towers tsakanin sauran shirye -shirye da yawa. Zai sake yin aiki tare da Moffat akan sitcom ɗinsa na Joking Apart da Murder Most Horrid, tare da Sawalha akan Kwatankwacin abin mamaki A cewar Moffat, Spiers shine "babban darekta" wanda ke da sha'awar sauran sassan kuma ya kafa salon gani na wasan. Spiers musamman sun yi amfani da harbin bin diddigin, wani lokacin suna buƙatar a rubuta ƙarin tattaunawa don ɗaukar tsawon harbin. Sauran daraktocin za su shigo su yi "Spiers". An ƙarfafa dukkan daraktocin da su halarci harbin sauran domin salon gani ya kasance daidai. Kashi na biyu na farko Colin Nutley ne ya jagoranci Duk da haka, bai ji daɗin gyara na ƙarshe ba kuma ya nemi a cire sunansa daga kuɗin. Lorne Magory ya jagoranci shirye-shirye da yawa, musamman labaran ɓangarori biyu "Yadda Ake Yin Kisa" da "Maganar Ƙarshe." Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Fina -Finan Richmond da Talabijin, Bill Ward, ya ba da umarnin shirye -shirye guda uku, kuma Bren Simson ya jagoranci wasu jerin biyu. Mawallafin fim ɗin James Devis ya ɗauki madaidaicin jagorar don "Windfall", abin da ya faru.
Wuri Yayin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayon a garin almara na Norbridge, galibi an yi fim ɗin a Uxbridge, a yammacin Greater London An harbe yawancin al'amuran a Makarantar Haydon da ke Pinner An yi fim ɗin jerin farko gaba ɗaya akan wurin, amma bayan rushewar ginin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ofishin jaridar ta asali, an yi fim ɗin cikin gida a cikin Pinewood Studios don jerin na biyu, kuma ba a ganin waje na ginin fiye da wannan jerin. An yi jerin abubuwan da suka biyo baya a Lee International Studios a Shepperton (jerin uku da hudu) da Twickenham Studios (jerin biyar).
Jerin kiɗa da take Peter Davis ne ya shirya waƙar taken (wanda bayan jerin na biyu ya haɗa sauran jerin shi kadai a matsayin babban mawaki), John Mealing da John G. Perry. Taken buɗe taken yana nuna manyan haruffan da ke bugun hoto, tare da sunan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin nau'in rubutun rubutu. Steven Moffat da Julia Sawalha ba su burge sosai da taken taken ba lokacin da suke tattaunawa don sharhin DVD a 2004. An sake yin rikodin su don jerin uku, a cikin salo iri ɗaya, don magance shekarun 'yan wasan da canje-canje ga saiti.
Yawancin taken rufewa a cikin jerin biyun farko sun kasance tare da tattaunawa daga haruffa biyu. Sassan da suka ƙare akan sautin musamman, kamar "Litinin-Talata" da "Labaran Jiya", yi amfani da waƙar sombre kawai da ta dace don rakiyar ƙimar ƙarshe. Bayan kammalawa mai ƙarfi, "A ƙarshe Dodo" ya yi amfani da ingantacciyar sigar babban jigon tare da ƙarin amfani da gitar lantarki. Moffat ya ji cewa muryoyin muryar sun yi aiki sosai a cikin jerin farko, amma ba su yi kyau a na biyun ba. Hastie ta tuna cewa Moffat ya “yi matukar fushi” cewa Drop the Dead Jakey ya ɗauki salon. An sauke su bayan jerin na biyu. A cewar Moffat, 'yan wasan sun "yi baƙin ciki tare da juyawa zuwa ɗakin rikodi don yin rikodin su."
Karɓar baki
Tarba mai mahimmanci Halin mai mahimmanci yana da kyau, wasan kwaikwayon ana yaba shi musamman saboda ƙima da ƙwarewar rubutun. The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian da kari na Ilimi na Times ya ba da labarin farko A cikin bita mai ƙarfi, Paul Cornell ya rubuta cewa:Press Gang ya tabbatar da cewa jerin ne wanda zai iya dawo da ku zuwa yadda kuka ji tun yana matashi, ya fi kaifin basira a duniya amma tare da tsananin azanci. Ba za a sake yin wani wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da yin magana da yara ko rubuta musu rashin kunya. Danna Gang, wataƙila mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Time Out ya ce "wannan nishaɗin inganci ne: yara suna da kaifi, rubutun suna da wayo kuma barkwanci suna da kyau." Wakilin BBC William Gallagher ya kira shi "kyakkyawa mara aibi", tare da The Guardian a baya yana yaba wa jerin. Wasu, kamar Popmatters, suma sun yi tsokaci kan yadda "wasan kwaikwayon ya shahara don yin wani abin talabijin na yara a lokacin bai yi ba (kuma, ana iya cewa, har yanzu bai yi ba): ya ƙi kula da masu sauraronsa kamar yara Dan wasan barkwanci Richard Herring ya tuna kallon wasan a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatunsa na baya -bayan nan, inda yayi sharhi cewa "dabara ce, mai fa'ida kuma tana da kyau ga yara." A cewar Moffat, Press Gang ya wuce gona da iri sosai a masana'antar kuma ana yi min lakabi da romanced koyaushe." Shirya makirce -makirce da tsari na Gang zai zama alamar aikin Moffat, kamar Joking Apart da Coupling Jerin sun karɓi lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Royal da BAFTA a cikin 1991 don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Nishaɗi/Wasan kwaikwayo)". Hakanan an ba ta lambar yabo don lambobin marubutan Guild of Great Britain guda biyu, Prix Jeunesse da 1992 BAFTA don "Mafi kyawun Shirin Yara (Almara)". Julia Sawalha ta lashe lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin na Gidan Talabijin na "Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mace" a 1993.
Maimaita nunawa Nunin ya sami ƙarin masu sauraro masu fa'ida a cikin ramin maraice lokacin da aka maimaita ranar Lahadi a kan Channel 4 a 1991. An nuna wannan crossover a cikin bita na BBC don ɗayan DVD lokacin da suka ce Press Gang shine ɗayan mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan da aka taɓa yi wa yara. Ko manya. Nickelodeon ya nuna kusan duk abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sati na mako a cikin 1997. Sassan uku na ƙarshe na jerin na uku, duk da haka, ba a sake maimaita su a tashar yaran ba saboda abubuwan da ke cikin su: "Maganar Ƙarshe" ninki biyu tare da killace bindiga, da "Riƙewa" tare da maimaita kalmar "saki rabuwa. A farkon watsawa na ƙarshen a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1991, mai ba da sanarwar ci gaba Tommy Boyd ya gargadi masu kallo cewa ya ƙunshi ƙarfi fiye da yare da aka saba. A cikin 2007, itv.com ta yi jerin farko, ban da “Shafin Farko”, wanda za a iya kallo a gidan yanar gizon ta kyauta. An watsa shirye -shiryen 2 akan Tashar CITV akan 5 6 Janairu 2013, a zaman wani ɓangare na shirye -shiryen adana kayan tarihi na ƙarshen mako don murnar cika shekaru 30 na CITV.
Fan yana bi Press Gang ya ja hankalin wata kungiyar da ke bi. An samar da fanzine, Breakfast a Czars, a cikin 1990s. Edited by Stephen O'Brien, ya ƙunshi tambayoyi iri -iri tare da simintin da ƙungiya (musamman tare da mai samar da Hastie), bita da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hasashe An haɗa bugu na farko azaman fayil na PDF akan jerin DVD guda biyu, yayin da ukun na gaba suka kasance akan jerin diski biyar. Jerin tattaunawar imel yana aiki tun watan Fabrairu 1997. Masani Miles Booy ya lura cewa kamar yadda Steven Moffat ya kasance mai son Doctor Who, ya sami damar ƙin abubuwan da magoya bayan TV suka yaba, kamar:jerin fina-finai tare da manyan rataya-rataya, ci gaba mai tsauri da kashe barkwanci da nassoshi waɗanda suka biya waɗanda suka kalli kuma suka sake duba rubutun don cire minutia. A ƙarshen jerin na biyu, an lura cewa ƙungiyar labarai sun bi Spike/Lynda romance 'tun shafi na ɗaya', kuma kawai magoya bayan sun tuna ko aka gano akan bita cewa "Page One" shine taken kashi na farko. Booy ya nuna cewa Chris Carter da Joss Whedon za a yaba da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin shekarun 1990 (a cikin nunin The X-Files da Buffy the Vampire Slayer amma "Moffat ya isa can da farko, kuma a cikin gidan talabijin na yara. Ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya zo tare da hankalin mai son Burtaniya ga damar yin aiki. An gudanar da babban taro guda biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a Liverpool Abubuwan da suka faru, don taimakon NSPCC, kowannensu mai taken "Duk bangarorin Takardar" kuma Steven Moffat, Sandra Hastie, Dexter Fletcher, Paul Reynolds, Kelda Holmes da Nick Stringer sun halarta. An yi gwajin tsawaita tsaka mai tsaka -tsaki na "Kwata zuwa Tsakar dare" da "Akwai Kurakurai", tare da gwanjon kayan sutura da kayan masarufi. Lokacin da Virgin Publishing ya hana Paul Cornell rubuta wani jagorar labari, Jagorar Shirin Gangar Jarida, wanda Jim Sangster ya shirya, Leomac Publishing ce ta buga shi a 1995. Sangster, O'Brien da Adrian Petford sun haɗu tare da DVD na cibiyar sadarwa akan ƙarin fasali don fitowar DVD. Big Finish Productions, wanda ke samar da wasan kwaikwayo na sauti dangane da kaddarorin ilmin kimiyya, musamman Doctor Who, an sanya masa suna bayan taken wasan karshe na jerin na biyu. Moffat da kansa babban ɗalibin Doctor ne mai son zuciya, kuma ya zama babban marubucin shirin kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shirye a 2009. Moffat ya haɗa nassoshi da yawa zuwa haruffa na sakandare da wurare a cikin Press Gang a cikin aikinsa na baya. Sitcom Chalk nasa na 1997 yana nufin makarantar makwabta kamar Norbridge High, wanda Mr Sullivan ke jagoranta, da kuma haruffan Dr Clipstone ("Ba a tsammani"), Malcolm Bullivant ("Wani Abu Mai Ban tsoro") da David Jefford ("Litinin-Talata"/"Akwai su ne Kawaye almajiri wanda Mr Slatt David Bamber ya tsawatar don al'aurarsa Sunan "Talwinning" ya bayyana a matsayin sunan tituna a cikin "A Quarter to Midnight" da Joking Apart, kuma a matsayin sunan mahaifa a cikin "Dying Live", wani labarin Murder Most Horrid wanda Moffat ya rubuta, kazalika da sunan wani ɗan laburare a cikin Doctor ɗinsa wanda ke ba da ɗan gajeren labari, "Kurakurai Masu Ci gaba", wanda aka buga a cikin 1996 Littafin Tarihi na Budurwowi Decalog 3: Sakamakon Sunan "Inspector Hibbert", daga "Maganar Ƙarshe", an ba shi halin da Nick Stringer ya buga a cikin "Elvis, Jesus and Jack", Moffat na ƙarshe Murder Most Horrid gudummawar. Kwanan nan, a cikin kashin farko na Moffat's Jekyll, Mista Hyde James Nesbitt ya busa sautin irin na Lynda a cikin "Komawa Titin Jasper".
Fim ɗin talabijin da aka gabatar An shirya wani fim din talabijin mai suna "Ƙaddara". An saita shi 'yan shekaru bayan jerin kuma yana nufin mafi yawan masu sauraro. A mataki ɗaya a cikin 1992, an yi niyya jerin 4 don zama na ƙarshe, kuma an ba da shawarar fim ɗin a matsayin mai bi. Koyaya, yin fim ɗin ya faɗi lokacin da aka ba da jerin na biyar maimakon. An sake nazarin ra'ayin fim ɗin mai bibiyar sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990, amma kowane lokaci ya faɗi saboda dalilai daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, The Stage ya ba da rahoton cewa Moffat da Sawalha suna da sha'awar farfado da Yan Jaridu Ya ce: “Zan farfado da hakan kamar harbi. Ina so in yi taron sake haduwa-sigar girma. Na san Julia Sawalha tana da sha’awa duk lokacin da na gan ta sai ta tambaye ni yaushe za mu yi. Wataƙila zai faru Ina son hakan. The Guardian ya ba da shawarar farfaɗo da wasan kwaikwayon, yana mai jayayya da cewa "Gangar Yan Jarida tare da Moffat a helm na iya juyar da wasan daga ƙungiya zuwa cibiyar ƙasa abincin petri ga matasa masu yin aiki da ƙwarewar rubutu don bunƙasa. Yana daga cikin kayan gado na gidan talabijin ɗinmu kuma tabbas ya cancanci farkawa. A bikin Talabijin na Edinburgh na Duniya a watan Agusta na 2008, Moffat ya ba da labarin yadda ya bugu bayan bikin rufewa don Jekyll kuma ya kafa manufar taron 'yan Jarida na musamman ga Shugaban Wasan kwaikwayo a BBC, John Yorke Duk da yardar Yorke, marubucin ya ce ya shagala da aikinsa a kan Doctor Wanda ya bi ra'ayin.
Kasuwanci An saki samfura da yawa, musamman litattafai huɗu, bidiyo da cikakken tarin akan DVD.
Bill Moffat ne ya rubuta litattafai huɗu kuma Hippo Books/Scholastic ne ya buga su a cikin 1989 da 1990 dangane da jerin biyun farko. Buga na Farko ya dogara ne akan ɓangarori uku na farko, tare da Bayyanar Jama'a ta rufe "Interface" da "Yadda ake Yin Kisa." Littafin na uku, Checkmate, ya rufe "Abincin karin kumallo a Czar's", "Upauke Abubuwa" da "Komawa Titin Jasper", kuma ya bayyana cewa Julie ta bar sashen zane -zane don zuwa kwalejin fasaha. Littafin na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe, The Date, labari ne na "Kudi, Soyayya da Tsuntsaye", "Ƙauna da ƙaramin Gazette" da "A ƙarshe Dodo." Kowane littafin ya ƙunshi hoton hoto mai shafi takwas. Bidiyo na Gida na VCI, tare da Bidiyo na Tsakiya, ya fitar da ƙarar guda ɗaya akan VHS a cikin 1990 wanda ke nuna ɓangarori huɗu na farko: "Shafi Na Farko", "Kammala Hoto", "Darasi Mai Sauƙi "aya" da "Ƙarshe." Cikakken jerin Press Gang yana samuwa akan DVD (Yankin 2, Burtaniya) daga DVD Network da kuma a Ostiraliya (Yankin 4) daga Force Entertainment. Yankuna huɗu na jerin DVD na biyu sun ƙunshi sharhin sauti na Julia Sawalha da Steven Moffat, inda jarumar ta yi ikirarin ba ta tuna kaɗan game da wasan. Rubutun harbi da ƙarin bayanai daga jagorar shirin Jim Sangster (wanda Leomac Publishing ya buga) an haɗa su cikin tsarin PDF daga jerin biyu zuwa gaba. Saitin DVD na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi kwafin da ke akwai kawai, a cikin tsarin gyara layi, na shirin da ba a so ba wanda aka yi fim yayin samarwa na biyu.
Nassoshi
Littafin tarihin
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
29874 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20yanayi | Gurbataccen yanayi | Madogarar da ba ta da ma'ana (NPS) gurbacewar yanayi, tana nufin gurɓacewar ruwa (ko ƙazanta) na ruwa ko iska da ba ta samo asali daga tushe guda ɗaya ba. Irin wannan gurɓacewar sau da yawa shi ne sakamakon tarawa na ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa da aka tattara daga babban yanki. Ya bambanta da gurɓacewar yanayi wanda ke fitowa daga tushe guda. Rashin gurɓataccen tushe gabaɗaya yana haifar da kwararar ƙasa, hazo, ajiyar yanayi, magudanar ruwa, ruwan ruwa, ko gyare-gyaren ruwa (ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara) inda gano gurɓatacciyar ƙasa zuwa tushe guda yana da wahala. Gurbacewar ruwan da ba ta da tushe tana shafar jikin ruwa daga tushe kamar gurbataccen ruwa daga wuraren noma da ke zubewa cikin kogi, ko tarkacen iska da ke kadawa zuwa teku. Gurbacewar iska ta hanyar da ba ta da tushe tana shafar ingancin iska, daga tushe kamar rumbun hayaki ko bututun wutsiya na mota. Ko da yake waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwan sun samo asali ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙarfin jigilar dogon zango da maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na gurbataccen yanayi sun sa ya zama tushen gurɓatawar da ba ta dace ba; idan fitar da ruwa ya kasance a cikin ruwa ko cikin sararin samaniya a wuri guda, gurbatar yanayi zai zama wuri guda Ko ɗaya.
Gurbacewar ruwa mara tushe na iya samuwa daga wurare daban-daban ba tare da takamaiman mafita ko canje-canje don gyara matsalar ba, yana kuma mai da wahala a daidaita shi. Rashin gurɓatar ruwa daga tushe yana da wuyar sarrafawa saboda yana fitowa daga ayyukan yau da kullun na mutane daban-daban, kamar takin lawn, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, gina hanya ko ginin gini Sarrafa gurbacewar yanayi mara tushe yana buƙatar inganta ayyukan birane da kewayen birni, ayyukan noma, ayyukan gandun daji da marinas.
Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment, nutrients, toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution.
Manyan nau'ikan (don gurbatar ruwa)
Ruwan ruwa Labe (sako da ƙasa ya hada da silt (lafiya barbashi) da kuma dakatar da daskararru (manyan barbashi). Ruwan ruwa na iya shiga cikin ruwan saman daga ɓangarorin magudanan ruwa, da kuma zubar da ruwa a saman saboda rashin kyawun tsiron da aka rufe a birane da ƙauyuka. Ruwan ruwa yana haifar da irin su turɓaya (girgije) a cikin ruwa, yana rage adadin hasken da ke kaiwa ƙasa mai zurfi, wanda zai iya hana haɓakar tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma saboda haka yana shafar nau'ikan da suka dogara da su, kamar kifi da kifi Matakan turbidity kuma suna hana tsarin tsaftace ruwan sha.
Hakanan za'a iya fitar da ruwa daga tushe Ko ɓangare daban-daban. Tushen sun haɗa da wuraren gine- gine (ko da yake waɗannan tushen tushe ne, waɗanda za'a iya sarrafa su tare da sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa filayen noma, bankunan rafi, da kuma wuraren da ke da matsala sosai.
Abubuwan gina jiki Abubuwan rashin gina jiki galibi suna nufin abubuwan da ba su da tushe daga magudanar ruwa, wuraren zubar da ƙasa, ayyukan dabbobi da filayen amfanin gona. Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci guda biyu na damuwa shine phosphorus da nitrogen. Phosphorus wani sinadari ne wanda ke faruwa ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda ba a iya samun su. Sanannen yana da yawa a cikin sludge na najasa na ɗan adam. Yana da babban sinadari a yawancin takin zamani da ake amfani da su don noma da kuma kan kaddarorin zama da na kasuwanci, kuma yana iya zama ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a cikin tsarin ruwan ruwa da wasu guraben ruwa Phosphorus galibi ana jigilar su zuwa ga ruwa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa saboda yawancin nau'ikan phosphorus suna da alaƙa da barbashi na ƙasa. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin tsarin ruwa (musamman tafkunan ruwa, tafkunan ruwa, da tafkunan) yana haifar da yaduwar ƙananan algae da ake kira phytoplankton Haɓaka samar da kwayoyin halitta saboda yawan girma na phytoplankton ana kiransa eutrophication Alamar gama gari ta eutrophication ita ce furen algae wanda zai iya samar da tarkace mara kyau, ya fitar da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fa'ida, samar da mahadi masu haifar da ɗanɗano da wari, da guba ruwa saboda gubar da algae ke samarwa. Wadannan gubar matsala ce ta gaske musamman a tsarin da ake amfani da su wajen shan ruwan sha domin wasu guba na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar dan Adam kuma cire gubar yana da wahala da tsada. Rushewar ƙwayoyin cuta na furen algal yana cinye narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, yana haifar da hypoxia tare da lahani ga kifaye da invertebrates na ruwa.
Nitrogen shi ne babban sinadari mai mahimmanci DA Ake amdani DA Shi a cikin takin mai magani, kuma gabaɗaya ya zama gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan gishiri ko tsarin estuarine brackish inda nitrogen ke iyakance abinci mai gina jiki. Hakazalika da phosphorus a cikin ruwa mai kyau, yawan adadin nitrogen da ake iya samu a cikin tsarin ruwa yana haifar da eutrophication da furen algae. Hypoxia wani sakamako ne na gama gari na eutrophication a cikin tsarin ruwa kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga manyan wuraren tudu, bays, da kusa da bakin tekun. Kowace lokacin rani, yanayi na hypoxic yana samuwa a cikin ruwa na ƙasa inda kogin Mississippi ya shiga Gulf of Mexico A lokacin bazara na baya-bayan nan, iyakar iska ta wannan "yankin da ya mutu" ya yi daidai da yankin New Jersey kuma yana da babban illa ga kamun kifi a yankin.
Nitrogen yawanci ana jigilar shi ta ruwa azaman nitrate (NO 3 Yawanci ana ƙara nitrogen zuwa magudanar ruwa a matsayin Organic-N ko ammonia (NH 3 don haka nitrogen ya kasance a haɗe zuwa ƙasa har sai oxidation ya canza shi zuwa nitrate. Tun da an riga an shigar da nitrate gabaɗaya a cikin ƙasa, ruwan da ke tafiya cikin ƙasa (watau magudanar ruwa da magudanar tile shi ne ya fi dacewa ya kwashe shi, maimakon zubar da ruwa a Ko Ina.
Gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba da sinadarai Abubuwan da suka haɗa da ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar, mercury, zinc, da cadmium, Organics kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), masu kashe wuta, da sauran abubuwa suna da juriya ga rushewa. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da najasar ruwan ɗan adam, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, hayakin motoci, konewar mai, zubar da ruwa a birane, ayyukan masana'antu da wuraren share fage. Sinadarai masu guba sun haɗa da mahadi masu guba da mahaɗan inorganic Waɗannan mahadi sun haɗa da wasu magungunan kashe qwari kamar DDT, acids, da salts waɗanda ke da tasiri mai tsanani ga yanayin muhalli da jikin ruwa. Wadannan mahadi na iya yin barazana ga lafiyar mutane da nau'in ruwa yayin da suke jure wa rugujewar muhalli, don haka ba su damar dagewa a cikin muhalli. Waɗannan sinadarai masu guba za su iya fitowa daga filayen noma, gandun daji, gonakin gonaki, wuraren gini, lambuna, lawns da wuraren share ƙasa. Acids da gishiri galibi sune gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta daga filayen ban ruwa, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, zubar da ruwa a birane, wuraren masana'antu da wuraren share ƙasa.
Cutar cututtuka Kwayoyin cuta su ne kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake iya samu a cikin ruwa kuma suna haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane. Yawanci, ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da cuta lokacin da suke cikin kayan ruwan sha na jama'a. Kwayoyin cututtuka da aka samu a cikin gurɓataccen ruwa na iya haɗawa da Kamar haka:
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella
Norovirus da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta
Kwayoyin tsutsotsi na parasitic (helminths).
Hakanan za'a iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta na Coliform da ƙwayoyin najasa a cikin ruwa. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da aka saba amfani da su na gurɓacewar ruwa, amma ba ainihin musabbabin cututtuka ba. Kwayoyin cuta na iya gurɓata kwararar ruwa saboda rashin bin gudanar da ayyukan dabbobi, gurɓataccen tsarin najasa, rashin kulawa da sharar gida mara kyau, wuce gona da iri na najasar ɗan adam, gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa, da magudanar tsafta Babban tushen (don gurbataccen ruwa)
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari Yankunan birni da na bayan gari sune manyan tushen gurɓatar ƙasa saboda yawan zubar da ruwa da ake samu saboda yawan shimfidar shimfidar wuri. Filayen da aka shimfida, kamar kwalta da siminti ba sa iya shiga cikin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan saman zai gudana kuma yanayin da ke kewaye ya mamaye shi. Waɗannan filaye suna sauƙaƙa wa ruwan guguwa don ɗaukar ƙazanta zuwa cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye. Wuraren gine-gine sun kasance suna da ƙasƙan da ke cike da damuwa wanda ke saurin lalacewa ta hanyar hazo kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, da ƙanƙara Bugu da ƙari, tarkacen da aka jefar a wurin za a iya kwashe su ta hanyar ruwa mai gudu kuma su shiga cikin yanayin ruwa. gurɓataccen ruwan guguwa da aka wanke a wuraren ajiye motoci, tituna da wasu manyan gurare, da lawn (yawanci suna ɗauke da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari ana kiransa ruwan gudu na birni Ana yawan rarraba wannan zubar da jini a matsayin nau'in gurɓatawar NPS. Wasu mutane kuma na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushe domin sau da yawa ana ratsa shi cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni kuma ana fitar da shi ta bututu zuwa ruwan saman da ke kusa. Duk da haka, ba duk kwararar ruwa na birane ke gudana ta hanyar magudanar ruwa kafin shiga cikin ruwa ba. Wasu na iya kwarara kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwa, musamman a yankunan masu tasowa da na bayan gari. Har ila yau, ba kamar sauran nau'o'in tushe ba, kamar fitar da masana'antu, masana'antun sarrafa najasa da sauran ayyuka, gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane ba za a iya danganta shi da aiki ɗaya ko ma rukuni na ayyuka ba. Saboda haka, saboda ba a iya ganowa da tsari cikin sauƙi ba, ana ɗaukar maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birni a matsayin tushen gaskiya na gaskiya yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke aiki don rage su Kawai.
Yawanci, a yankunan karkara, ana amfani da sinadarai don kula da lawn. Wadannan sinadarai na iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwa kuma su shiga cikin kewaye ta hanyar magudanar ruwa a cikin birni. Tun da ba a kula da ruwan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa kafin ya shiga cikin ruwa da ke kewaye, sinadarai suna shiga cikin ruwan kai tsaye.
Sauran mahimman hanyoyin zubar da ruwa sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren wurin zama da silviculture gandun daji).
Ayyukan noma Abubuwan gina jiki nitrogen da phosphorus yawanci ana amfani da su zuwa gonaki DA Ake amfani DA su azaman taki na kasuwanci, takin dabbobi, ko fesa ruwan sharar gari ko masana'antu (dabo) ko sludge. Hakazalika abubuwan gina jiki na iya shiga kwararowar ruwa daga ragowar amfanin gona, ruwan ban ruwa, namun daji, da kuma yanayin yanayi Labe (sako da ƙasa da aka wanke daga filayen wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen aikin gona gonakin da ke da manyan ayyukan kiwo da kiwon kaji, kamar gonakin masana'anta, galibi masu fitar da tushe ne. Ana kiran waɗannan wuraren "ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi" ko "masu ciyar da abinci" a cikin Amurka kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin gwamnati. Ayyukan noma suna da kaso mai yawa na duk gurɓacewar tushen tushe a Amurka. Lokacin da ake noma manyan gonaki don shuka amfanin gona, yakan fallasa kuma ya sassauta ƙasa da aka binne. Wannan yana sa ƙasan da aka fallasa ta zama mafi haɗari ga zaizayar ƙasa yayin damina Hakanan yana iya ƙara yawan taki da magungunan kashe qwari da ake ɗauka a cikin ruwa na kusa.
Abubuwan shigar da yanayi Tushen yanayin shine tushen abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba saboda ana jigilar su daga tushen gurɓataccen iska zuwa masu karɓa a ƙasa. Yawanci, wuraren masana'antu, kamar masana'antu, suna fitar da gurɓataccen iska ta wurin hayaƙi Ko da yake wannan mahimmin tushe ne, saboda yanayin rarraba, sufuri mai nisa, da maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na gurɓataccen abu, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen da ba shi da ma'ana a yankin da aka ajiye. Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi waɗanda ke shafar ingancin kwararar ruwa na iya zuwa daga bushewa a bushewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke faruwa na guguwa da jika a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa. Tasirin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan jika da busassun ajiyewa da ke faruwa a kan ko kusa da manyan tituna, titin titi, da wuraren ajiye motoci na haifar da rashin tabbas a girman ma'aunin yanayi daban-daban a cikin ruwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwar da suka wanzu waɗanda ke amfani da ƙa'idodi da suka isa don ƙididdige waɗannan ƙididdiga da lodi ba sa auna yawancin abubuwan abubuwan ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ba su da wasu yawa don samar da ƙididdiga masu kyau a ma'aunin gida
Ruwan titin babbar hanya Rushewar babbar hanya yana da ɗan ƙaramin kaso amma yaɗuwar duk gurɓatar tushen da ba ta da tushe. Harned a shekarata (1988) ya kiyasta cewa nauyin da ke gudu ya ƙunshi faɗuwar yanayi (9%), ajiyar abin hawa (25%) da kayan gyaran manyan hanyoyi (67%) ya kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari na waɗannan lodin an sake horar da su a cikin yanayi.
Ayyukan gandun daji da ma'adinai Ayyukan gandun daji da hakar ma'adinai na iya samun mahimman bayanai ga gurɓacewar tushen tushe.
Gandun daji Ayyukan gandun daji suna rage adadin bishiyoyi a wani yanki, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a yankin. Wannan aikin, haɗe tare da injuna masu nauyi (masu girbi, da sauransu) mirgina ƙasa yana ƙara haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa Ma'adinai Ana ɗaukar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu aiki tuƙuru DA jajircewa, duk da haka zubar da ruwa daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar tushen tushe. A cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ana cire saman dutsen don fallasa ma'adinan da ake so. Idan ba a kwato wannan yanki da kyau da zarar an gama hakar ma'adinan, zaizayar ƙasa na iya faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun halayen sinadarai tare da iska da sabon dutsen da aka fallasa don haifar da zubar da ruwa mai acidic. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga ma'adinan ƙasa da aka watsar na iya zama mai yawan acidic. Wannan zai iya shiga cikin jikin ruwa mafi kusa kuma ya canza pH a cikin yanayin ruwa.
Marinas da ayyukan jirgin ruwa Sinadaran da ake amfani da su don kula da kwale-kwale, kamar fenti, kaushi, da mai suna samun hanyar shiga ruwa ta cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, zubar da mai ko ɗibar mai kai tsaye a cikin ruwa daga kwale-kwale yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe. Matakan sinadirai da ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙaruwa ta wurin wuraren sharar da ba a kula da su ba a kan jirgin ruwa da tashoshin fitar da famfo.
Sarrafa (don gurbataccen ruwa)
Yankunan birni da na bayan gari Don shawo kan gurɓacewar tushen tushe, ana iya aiwatar da wasu hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin birane da na kewayen birni. Gilashin buffer yana ba da shingen ciyawa tsakanin kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar wuraren ajiye motoci da tituna, da kuma mafi kusa da ruwa. Wannan yana bawa ƙasa damar ɗaukar duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kafin ta shiga cikin tsarin ruwa na gida. Ana iya gina tafkuna masu riƙewa a wuraren magudanar ruwa don ƙirƙirar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tsakanin gurɓataccen ruwa da yanayin ruwa. Guduwar ruwa da guguwar ruwa suna magudawa a cikin tafkin da ake ajiyewa da ke ba da damar gurɓatattun abubuwa su daidaita su zama tarko a cikin tafki. Yin amfani da lafazin lafazin yana ba da damar ruwan sama da ruwan guguwa su zube cikin ƙasan daf ɗin, wanda hakan zai rage yawan kwararar da ke kwarara cikin ruwa kai tsaye. Hakanan ana amfani da hanyoyin maidowa kamar gina wuraren dausayi don rage gudu da kuma shawo kan gurɓata ruwa.
Wuraren gine-gine na aiwatar da matakai masu sauƙi don rage ƙazanta da zubar da ruwa. Da fari dai, ana kafa shingen shinge ko shinge a kusa da wuraren gine-gine don rage yawan laka da manyan kayan da ke zubewa cikin ruwa da ke kusa. Na biyu, shimfida ciyawa ko bambaro a kan iyakar wuraren gine-ginen kuma yana aiki don rage gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe Ko inganci. A cikin yankunan da tsarin septic na gida ɗaya ke aiki, ƙa'idodin ƙananan hukumomi na iya tilasta kiyaye tsarin septic don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ingancin ruwa. A Washington (jihar), an ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "gundumar kariyar kifi" lokacin da aka rage girman gadon kifin kifi na kasuwanci ko na nishaɗi saboda ci gaba da gurɓacewar tushen tushe. Gundumar kariyar shellfish yanki ne na yanki da gundumar ta keɓance don kare ingancin ruwa da albarkatun ruwa, kuma yana ba da hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen gida don sabis na ingancin ruwa don sarrafa tushen gurɓataccen ruwa. Aƙalla gundumomi biyu na kariyar kifi a kudancin Puget Sound sun ƙaddamar da tsarin aiki da buƙatun kulawa tare da kuɗin shirin da ke daure kai tsaye da harajin kadarorin.
Ayyukan noma Don sarrafa laka wato ƙasa da kwararar ruwa, manoma za su iya amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa da riƙe ƙasa a filayensu. Dabarun gama gari sun haɗa da noman kwane-kwane, dasa shuki, jujjuyawar amfanin gona dasa amfanin gona na yau da kullun ko shigar da magudanan ruwa Yin noman kiyayewa ra'ayi ne da ake amfani da shi don rage kwararar ruwa yayin dasa sabon amfanin gona. Manomin ya bar wasu amfanin gona da aka shuka a baya a cikin ƙasa don hana kwararar ruwa yayin aikin shuka. Ana amfani da kayan abinci na gina jiki a gonaki a matsayin takin kasuwanci; taki na dabba; ko fesa ruwan sharar gari ko na masana'antu wato kamfani (ruwan taki) ko sludge. Hakazalika abubuwan gina jiki na iya shiga kwararowar ruwa daga ragowar amfanin gona, ruwan ban ruwa, namun daji, da kuma yanayin yanayi Manoma na iya haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren sarrafa kayan abinci don rage yawan amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. Don rage tasirin magungunan kashe qwari, manoma na iya amfani da dabarun Gudanar da Kwari (IPM) (wanda zai iya haɗawa da sarrafa kwari don kula da sarrafa kwari, rage dogaro da magungunan kashe qwari, da kare ingancin ruwa Ayyukan gandun daji Tare da kyakkyawan tsari na jeri na biyun hanyoyin shiga, wanda kuma ake kira hanyoyin skid, na iya rage adadin laka da aka samar. Ta hanyar tsara wurin hanyoyin da nisa daga ayyukan katako kamar yadda zai yiwu tare da daidaita hanyoyin tare da ƙasa, zai iya rage adadin sako-sako da ke cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar sake dasa bishiyoyi a ƙasa bayan an yi shuka Ko binne amfani, yana samar da tsari ga ƙasa don dawo da kwanciyar hankali tare da maye gurbin yanayin da aka bushe.
Marinas Shigar da bawuloli na kashe akan famfunan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa na iya taimakawa rage yawan zubewa cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, tashoshin fitar da famfo waɗanda ke da sauƙin isa ga masu jirgin ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya samar da wuri mai tsabta inda za a zubar da sharar tsafta ba tare da zubar da shi kai tsaye cikin ruwa ba. A ƙarshe, wani abu mai sauƙi kamar samun kwantena na shara a kusa da marina na iya hana manyan abubuwa shiga a cikin ruwa.
Misalai na ƙasa
Amurka Gurbatacciyar hanyar da ba ta da tushe ita ce kan gaba wajen haifar da gurɓacewar ruwa a ƙasar Amurka a yau, tare da gurɓataccen kwararar ruwa daga aikin noma da gyaran ruwa.
Doka na gurɓacewar Tushen Madogara a Amurka Ana yin ma'anar tushen da ba ta da ma'ana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka kamar yadda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta fassara. Doka ba ta tanadi tsarin dokokin tarayya kai tsaye na kafofin da ba su da tushe, amma jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi na iya yin hakan bisa ga dokokin jiha. Misali, jihohi da dama sun dauki matakin aiwatar da nasu shirye-shiryen gudanar da nasu wuraren kamar yankunan bakin tekun nasu, wadanda dukkansu sai sun samu amincewar hukumar kula da teku da iska da kuma EPA. Makasudin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da ma dai dai su ne ƙirƙirar ginshiƙai waɗanda ke ƙarfafa rage gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin jihar ta hanyar haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin da suka wanzu. Shirye-shirye a cikin waɗannan jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna duban mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa (BMPs) don cimma burinsu na nemo hanya mafi ƙarancin tsada don rage mafi girman ƙazanta. Ana iya aiwatar da BMPs don zubar da ruwa na noma da na birni, kuma yana iya zama ko dai na tsari ko hanyoyin da ba na tsari ba. Dan haka Hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da EPA da Sabis na Kare Albarkatun Ƙasa, sun yarda kuma sun ba da jerin BMPs da aka saba amfani da su don nau'o'i daban-daban na gurɓataccen tushen tushe.
tanadin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka ga jihohi Majalisa ta ba da izini ga shirin CWA sashi na 319 a cikin shekarata 1987. Ana ba da tallafi ga jihohi, yankuna, da kabilu don ƙarfafa aiwatarwa da ci gaba a cikin manufofin. Doka tana buƙatar duk jihohi suyi aiki da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na NPS. EPA na buƙatar sabunta shirye-shirye na yau da kullun don gudanar da yadda ya kamata a sarrafa yanayin ruwansu da ke canzawa koyaushe, da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da kudade da albarkatun tallafi na 319. Dokar sake ba da izini ga shiyar bakin teku (CZARA) na shekarar 1990 ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Yankunan Tekun da ke ba da umarnin haɓaka matakan sarrafa gurɓataccen tushen tushen tushen da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin jihohin da ke da ruwan teku. CZARA na buƙatar jihohin da ke da bakin teku su aiwatar da matakan gudanarwa don gyara gurɓataccen ruwa, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da samfuran waɗannan matakan sabanin karɓuwa.
Duba wasu abubuwan Rushewar abinci mai gina jiki na noma
stochastic empirical loading da dilution model
Fihirisar jihar Trophic (mai nuna ingancin ruwa)
Surface-water hydrology
ingancin ruwa
Samfuran ingancin ruwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta US EPA-Shirin Gudanar da Tushen Mahimmanci
Gona
Taki
Shuka
Ruwa
Shara
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Makain | John Makain | John Sidney McCain (29 ga Agusta, 1936 25 ga Agusta, 2018) ɗan siyasan Ba’amurke ne, ɗan ƙasa kuma hafsan sojan ruwa na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanatan Amurka na Arizona daga 1987 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2018. Ya yi aiki sau biyu a cikin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma ta kasance dan takarar Republican na shugaban Amurka a zaben 2008, wanda ya kayar da Barack Obama.
Karatu da Aiki
McCain ya kammala karatun sa ne daga Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a 1958 kuma ya sami kwamiti a Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. Ya zama matukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya tashi daga jirgin sama daga jiragen dako. A lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, McCain ya kusan mutuwa a cikin wutar 1967 USS Forrestal. Yayinda yake cikin aikin jefa bama-bamai a lokacin Operation Rolling Thunder akan Hanoi a watan Oktoba 1967, an harbe shi, an ji masa mummunan rauni, kuma Vietnam ta Arewa ta kama shi. McCain ya kasance fursunan yaƙi har zuwa 1973. Ya sha fama da azabtarwa kuma ya ƙi sakin cikin-tsari da wuri. A lokacin yakin, McCain ya ci gaba da raunuka wanda ya ba shi nakasa ta jiki tsawon rai. Ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a matsayin kaftin a 1981 ya koma Arizona, inda ya shiga siyasa A 1982, an zabi McCain a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, inda ya yi wa'adi biyu. An zabe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a 1986, wanda ya gaji dan asalin Arizona, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a shekarar 1964 Barry Goldwater a kan ritayar Goldwater, kuma McCain cikin sauki ya sake zaban sau biyar. Yayin da gaba ɗaya ke bin ƙa'idodi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, McCain shima ya yi suna a matsayin "maverick" saboda yarda ya keɓe daga jam'iyyarsa kan wasu batutuwa. Matsayinsa kan haƙƙin LGBT, ka'idojin bindiga, da garambawul kan kuɗaɗen yaƙi ya fi na tushen jam'iyyar sassauƙa. An binciki McCain kuma an cire shi gaba ɗaya a cikin abin kunya na tasirin siyasa na 1980s a matsayin ɗayan Keating Five; daga nan ya sanya tsara yadda za a kashe kudaden kamfen din siyasa daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya sanya hannu, wanda a karshe ya haifar da zartar da Dokar McCain Feingold a 2002. An kuma san shi da aikinsa a shekarun 1990 don dawo da huldar diflomasiyya da Vietnam. McCain ya shugabanci Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da 2003 zuwa 2005, inda ya yi adawa da kashe gangar naman alade da alamar kasuwa. Ya kasance daga kungiyar 'yan daba ta 14 wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage rikici a kan nade-naden alkalai. McCain ya shiga takarar neman Republican ta tsayar da shi takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2000 amma ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na gwamna ga George W. Bush na Texas. Ya sami nasarar tsayar da dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Republican a shekarar 2008 amma ya fadi a babban zaben ga Barack Obama. Daga baya McCain ya fara daukar tsauraran ra'ayi da halaye masu ra'ayin gargajiya da kuma adawa da ayyukan gwamnatin Obama, musamman ma game da al'amuran siyasar kasashen waje. A 2015, ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar Dattawa. Ya ki goyon bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a lokacin Donald Trump a 2016; McCain [1] ya sake cin zabe zuwa karo na shida kuma na karshe a waccan shekarar. McCain ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Trump. Duk da yake McCain ya yi tsayayya da Dokar Kulawa Mai arha, sai ya jefa kuri'a a kan ACA da ta soke Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka ta 2017. Bayan an same shi da cutar sankarar kwakwalwa (Glioblastoma) a shekarar 2017, sai ya rage matsayinsa a Majalisar Dattawa domin mayar da hankali kan jiyya, sannan ya goyi bayan zartar da Dokar Yanke Haraji da Aiki na shekarar 2017. Ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 yana da shekara 81. Bayan mutuwarsa, McCain ya kasance a cikin jihar Arizona State Capitol rotunda sannan kuma a Amurka Capitol rotunda. An nuna jana'izar sa daga Washington National Cathedral, tare da tsoffin shugabannin George W. Bush da Barack Obama suna yin yabo.
Farkon rayuwa da Aikin soja
John Sidney McCain III an haife shi ne a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1936, a Coco Solo Naval Air Station a cikin yankin Canal Canal, ga jami’in sojan ruwa John S. McCain Jr da kuma Roberta (Wright) McCain. Yana da kanwa Sandy da wani kane Joe.A wancan lokacin, Hanyar Panama tana karkashin ikon Amurka. Itacen dangin McCain ya haɗa da kakannin Scots-Irish da Ingilishi.Kakannin sa-da-kakanni sun mallaki Babban Rock Farm, gonaki a Rockingham County, North Carolina. Mahaifinsa da kakan mahaifinsa, John S. McCain Sr., su ma sun kammala karatun Naval Academy kuma dukansu sun zama masu sha'awar tauraro hudu a Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka.Iyalan McCain sun koma tare da mahaifinsu yayin da yake daukar sakonnin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a Amurka da Pacific. Sakamakon haka, ya halarci duka makarantu kusan 20. A 1951, dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Virginia, kuma McCain ya halarci makarantar Episcopal High School, makarantar share fage mai zaman kanta a Alexandria. Ya yi fice a gwagwarmaya kuma ya kammala a 1954. Ya kira kansa a matsayin Episcopalian kwanan nan kamar yadda aka yi a watan Yunin 2007, bayan wannan kwanan wata sai ya ce ya zo ne don ya bayyana a matsayin Baptist. A bin tafarkin mahaifinsa da kakansa, McCain ya shiga Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, inda ya kasance aboki kuma jagora mara tsari ga yawancin abokan karatunsa kuma wani lokacin yakan tashi tsaye don tursasawa. Ya kuma yi yaƙi a matsayin ɗan dambe mai nauyin nauyi. McCain ya yi kwazo a fannonin ilimi wadanda suka ba shi sha’awa, kamar adabi da tarihi, amma ya yi karatun ne kawai don ya samu damar cinye darussan da ke ba shi wahala, kamar lissafi. Ya shiga cikin rikici tare da manyan ma'aikata kuma baya biyayya ga dokoki, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaramin matsayi (894 na 899), duk da Babban IQ.] McCain ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1958.
Aikin soja na farko
McCain ya fara aikin soja na farko lokacin da aka ba shi izini a matsayin dan kasuwa, kuma ya fara horo na shekaru biyu da rabi a Pensacola don zama matukin jirgin ruwan ruwa. Yayin da yake can, ya sami suna a matsayin mutumin da yake ba da fatawa. Ya kammala makarantar tukin jirgi a cikin 1960, kuma ya zama matukin jirgin ruwa na jirgin sama mai kai hari ta kasa; an sanya shi ne zuwa ga A-1 Skyraider squadrons a cikin masu jigilar jiragen sama USS Intrepid da USS Enterprise a cikin Tekun Caribbean da Bahar Rum. McCain ya fara ne a matsayin karamin mai fada a ji wanda a wasu lokuta ba a kula da shi; manyan raunuka. Kwarewar jirginsa ya inganta a tsawon lokaci, kuma an gan shi a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai kyau, duk da cewa wanda ya “ture ambulan” a cikin tashi. Matukan jirgin soja huɗu sun nuna, a, ko a gaban, jirgin azurfa tare da alamun Amurka
Lieutenant McCain (a dama daga dama) tare da tawagarsa da mai koyar da T-2 Buckeye, 1965
Ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 1965, McCain yana da shekaru 28 lokacin da ya auri Carol Shepp, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matattarar titin jirgin ruwa da sakatariya. McCain ta dauki yaranta biyu, Douglas da Andrew. Shi da Carol sannan suna da 'ya mace wacce suka sanya mata suna Sidney. McCain ya nemi a ba shi aikin fada, kuma aka sanya shi ga jirgin dakon mai USS Forrestal mai tashi A 4 Skyhawks. Aikinsa na fada ya fara ne tun yana dan shekara 30 a tsakiyar 1967, lokacin da aka sanya Forrestal zuwa yakin bama-bamai, Operation Rolling Thunder, a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam. An tsayar da shi a cikin Tekun Tonkin, McCain da sauran abokan aikin sa matukan jirgin sun fusata da micromanagement daga Washington, kuma daga baya ya rubuta, "A cikin dukkanin maganganun gaskiya, mun yi zaton kwamandojin mu na farar hula cikakkun wawaye ne wadanda ba su da ra'ayin abin da ya kai su ci yaki A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1967, McCain ya kasance kwamandan laftana lokacin da yake kusa da tsakiyar wutar USS Forrestal. Ya tsere daga jirgin da yake konewa kuma yana kokarin taimakawa wani matukin jirgin ya tsere a lokacin da wani bam ya fashe; McCain ya buge shi a ƙafafu da kirji da gutsure-gutsure. [35] Wutar da ta biyo baya ta kashe matuƙan jirgin ruwa 134 kuma ta ɗauki awanni 24 tana sarrafawa. Tare da Forrestal daga kwamiti, McCain ya ba da kansa don yin aiki tare da USS Oriskany, wani jirgin jigilar sama da ke aiki a Operation Rolling Thunder. A can, aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Navy da Bronze Star Medal don ayyukan da aka yi a arewacin Vietnam.
Fursunan yaƙi
An kama McCain a matsayin fursunan yaki ne a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1967. Yana tuka jirgi ne karo na 23 da ke ruwan bama-bamai a kan Arewacin Vietnam lokacin da makami mai linzami ya harbo jirgin nasa mai lamba A 4E Skyhawk a kan Hanoi. McCain ya karye hannu biyu da kafa a lokacin da yake fitarwa daga jirgin, kuma ya kusan nutsar da shi bayan ya yi wa parachshe a cikin Tekun Trúc Bạch. Wasu 'yan Vietnam ta Arewa sun ja shi zuwa gaɓar teku, sa'annan wasu sun murƙushe kafadarsa da bindiga da bayonet shi. Daga nan aka kwashe McCain zuwa babban gidan yarin Hanoi na Hỏa Lò, wanda ake wa lakabi da "Hanoi Hilton Kodayake McCain ya ji rauni mai tsanani kuma ya ji rauni, waɗanda suka kame shi sun ƙi kula da shi. Sun buge shi kuma sun yi masa tambayoyi don su sami bayanai, kuma an ba shi kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da Vietnam ta Arewa ta gano cewa mahaifinsa babban jami’i ne. Matsayinsa na fursunan yaƙi (POW) ya sanya a gaban manyan jaridun Amurka. McCain ya shafe makonni shida a asibiti, inda ya samu kulawar kaɗan. Ya bata fam 50 (kilogiram 23), yana cikin kirjin kirji, kuma furfurarsa ta zama fari. An aika McCain zuwa wani sansani daban a wajen garin Hanoi.A cikin Disamba 1967, an saka McCain a cikin ɗaki tare da wasu Amurkawa biyu, waɗanda ba su yi tsammanin zai rayu fiye da mako ba.A watan Maris 1968, an sanya McCain a cikin kurkuku, inda ya kasance na shekaru biyu A tsakiyar 1968, an nada mahaifinsa John S. McCain Jr. kwamandan dukkan sojojin Amurka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vietnam, kuma Vietnam ta Arewa ta ba da McCain da wuri saboda suna so su bayyana jinkai don manufar farfaganda, da Har ila yau don nuna wa wasu POWs cewa fitattun fursunoni sun yarda a bi da su fifiko. McCain ya ki mayar da shi sai dai idan duk mutumin da aka dauka a gabansa shi ma aka sake shi. An dakatar da irin wannan sakin da wuri ta hanyar fassarar POWs game da Dokar ofa’a ta soja, wanda ya ce a cikin Mataki na III: “Ba zan karɓi sharaɗi ko fifiko na musamman daga abokan gaba ba. Don hana maƙiyi amfani da fursunoni don farfaganda, jami'ai su yarda su sake su bisa tsarin da aka kama su. Farawa daga watan Agusta 1968, McCain ya kasance cikin shirin azabtarwa mai tsanani. An daure shi kuma an doke shi duk bayan awa biyu; wannan ukubar ta faru ne a daidai lokacin da yake fama da zafin zafin jiki da zazzabi. Arin raunin da ya samu ya kawo McCain “batun kashe kansa,” amma masu tsaro sun katse shirye-shiryensa. A ƙarshe, McCain ya yi adawa da Amurka. furofaganda "ikirari Ya kasance yana jin cewa furucin nasa ba shi da daraja, amma kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya, "Na koyi abin da duk muka koya a can: kowane mutum yana da bakin maganarsa. Na kai ga nawa Sojojin Amurka da yawa sun gallaza musu kuma an wulakanta su domin cire “furci” da maganganun farfaganda;kusan dukkansu daga baya sun ba da wani abu ga wadanda suka kama su.McCain ya sha duka sau biyu zuwa uku duk mako saboda ci gaba da kin sanya hannu da ya yi karin bayani.
McCain ya ki haduwa da kungiyoyin yaki da yaki daban-daban da ke neman zaman lafiya a Hanoi, yana son ba su ko Arewacin Vietnam nasarar farfaganda. Daga ƙarshen 1969, maganin McCain da sauran sauran POWs sun zama masu haƙuri,yayin da McCain ya ci gaba da adawa da hukumomin sansanin.McCain da sauran fursunoni sun yi farin ciki da yakin Amurka "Bombom na Kirsimeti" na Amurka na Disamba 1972, suna kallon ta a matsayin wani karfi mai karfi don ingiza Arewacin Vietnam zuwa yarjejeniyar
Farawa daga watan Agusta
1968, McCain ya kasance cikin shirin azabtarwa mai tsanani. An daure shi kuma an doke shi duk bayan awa biyu; wannan ukubar ta faru ne a daidai lokacin da yake fama da zafin zafin jiki da zazzabi. Arin raunin da ya samu ya kawo McCain “batun kashe kansa,” amma masu tsaro sun katse shirye-shiryensa. A ƙarshe, McCain ya yi adawa da Amurka. furofaganda "ikirari. Ya kasance yana jin cewa furucin nasa ba shi da daraja, amma kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya, "Na koyi abin da duk muka koya a can: kowane mutum yana da bakin maganarsa. Na kai ga nawa." Sojojin Amurka da yawa sun gallaza musu kuma an wulakanta su domin cire “furci” da maganganun farfaganda; kusan dukkansu daga baya sun ba da wani abu ga wadanda suka kama su. McCain ya sha duka sau biyu zuwa uku duk mako saboda ci gaba da kin sanya hannu da ya yi karin bayani.McCain ya ki haduwa da kungiyoyin yaki da yaki daban-daban da ke neman zaman lafiya a Hanoi, yana son ba su ko Arewacin Vietnam nasarar farfaganda. Daga ƙarshen 1969, maganin McCain da sauran sauran POWs sun zama masu haƙuri, yayin da McCain ya ci gaba da adawa da hukumomin sansanin. McCain da sauran fursunoni sun yi farin ciki da yakin Amurka "Bombom na Kirsimeti" na Amurka na Disamba 1972, suna kallon ta a matsayin wani karfi mai karfi don ingiza Arewacin Vietnam zuwa yarjejeniyar McCain ya kasance fursunan yaki ne a Arewacin Vietnam tsawon shekaru biyar da rabi, har sai da aka sake shi a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1973, tare da wasu fursunonin yakin 108.Raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙi ya sa ba zai iya ɗaga hannuwansa sama da kansa ba har abada. Bayan yakin, McCain, tare da danginsa da matar sa ta biyu Cindy, sun sake komawa shafin a wasu lokuta a kokarin kokarin fahimtar abin da ya faru da shi a wurin yayin kama shi. McCain ya kasance fursunan yaki ne a Arewacin Vietnam tsawon shekaru biyar da rabi, har sai da aka sake shi a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1973, tare da wasu fursunonin yakin 108. Raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙi ya sa ba zai iya ɗaga hannuwansa sama da kansa ba har abada. Bayan yakin, McCain, tare da danginsa da matar sa ta biyu Cindy, sun sake komawa shafin a wasu lokuta a kokarin kokarin fahimtar abin da ya faru da shi a wurin yayin kama shi.
Kwamandan kwamanda, mai hulda da majalisar dattijai, da kuma aure na biyu
McCain ya sake saduwa da danginsa lokacin da ya koma Amurka. Matarsa Carol ta yi mummunan rauni sakamakon hatsarin mota a cikin Disamba 1969. Daga nan ta fi inci huɗu gajarta, a cikin keken guragu ko kuma a kan sanduna, kuma tana da nauyi sosai fiye da lokacin da ya gan ta na ƙarshe. Kamar yadda POW ya dawo, ya zama shahararre iri-iri. Farin gashi mai shekaru talatin yana zaune kan kujera, akwai sigarin sigari a sauƙaƙe An yi hira da Laftanar Kwamanda McCain bayan dawowarsa daga Vietnam, Afrilu 1973 Laftanar Kwamanda McCain yana gaishe Shugaba Nixon, Mayu 1973 McCain ya sami jinya saboda raunin da ya samu wanda ya hada da watanni na gyaran jiki. Ya halarci Kwalejin Yaƙin Kasa a Fort McNair a Washington, D.C. a lokacin 1973 1974. An sake gyara shi a ƙarshen 1974, kuma an dawo da matsayin jirgin sa. A shekarar 1976, ya zama kwamandan kwamandan rundunar horarwa wacce aka kafa a Florida. Ya inganta shirye shiryen jirgin da kuma bayanan kariya, kuma ya sami nasarar sashin karrama karramawar ta farko-farko. A wannan lokacin a cikin Florida, yana da lamuran karin aure, kuma auren nasa ya fara tabarbarewa, game da abin da daga baya ya ce: "Laifin gabadayan nawa ne" McCain ya kasance mai magana da yawun rundunar sojan ruwa zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka wanda ya fara a shekarar 1977. Idan aka waiwaya baya, ya ce wannan yana wakiltar "ainihin shigowarsa duniyar siyasa, da kuma fara aiki na na biyu a matsayin mai yi wa jama'a hidima." fatawar gwamnatin Carter. A watan Afrilu 1979, McCain ya sadu da Cindy Lou Hensley, malami daga Phoenix, Arizona, wanda mahaifinsa ya kafa babban kamfanin sayar da giya. Sun fara soyayya, kuma ya bukaci matarsa, Carol, da ta ba shi saki, wanda ta yi a watan Fabrairun 1980; sakin da ba a fafata ba ya fara aiki a watan Afrilun 1980. Yarjejeniyar ta hada da gidaje biyu, da kuma tallafin kudi don ci gaba da jinyar ta saboda hatsarin motar ta na 1969; sun kasance a bisa kyakkyawan yanayi. McCain da Hensley sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1980, tare da Sanata William Cohen da Gary Hart da suka halarci a matsayin ango. Ya’yan McCain ba su halarci ba, kuma shekaru da yawa sun shude kafin su sasanta. John da Cindy McCain sun kulla wata yarjejeniya mai rikon sakainar kashi wacce ta rike mafi yawan dukiyar iyalinta da sunanta; sun kiyaye kudadensu daban, kuma sun gabatar da takardun haraji na kudaden shiga daban.
Bayan fage Gidan John da Cindy McCain a Phoenix, Arizona. McCain ya yanke shawarar barin Sojojin Ruwa. Yana da shakkar ko za a taɓa ɗaga shi zuwa cikakken babban mukaddashin sarki, tunda yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi na shekara-shekara kuma ba a ba shi babban umarnin jirgin ruwa ba.Damar da yake da ita ta ciyar da shi zuwa mukamin mashawarci ya fi kyau, amma ya ki yarda da wannan fatawar, tunda ya riga ya yi shirin yin takarar dan majalisar kuma ya ce zai iya "kyautatawa a can. McCain ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a matsayin kaftin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1981. An sanya shi a matsayin nakasasshe kuma an ba shi fansho na nakasa. Bayan ya bar soja, ya koma Arizona. Kyaututtukansa na soja da kyaututtukansa sun haɗa da: Star Star, Legion of Merits, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medals guda biyu, Zukatan Zukata biyu, Lambobin yabo biyu na Ruwa da na ruwa da na Jirgin Ruwa.
Wakilin Amurka
McCain ya sanya niyyarsa ta zama wakili saboda yana da sha'awar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, ya kasance a shirye don sabon kalubale, kuma ya ci gaba da burin siyasa a lokacin da yake mai cudanya da Majalisar Dattawa. Da yake zaune a Phoenix, ya tafi aiki ga Hensley Co., sabon surukarsa Jim Hensley na babbar mai rarraba giyar Anheuser-Busch. A matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban hulda da jama'a a wurin rabon kayayyakin, ya sami goyon bayan siyasa a tsakanin kungiyoyin kasuwancin yankin, yana ganawa da manyan mutane kamar banki Charles Keating Jr., mai kirkirar gidaje Fife Symington III (daga baya Gwamnan Arizona) da kuma mawallafin jaridar Darrow "Duke" Tully. A shekarar 1982, McCain ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam’iyyar Republican don neman kujerar zama a gundumar majalisa ta 1 a Arizona, wanda dan shekaru 30 mai ci John Jacob Rhodes ya bar shi. Wani sabon shiga ne ga jihar, aka tuhumi McCain da zargin kasancewa mai takalmin kafet. McCain ya ba da amsa ga mai jefa kuri'a da ke wannan tuhumar tare da abin da marubucin marubuta na Phoenix Gazette ya bayyana daga baya a matsayin "amsar da ta fi barna kan wata matsala ta siyasa da na taba ji Saurara, aboki. Na yi shekaru 22 a rundunar sojan ruwa. Mahaifina yana Sojan Ruwa. Kakana yana Sojan Ruwa. Mu a cikin aikin soja muna da motsi sosai. Dole ne mu zauna a duk sassan ƙasar, a duk sassan duniya. Ina fata da na sami wadata, kamar ku, na girma da rayuwa da kuma ciyar da rayuwata gaba ɗaya a wuri mai kyau kamar Gundumar Farko ta Arizona, amma ina yin wasu abubuwa. A zahirin gaskiya, idan nayi tunani a yanzu, wurin da na fi dadewa a rayuwata shine Hanoi. McCain ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko da aka yi ta fafatawa tare da taimakon goyon bayan siyasa na cikin gida, alakar sa ta Washington, da kuma kudin da matar sa ta ba shi yakin neman zabe. Sa'annan ya sami saukin lashe babban zaben a gundumar Republican mai yawan gaske. McCain a 1983, a lokacin wa’adin sa na farko a Majalisar Wakilai
A shekarar 1983, an zabi McCain don ya jagoranci kungiyar wakilan da ke shigowa na wakilan Republican,kuma aka sanya shi a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Cikin Gida. Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, ya yi adawa da ƙirƙirar ranar Martin Luther King Jr. Day na tarayya, amma ya yarda a cikin 2008: "Na yi kuskure kuma daga ƙarshe na fahimci cewa, a lokacin da za a ba da cikakken goyon baya [a cikin 1990] don hutun jihar a Arizona." 84 A wannan lokacin, siyasar McCain ta kasance daidai da ta Shugaba Ronald Reagan; wannan ya hada da tallafi ga Reaganomics, kuma ya kasance mai himma kan kudin da ya shafi lamuran Indiya.Ya goyi bayan yawancin bangarorin manufofin ƙasashen waje na gwamnatin Reagan, gami da tsattsauran ra'ayi game da Tarayyar Soviet da siyasa game da rikice-rikicen Amurka ta Tsakiya, kamar tallafawa Contras a Nicaragua.McCain ya nuna adawa da barin sojojin ruwan Amurka da aka tura a Lebanon, yana mai fadin manufofin da ba za a iya cimma su ba, kuma daga baya ya soki Shugaba Reagan saboda fitar sojojin da wuri. a cikin rikon kwarya, tashin bam din barikin barikin Beirut na 1983 ya kashe daruruwan mutane.McCain ya sake samun nasarar zama dan majalisar cikin sauki a shekarar 1984, kuma ya samu mukami a kwamitin kula da harkokin waje na majalisar.A shekara ta 1985, ya sake yin ziyarar dawowa ta farko zuwa Vietnam,sannan kuma ya tafi Chile inda ya gana da shugaban mulkin sojan ta, Janar Augusto Pinochet.
Iyali mai girma
A shekarar 1984, McCain da Cindy sun haifi da na fari, diya Meghan, bayan shekaru biyu daga dan su John IV da kuma a 1988 dan su James. A 1991, Cindy ta kawo yar da aka yi watsi da ita ‘yar wata uku da ke bukatar jinya zuwa Amurka daga gidan marayu na Bangladesh da Uwargida Teresa ke gudanarwa. McCains ya yanke shawarar ya karbe ta ne aka sa mata suna Bridget.
Ka'idodi biyu na farko a majalisar dattijan Amurka
Aikin majalisar dattijan McCain ya fara ne a watan Janairun 1987, bayan ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat, tsohon dan majalisar jihar Richard Kimball, da maki 20 a zaben 1986. McCain ya gaji dan asalin Arizona ne, mai ra'ayin rikon kwarya, kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Republican a shekarar 1964 Barry Goldwater kan ritayar Goldwater a matsayin dan majalisar dattijan Amurka daga Arizona na tsawon shekaru 30. A watan Janairun 1988, McCain ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1987, kuma ya jefa kuri'a don yin watsi da veto na Shugaba Reagan na waccan dokar a watan Maris mai zuwa
Sanata McCain ya zama memba na Kwamitin Ayyuka na Soja, wanda ya taɓa yin aikinsa na tuntuɓar sojojin ruwa; ya kuma shiga Kwamitin Kasuwanci da Kwamitin Harkokin Indiya.Ya ci gaba da tallafawa ajandar Asalin Amurkawa. A matsayina na farko dan majalisar sannan kuma dan majalisar dattijai-kuma a matsayin dan wasa na rayuwa mai kusanci da masana'antar caca [100] -MCCain na daya daga cikin manyan marubutan Dokar Dokokin Indiya ta 1988, wacce ta tsara dokoki game da masana'antun caca na Amurka. McCain ya kasance kuma babban mai goyon bayan dokar Gramm-Rudman wacce ta tilasta rage kashe kudade kai tsaye dangane da gibin kasafin kudi.
Ba da daɗewa ba McCain ya sami ikon gani na ƙasa. Ya gabatar da jawabin da ya samu karbuwa sosai a taron Jam’iyyar na Republican na 1988, ‘yan jaridu sun ambace shi a matsayin jerin sunayen mataimakan mataimakin shugaban kasa na takarar dan takarar Republican George H. W. Bush, kuma an nada shi shugaban Tsohon Sojoji na Bush.
Keating Five
McCain ya shiga cikin wani abin kunya yayin shekarun 1980, a matsayin daya daga cikin sanatocin Amurka biyar da suka hada da abin da ake kira Keating Five. sakanin 1982 da 1987, McCain ya karɓi 112,000 ta halal na siyasa daga Charles Keating Jr. da abokan aikinsa a Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, tare da tafiye-tafiye a jiragen Keating waɗanda McCain ya biya bashin jinkiri, a 1989. A shekarar 1987, McCain yana daya daga cikin sanatoci biyar da Keating ya tuntuba domin hana gwamnati kame Lincoln, kuma McCain ya hadu sau biyu tare da masu kula da gwamnatin tarayya don tattaunawa kan binciken da gwamnati ta yi wa Lincoln. A cikin 1999, McCain ya ce: "Bayyanar shi ba daidai ba ne. Ba daidai ba ne lokacin da rukunin sanatoci suka bayyana a cikin taro tare da rukuni na masu kula, saboda yana ba da ra'ayi na tasirin da bai dace ba da rashin dacewa. Kuma ba daidai ba ne ya yi. A karshe, Kwamitin Da'a na Majalisar Dattawa ya wanke McCain daga aikata ba daidai ba ko kuma keta wata doka ko dokar majalisar dattijai, amma an tsawata masa a hankali saboda nuna" rashin adalci na hukunci A cikin sake neman zabensa a 1992, batun Keating Five bai kasance wani babban batun ba, kuma ya ci nasara cikin hanzari, ya sami kashi 56 cikin 100 na kuri’un da ya kayar da al’ummar Demokaradiyya da mai rajin kare hakkin jama’a, Claire Sargent da tsohon gwamna mai zaman kansa, Evan Mecham.
Fagen Siyasa
McCain ya shahara da samun ‘yanci a lokacin shekarun 1990.Ya yi alfahari da kalubalantar shugabancin jam’iyya da karfin kafawa, yana mai wahala a kasa siyasa. Mutum mai fararen fata, tsohuwa mai gashi fari, saurayi, yarinya, ƙaramar mace mai riƙe da wardi, duk a gaban alamar da ke nuna sillar jirgin Kirkirar USS John S. McCain a 1992 a Bath Iron Works, tare da mahaifiyarsa Roberta, dan Jack, 'yar Meghan, da matar Cindy A matsayina na memba na kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na 1991-19993 kan POW/MIA Affairs, karkashin jagorancin takwaransa na Vietnam War kuma dan Democrat, John Kerry, McCain ya binciki batun Yakin Vietnam POW/MIA, don sanin makomar ma'aikatan bautar Amurka da aka lissafa a matsayin wadanda suka bata a aikace yayin Yaƙin Vietnam. Rahoton kwamitin baki daya ya bayyana cewa "babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa duk wani Ba'amurke yana raye a tsare a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Taimakon McCain ya taimaka, a cikin 1995 Amurka ta kulla huldar jakadanci da Vietnam. Wasu masu fafutuka na POW/MIA sun caccaki McCain wanda duk da rahoton daya gabatar na kwamitin, ya yi amannar cewa akwai Amurkawa da dama da suke tsare da su ba da son ransu ba a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Daga watan Janairun 1993 har zuwa rasuwarsa, McCain shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar International Republican Institute, kungiyar da gwamnatin Amurka ke daukar nauyinta da ke tallafawa fitowar demokradiyyar siyasa a duniya. Acikin 1993 da 1994, McCain ya kada kuri’ar tabbatar da wadanda Shugaba Clinton ya zaba Stephen Breyer da Ruth Bader Ginsburg wadanda yake ganin sun cancanci zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa "a karkashin Tsarin Mulkinmu, kiran shugaban kasa ne ya yi. McCain ya kuma kada kuri'ar tabbatar da wadanda aka zaba na Shugabannin Ronald Reagan da George H.W. Bush, ciki har da Robert Bork da Clarence Thomas
Gyara Kudin Kamfen
McCain ya auka wa abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar tasirin babbar gudummawar siyasa daga hukumomi, kungiyoyin kwadago, sauran kungiyoyi, da attajira kuma ya sanya wannan batun sa hanun sa. Farawa a cikin 1994, ya yi aiki tare da Sanata Wisconsin na Democratic Russ Feingold kan sake fasalin kuɗin kamfen; kudirinsu na McCain Feingold ya yi kokarin sanya iyaka kan "kudi mai sauki. Effortsoƙarin McCain da Feingold sun yi adawa da wasu daga cikin sha'awar da aka sa niyya, ta hanyar masu rike da madafun iko a ɓangarorin biyu, da waɗanda ke jin ƙuntata kashe kuɗi ya faɗi game da faɗan siyasa na 'yanci kuma mai yiwuwa ya saba wa tsarin mulki, da kuma waɗanda suke so su daidaita ikon abin da suka gani a matsayin son zuciya ta kafofin watsa labarai. Duk da nuna jin dadi a kafofin watsa labarai, an sake jujjuya sigar farko ta Dokar McCain-Feingold kuma ba su zo jefa kuri'a ba. Kalmar "maverick Republican" ta zama lakabi da ake yawan amfani da shi ga McCain, shi ma ya yi amfani da shi da kansa. A shekarar 1993, McCain ya yi adawa da ayyukan soja a Somalia. Wani abin da aka sa a gaba shi ne kashe ganyen alade da Majalisa ta yi, kuma ya goyi bayan Dokar Line Item Veto ta 1996, wacce ta ba shugaban kasa ikon hana duk wani abu da ake kashewa amma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin ya saba wa tsarin mulki a 1998. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1996, McCain ya sake kasancewa a cikin jerin wadanda za a iya zaba a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, a wannan karon ga dan takarar Republican Bob Dole. A shekara mai zuwa, mujallar Time ta ambaci McCain a matsayin ɗayan "Mutum 25 Mafi Tasiri a Amurka"A cikin 1997, McCain ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa mai karfi; an soki shi da karbar kudade daga hukumomi da 'yan kasuwa a karkashin kwamitin, amma a martanin da ya bayar ya ce karamin gudummawar da ya samu ba ya daga cikin irin makudan kudaden da ke fama da matsalar yakin neman zabe. McCain ya hau kan masana'antar taba sigari a 1998, yana ba da doka da za ta kara harajin sigari domin daukar nauyin yakin da ake yi na yaki da shan sigari, hana matasa masu shan sigari, kara kudi don binciken binciken lafiya, da kuma taimakawa jihohi su biya kudin kiwon lafiya masu nasaba da shan sigari. Gwamnatin Clinton ta goyi bayansa amma masana'antun da mafi yawan 'yan Republican ke adawa da ita, kudirin ya gaza samun tabin jini.
Fara wa'adi na uku a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka
A watan Nuwamba 1998, McCain ya sake cin zabe a karo na uku na Majalisar Dattawa; ya yi nasara a gagarumin gagarumin rinjaye akan abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat, lauyan kare muhalli Ed Ranger. A shari’ar da Majalisar Dattawa ta yi a watan Fabrairun 1999 bayan tsige Bill Clinton, McCain ya kada kuri’ar yanke wa shugaban hukunci ne a kan karya da kuma toshe hanyoyin shari’a, yana mai cewa Clinton ta karya rantsuwar da ya yi. A watan Maris na 1999, McCain ya kada kuri’ar amincewa da yakin bam din da kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta yi wa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia, yana mai cewa dole ne a dakatar da kisan kiyashin da ke gudana a yakin Kosovo tare da sukar gwamnatin Clinton da ta gabata. Daga baya a cikin 1999, McCain ya raba bayanin martaba a cikin lambar yabo ta jaruntaka tare da Feingold saboda aikin da suka yi a kokarin kafa kudirinsu na sake fasalin kudin yakin neman zabe, duk da cewa kudirin har yanzu yana kasawa a kokarin da yake na samun kwalliyaA watan Agusta na 1999, littafin McCain na Faith of My Fathers, wanda marubuci ya rubuta tare da Mark Salter, an buga shi; wani mai sharhi ya lura cewa bayyanarta "da alama an sanya ta ne ga yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa.Mafi nasara rubuce-rubucensa, ya sami ingantattun bayanai, ya zama mafi kyawun kasuwa, uma daga baya aka mai da shi fim na TV. Littafin ya faɗi asalin McCain da asalinsa, ya ba da lokacinsa a Annapolis da kuma hidimarsa kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, yana kammalawa da sakinsa daga bauta a 1973. A cewar wani mai bita, ya bayyana "irin ƙalubalen da yawancinmu za mu iya Tarihi ne mai ban sha'awa na dangin sojoji masu ban mamaki
2000 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa
Babban labarin: John McCain 2000 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa McCain ya sanar da tsayawarsa takarar shugaban kasa ne a ranar 27 ga Satumbar, 1999, a garin Nashua, na New Hampshire, yana mai cewa yana nan yana “yakin don ganin mun dawo da gwamnatinmu daga masu neman madafun iko da muradun musamman, tare da mayar da ita ga mutane da kuma kyakkyawar hanyar‘ yanci. an halicce shi ne don ya yi aiki Wanda ke kan gaba a zaben fitar da gwani na Jam’iyyar Republican shi ne Gwamnan Texas George W. Bush, wanda ke da goyon baya ta fuskar siyasa da kudi a akasarin kafuwar jam’iyyar, yayin da McCain ke samun goyon baya daga ‘yan Jamhuriyyar masu sassaucin ra’ayi da kuma wasu‘ yan Jam’iyyar masu ra’ayin rikau.McCain ya mai da hankali ne kan zaben share fage na New Hampshire, inda sakon nasa ya yi kira ga masu zaman kansu. a yi tafiya a motar bas din kamfen mai suna Straight Talk Express. Ya yi tarurruka na zauren gari da yawa, yana amsa duk tambayoyin da masu jefa kuri'a suka yi, a cikin kyakkyawan misali na "siyasar sayar da kayayyaki", kuma ya yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na kyauta don biyan diyyar rashin kudi. Daga baya wani dan jarida ya ba da labarin cewa, "McCain ya yi magana tsawon rana tare da 'yan jarida a motarsa ta Straight Talk Express; ya yi magana sosai har wani lokaci yana fadin abin da bai kamata ba, kuma shi ya sa kafafen yada labarai ke kaunarsa. On 1 ga Fabrairun 2000, ya lashe zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi a New Hampshire da kashi 49 na kuri’un da aka jefa yayin da Bush ya samu kashi 30. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bush da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Republican sun ji tsoron nasarar McCain a babban zaɓen fidda gwani na Kudancin Carolina na iya ba wa kamfen ɗin nasa damar ci gaba.
Jamhuriyar Arizona ta rubuta cewa takarar farko ta McCain Bush a South Carolina "ta shiga cikin siyasar siyasa a matsayin alamar ruwa a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa", yayin da The New York Times ta kira shi "alama ce mai raɗaɗi na zaluncin siyasar Amurka". [135] [147] [148] Kungiyoyi masu ban sha'awa iri-iri, wadanda McCain ya ƙalubalance su a baya, sun gudanar da tallace-tallace marasa kyau. [135] [149] Bush ya ari yaren McCain na canjin garambawul, [150] kuma ya ki raba kansa da wani tsohon soja mai fafutuka wanda ya zargi McCain (a gaban Bush) da cewa ya "yi watsi da tsoffin soji" kan batun POW MIA da Agent Orange.
Cikin fushi,McCain ya gudanar da tallace-tallace yana zargin Bush da yin karya da kuma kwatanta gwamnan da Bill Clinton, wanda Bush ya ce "yana da kusan rauni kamar yadda za ku iya bayarwa a zaben fidda gwani na Republican. An fara kamfen ɓoye sunan McCain, wanda aka gabatar da shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'a, faks, imel, wasiƙa, da tsire-tsire masu sauraro.Masu fashin bakin sun yi ikirarin cewa McCain ya haifi bakar fata ne ba tare da aure ba (an dauki 'yar McCains mai duhu daga Bangladesh), cewa matarsa Cindy ta kasance mai shan kwaya, cewa shi dan luwadi ne, kuma shi "Dan takarar Manchurian ne "wanda ko dai ya ci amana ko kuma ya kasance cikin rashin nutsuwa daga kwanakinsa na Yammacin Vietnam POW.Yakin neman zaben na Bush ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a hare-harenMcCain ya sha kashi a Kudancin Carolina a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, tare da kashi 42 cikin 100 na kuri’un zuwa Bush kashi 53, a wani bangare saboda Bush ya tattara masu jefa kuri’a a jihar kuma ya fi McCain karfi.Nasarar ta baiwa Bush damar sake samun karfin gwiwa. [154] McCain ya ce game da masu yada jita-jitar, "Na yi imanin cewa akwai wuri na musamman a cikin gidan wuta ga mutane irin wadannan. A cewar wani sananne, abin da ya faru a Kudu Carolina ya bar shi a "wuri mai duhu.
Kamfen din McCain bai taba murmurewa daga kayen da ya sha a South Carolina ba, duk da cewa ya sake samun nasara ta hanyar cin nasara a Arizona da Michigan 'yan kwanaki kadan. Ya gabatar da wani jawabi a Virginia Beach wanda ya soki shugabannin Kirista, ciki har da Pat Robertson da Jerry Falwell, a matsayin masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi,suna cewa mun rungumi kyawawan membobin kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa za mu yi ba ya nuna damuwa ga shugabannin da suka nada kansu. McCain ya fadi a zaben fidda gwani na Virginia a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu,kuma a ranar 7 ga Maris ya sha kashi tara daga cikin 'yan takara goma sha uku a ranar Super Tuesday a hannun Bush.Tare da karancin fata na cin nasarar wakilcin Bush, McCain ya janye daga takarar a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2000.Ya amince da Bush bayan watanni biyu,kuma ya riƙa yin wasu lokuta tare da gwamnan Texas a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen gama gari
Aikin majalisar dattijai
(2000-2008) Babban labarin: Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na John McCain, 2001–2014
Ya rage wa'adin sa na uku a majalisar dattawa
McCain ya fara 2001 ne ta hanyar watsewa da sabuwar gwamnatin George W. Bush kan batutuwa da dama, wadanda suka hada da sake fasalin HMO, canjin yanayi, da dokar sarrafa bindiga; McCain Feingold shima Bush yayi adawa dashi. A watan Mayu na 2001, McCain yana daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dattijan Republican biyu da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da rage harajin Bush. Baya ga bambance-bambance da Bush a kan dalilai na akida, akwai adawa a tsakanin mutane biyun da suka rage daga yakin shekarar da ta gabata. Daga baya, lokacin da wani dan majalisar dattijai na Jamhuriya, Jim Jeffords, ya zama mai cin gashin kansa, ta yadda ya jefa ragamar Majalisar Dattawa ga Democrats, McCain ya kare Jeffords a kan "wadanda aka nada da kansu masu tilasta biyayya ta jam'iyyar". Tabbas, akwai jita-jita a lokacin, kuma a cikin shekaru tun, game da McCain da kansa ya bar Jam’iyyar Republican, amma McCain ya sha musantawa koyaushe cewa ya taba tunanin yin hakan. Tun daga 2001, McCain ya yi amfani da ribar siyasa da ya samu daga takararsa ta shugaban ƙasa, tare da haɓaka ƙwarewar doka da alaƙa da sauran membobin, don zama ɗayan manyan membobin Majalisar Dattawa. Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, McCain ya goyi bayan Bush da yakin da Amurka ta jagoranta a Afghanistan. Shi da dan majalisar dattijai Joe Lieberman sun rubuta dokar da ta kirkiro Hukumar 9/11, yayin da shi da sanata Democrat Fritz Hollings suka dauki nauyin Dokar Tsaro ta Jiragen Sama da Sufuri wanda ya sanya tsaro a filin jirgin sama. A watan Maris na 2002, McCain Feingold, wanda a hukumance aka sani da dokar sake fasalin yakin neman zaben Bipartisan na 2002, ya samu nasara a majalisun biyu kuma Shugaba Bush ya sanya hannu kan doka. Shekaru bakwai da yin hakan, shine babbar nasarar da McCain ya samu a harkar doka.A halin yanzu, yayin tattaunawa game da matakin da Amurka za ta dauka kan Iraki, McCain ya kasance mai goyon bayan matsayin gwamnatin Bush. Ya bayyana cewa Iraki "hatsari ne bayyananne kuma na yanzu ga Amurka", kuma ya jefa kuri'a daidai da kudurin yakin Iraki a watan Oktoba 2002. Ya yi hasashen cewa da yawa daga cikin mutanen Iraki za su dauki sojojin Amurka a matsayin 'yanci. A watan Mayu 2003, McCain ya kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da zagaye na biyu na rage harajin Bush, yana mai cewa hakan bai dace ba a lokacin yaki. A watan Nuwamba na 2003, bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Iraki, yana yi wa Sakataren Tsaro Donald Rumsfeld tambayoyi a bainar jama'a, yana mai cewa ana bukatar karin sojojin Amurka; a shekara mai zuwa, McCain ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya daina amincewa da Rumsfeld. A watan Oktoba na 2003, McCain da Lieberman suka hada hannu kan dokar kula da yanayin da za ta bullo da tsarin kasuwanci da nufin mayar da hayaki mai gurbata muhallin zuwa matakan 2000; kudirin ya fadi ne da kuri’u 55 zuwa 43 a majalisar dattijai. Sun sake dawo da sigar dokar da aka gyaru sau biyu, a karo na karshe a watan Janairun 2007 tare da daukar nauyin Barack Obama, da sauransu. Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush tare da Sanata McCain, 4 ga Disamba, 2004
A yakin neman zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 2004, an sake ambaton McCain a matsayin dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa, a wannan karon kawai a matsayin wani bangare na tikitin dimokuradiyya a karkashin dan takarar John Kerry.McCain ya ce Kerry bai taba bashi mukamin a hukumance ba kuma da ba zai karba ba idan ya samu.A taron Jam’iyyar Republican na 2004, McCain ya goyi bayan Bush don sake tsayawa takara, inda ya yaba da yadda Bush ya gudanar da Yakin a kan Ta’addanci tun bayan harin 11 ga Satumba. A lokaci guda kuma, ya kare tarihin Kerry na yakin Vietnam da Awatan Agusta na 2004, McCain ya sami kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau-da mara kyau (kashi 55 cikin ɗari zuwa 19 cikin 100) na kowane ɗan siyasa na ƙasa; abokai.
McCain shi ma an sake zabarsa a matsayin sanata, a 2004. Ya kayar da sanannen malamin makarantar dimokuradiyya Stuart Starky da babbar tazarar nasara, inda ya sami kashi 77 na kuri'un.
Farkon wa'adin majalisar dattijai na hudu
A watan Mayu na 2005, McCain ya jagoranci wadanda ake kira Gang na 14 a Majalisar Dattawa, wanda ya samar da sulhu wanda ya kiyaye ikon sanatoci na gurfanar da masu zartar da hukunci, amma sai a "yanayi na musamman. Tattaunawar ta fitar da tururi daga harkar filibuster, amma wasu 'yan Republican ba su ji dadin cewa sulhun bai kawar da masu gurɓatar da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin shari'a a kowane yanayi ba. Daga baya McCain ya jefa kuri’ar tabbatar da Kotun Koli inda ya nuna goyon baya ga John Roberts da Samuel Alito, yana mai kiransu “biyu daga cikin alkalai masu kyau da aka taba nadawa a Kotun Koli ta AmurkaKomawar daga kuri’un sa na 2001 da 2003, McCain ya goyi bayan kara harajin Bush a watan Mayun 2006, yana mai cewa rashin yin hakan zai kai ga karin haraji. Aiki tare da sanata Democrat Ted Kennedy, McCain ya kasance mai karfin fada aji game da kawo sauye-sauye game da shige da fice, wanda zai kunshi halatta doka, shirye-shiryen ma'aikatan baki, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi aiwatar da kan iyaka. Dokar Tsaro ta Amurka da Tsarin Shige da Fice ba ta taɓa kaɗa ƙuri'a ba a 2005, yayin da Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shige da Fice na 2006 ta wuce Majalisar Dattijai a cikin Mayu 2006 amma ta gaza a Majalisar. A watan Yunin 2007, Shugaba Bush, McCain, da wasu suka yi yunƙurin turawa har yanzu game da irin wannan ƙudurin, Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shige da Fice na 2007, amma hakan ya haifar da adawa mai ƙarfi tsakanin masu sauraron rediyo da sauransu, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu cikin fushinsu suka nuna shawarar kamar wani shirin "afuwa. kuma kudirin sau biyu ya kasa samun suturar majalisar dattijai.
A tsakiyar shekarun 2000 (shekaru goma), karuwar wasan kwaikwayon Indiya wanda McCain ya taimaka ya kawo shine masana'antar dala biliyan 23. Ya taba zama shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Indiya, a 1995 1997 da 2005-2007, kuma Kwamitin nasa ya taimaka wajen tona asirin badakalar neman shiga Indiya ta Jack Abramoff. Zuwa 2005 da 2006, McCain yana matsawa don yin kwaskwarima ga Dokar Gudanar da Wasannin Indiya wacce za ta iyakance kirkirar gidajen caca, da kuma takaita zirga-zirgar kabilu a duk sassan jihar don yin gidajen caca.
Mutum mai matsakaicin shekaru sanye da kayan soja yana magana da dattijo cikin kayan farar hula, da daddareSaboda lokacinsa na POW, an san McCain ne saboda haushin sa na tsarewa da tambayoyin wadanda ake tsare da su a yakin Yaki da ta'addanci. Wani mai hamayya da yadda gwamnatin Bush ta yi amfani da azaba da tsarewa ba tare da gurfanar da shi a Guantánamo Bay ba, yana mai cewa: "wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane mugaye ne, masu kisan kai da kuma mummunar dabi'ar 'yan adam. shari’u har ma da Adolf Eichmann ya sami fitina. A watan Oktoba na 2005, McCain ya gabatar da kudurin gyaran da aka yiwa McCain Detinee a cikin kudirin sanya hannu kan harkokin tsaro na shekarar 2005, kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta zabi 90-9 don nuna goyon baya ga gyaran.Ya hana zaluntar fursunoni, ciki har da fursunoni a Guantánamo, ta hanyar rufe tambayoyin soja zuwa dabarun cikin Manhajan Filin Sojan Amurka kan Yin tambayoyi. Duk da cewa Bush ya yi barazanar kin amincewa da kudirin idan har aka hada da gyaran na McCain, Shugaban kasar ya sanar a watan Disambar 2005 cewa ya amince da sharuddan McCain kuma zai "bayyana wa duniya cewa wannan gwamnatin ba ta azabtar da mu kuma muna bin kasashen duniya taron azabtarwa, walau a nan gida ko a waje. Wannan matsayin, da sauransu, ya sa McCain ya zama mai suna a cikin 2006 a matsayin daya daga cikin Sanatocin Amurka Guda 10.McCain ya jefa kuri'a a watan Fabrairun 2008 a kan kudirin da ke dauke da dokar hana sanya ruwa, wanda daga baya Bush ya zartar da kudirin da kyar. Koyaya, kudirin da ake magana a kai ya kunshi wasu tanade-tanade wadanda McCain ya nuna adawa da su, kuma mai magana da yawunsa ya ce: "Wannan ba kuri'a ba ce a kan ruwa. Wannan kuri'a ce a kan amfani da ka'idojin littafin [Sojojin] filin aikin ga ma'aikatan CIA.A halin yanzu, McCain ya ci gaba da tambayar ci gaban yakin Iraki. A watan Satumbar 2005, ya yi tsokaci kan Shugaban gamayyar Manyan Hafsoshin Richard Myers game da kyakkyawan fata game da ci gaban yakin: "Abubuwa ba su tafi kamar yadda muka tsara ko muka yi tsammani ba, ko kuma kamar yadda kuka gaya muku, Janar Myers." [199] A watan Agusta 2006, ya caccaki gwamnatin kan yadda take ci gaba da nuna tasirin tashe-tashen hankula Ba mu [fada] wa jama'ar Amurka irin tsananin da wahalar da hakan za ta fuskanta ba. Tun daga farko, McCain ya goyi bayan Yawan sojojin Iraki na 2007. Abokan hamayyar dabarun sun yi mata lakabi da "shirin McCain kuma farfesan kimiyyar siyasa na Jami'ar Virginia Larry Sabato ya ce, "McCain ya mallaki Iraki kamar yadda Bush yake da shi a yanzu.Guguwa da yakin ba su da karbuwa a lokacin mafi yawan shekara, har ma a cikin Jam’iyyar Republican, yayin da yakin neman zaben McCain ke gudana; saboda sakamakon, McCain ya amsa akai-akai, "Zai fi kyau in rasa kamfen fiye da yaƙi. A watan Maris na 2008, McCain ya yaba da dabarun haɓaka tare da rage tashe-tashen hankula a Iraki, yayin da ya yi tafiyarsa ta takwas zuwa wannan ƙasar tun yakin ya fara.
2008 yakin neman zaben shugaban kas
yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa Fari mai launin fari yana magana a wurin taron, tare da gungun mutane a bayansa, wasu suna riƙe da shuɗi "McCain" mai shuɗi
McCain a hukumance ya sanar da takarar sa a Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 2007.McCain a hukumance ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Shugabancin Amurka a ranar 25 ga Afrilun 2007, a Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Ya bayyana cewa: "Ba na tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa don na zama wani, amma don yin wani abu; don yin abubuwa masu wuya amma masu cancanta, ba abubuwa masu sauki da marasa amfani ba.Ainarfin da McCain ya ambata a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekara ta 2008 ya haɗa da amincewa da sunan ƙasa, tallafawa na manyan shawarwari da yunƙurin sake fasalin kuɗin kamfen, ikonsa na isa ko'ina ta hanyar, sanannen aikin soja da gogewarsa a matsayin POW, kwarewarsa daga Yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2000, da kuma tsammanin zai kama manyan masu ba da kuɗi Bush. A lokacin zagayen zaben 2006, McCain ya halarci taruka 346 kuma ya taimaka ya tara sama da dala miliyan 10.5 a madadin ‘yan takarar na Republican. Hakanan McCain ya kasance mai son tambayar kamfanoni da masana'antu don gudummawar kamfen, yayin da yake ci gaba da cewa irin wannan gudummawar ba zai shafi duk wata shawarar hukuma da zai yanke ba. Duk da cewa ana ganin dan takarar da ke kan gaba wajen zaben fitar da gwani ta hanyar masana tun 2007 aka fara, McCain ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a bayan tsohon Magajin Garin New York Rudy Giuliani a zabukan Jam’iyyar na kasa yayin da shekarar ke ci gaba.McCain yana da matsalolin tara kudi a farkon rabin shekarar 2007, sakamakon wani tallafi da yake bayarwa kan dokar sake fasalin bakin haure ta 2007, wacce ba ta da karbuwa a tsakanin masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar. An fara rage yawan ma'aikatan yakin neman zabe a farkon Yuli, amma McCain ya ce ba ya tunanin ficewa daga takarar. Daga baya a wannan watan, manajan yakin neman zaben kuma babban mai tsara dabarun yakin neman zaben duk sun tashi. McCain ya faɗi ƙasa warwas a zaɓen ƙasa, galibi yana takara na uku ko na huɗu tare da kashi 15 ko lessasa da tallafi.
Daga baya sanatan na Arizona ya ci gaba da matsayin da ya saba da shi a matsayin mara karfi a siyasance, [213] yana hawa kan madaidaiciyar magana ta Express da kuma cin gajiyar kafofin watsa labarai na kyauta kamar muhawara da abubuwan da suka shafi daukar nauyi. [214] Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2007, an tsayar da takarar Republican, ba tare da wani daga manyan ‘yan takarar da ya mamaye zaben kuma dukkansu suna da manyan matsaloli tare da abubuwa daban-daban na masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar. [215] McCain yana nuna farfadowar, musamman tare da sabunta karfi a New Hampshire wurin da ya ci nasara a 2000 kuma an kara karfafa shi da amincewa da The Boston Globe, da New Hampshire Union Leader, da kuma kusan wasu dozin biyu jaridun jihar, [216 haka kuma daga Sanata Lieberman (yanzu ɗan Democrat mai zaman kansa). [217] [218] McCain ya yanke shawarar kin yakin neman zabe sosai a watan Janairu 3, 2008, na Iowa, wanda ya ga nasarar da tsohon Gwamnan Arkansas Mike Huckabee ya yi.
Tsarin komowar McCain ya biya lokacin da ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na New Hampshire a ranar 8 ga Janairu, inda ya kayar da tsohon Gwamnan Massachusetts Mitt Romney a fafatawar da suka yi, ya sake zama daya daga cikin wadanda ke kan gaba a tseren.A tsakiyar watan Janairu, McCain ya zama na farko a zaben fidda gwanin South Carolina, inda ya doke Mike Huckabee da kyar.Masana sun yaba wa wanda ya zo na uku, tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Tennessee Fred Thompson, tare da samun kuri’u daga Huckabee a South Carolina, wanda hakan ya ba McCain nasara kadan. Mako guda bayan haka, McCain ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Florida,ya sake doke Romney a fafatawar da ta yi kusa; Giuliani daga nan ya fadi ya amince da McCain.
A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, McCain ya lashe yawancin jihohi da wakilai a zaben fidda gwani na Jam’iyyar Super Tuesday, wanda ya ba shi jagorancin jagora zuwa takarar Republican. Romney ya fice daga takarar ranar 7 ga FabrairuNasarar da McCain ya samu a zaben fitar da gwani na ranar 4 ga Maris ya kai ga yawancin wakilai, kuma ya zama dan takarar da ke gaba na jam'iyyar Republican.An haifi McCain a cikin Yankin Canal na Panama. Da an zabe shi, da ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda aka haifa a waje da jihohin arba'in da takwas. Wannan ya haifar da batun shari'a, tunda Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya buƙaci shugaban ƙasa ya kasance ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka. Sanarwar shari’a tsakanin bangarori biyu, [226] da kuma kudurin Majalisar Dattawa gaba daya amma ba a tilasta shi ba, [227] duk sun yanke hukuncin cewa shi dan kasa ne na asali. Idan aka rantsar da shi a shekara ta 2009 yana da shekaru 72 da kwanaki 144, da ya kasance shi ne mafi tsufa da ya zama shugaban kasa. [228]
McCain ya yi magana game da damuwar sa game da shekarun sa da kuma matsalolin kiwon lafiyar sa na baya, inda ya bayyana a cikin 2005 cewa lafiyar sa "kyakkyawa ce". An yi masa jinyar melanoma kuma an yi masa aiki a 2000 saboda wannan yanayin ya bar sananniyar alama a gefen hagu na fuskarsa.Batun hangen nesan McCain ya zama mai kyau, a cewar masana masu zaman kansu, musamman saboda ya rigaya ya rayu ba tare da sake faruwa ba sama da shekaru bakwai.A watan Mayu 2008, yakin neman zaben McCain a takaice ya bar manema labarai su duba bayanan likitocinsa, kuma an bayyana shi da cewa ba shi da cutar kansa, yana da karfin zuciya, kuma gaba daya yana cikin koshin lafiya.
McCain ya samu isassun wakilai don zaben sannan hankalinsa ya karkata ga babban zaben, yayin da Barack Obama da Hillary Clinton suka yi ta gwagwarmaya tsawanin neman takarar Democrat.McCain ya gabatar da dabaru iri daban-daban na manufofi, kuma ya nemi inganta hanyoyin neman kudi.Cindy McCain, wacce ta dauki nauyin dukiyar ma'auratan da kimanin dala miliyan 100, ta bayyana wani bangare na kudaden harajin ta a bainar jama'a a watan Mayu.Bayan fuskantar zargi game da masu son shiga cikin ma'aikata, yakin neman zaben McCain ya fitar da sabbin dokoki a watan Mayun 2008 don kauce wa rikice-rikicen sha'awa, wanda ya sa manyan mataimaka biyar suka tafi.
Lokacin da Obama ya zama dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrats a farkon watan Yuni, McCain ya ba da shawarar taron tarurruka na gari, amma a maimakon haka sai Obama ya nemi karin muhawara ta gargajiya don faduwa.A watan Yuli, girgiza ma'aikata ya sanya Steve Schmidt a cikin cikakken ikon gudanar da yakin McCain.Rick Davis ya ci gaba da kasancewa manajan kamfen amma tare da rage rawar da yake takawa. Davis ya kuma jagoranci yakin neman zaben McCain a shekarar 2000; a cikin 2005 da 2006, leken asirin Amurka sun gargadi ma’aikatan Majalisar Dattawan McCain game da alakar Davis ta Rasha amma ba su ba da wani gargadi ba.A duk lokacin bazarar shekarar 2008, Obama galibi ya jagoranci McCain a zaɓen ƙasa ta hanyar tazara mai lamba ɗaya,sannan ya kuma yi jagoranci a cikin wasu mahimman jihohi masu juyawa. McCain ya sake maimaita aikin da ya saba da shi, wanda ya kasance a kalla a wani bangare na irin kalubalen da gaba daya 'yan Republican suka fuskanta a shekarar zabe.McCain ya yarda da kudin jama'a don yakin neman zabe na gama gari, da kuma takunkumin da ke tare da shi, yayin da yake sukar abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat kan zama dan takarar babbar jam’iyya na farko da ya fice daga irin wannan kudin don babban zaben tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin a shekarar 1976.Babban taken yakin neman zaben na Republican ya maida hankali ne kan kwarewarsa da kuma iya jagoranci, idan aka kwatanta da na Obama.Todd Palin, Sarah Palin (a bayan farfajiya), Cindy McCain, John McCain tare a filin waje da rana, taron mutane dauke da alamun shuɗi da fari "McCain Palin" kewaye da su Palins da McCains sun yi kamfen a Fairfax, Virginia, bayan Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican na 2008 a ranar 10 ga Satumba. A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2008, McCain ya bayyana Gwamnan Alaska, Sarah Palin a matsayin zabin sa na ban mamaki ga abokin takara. McCain ne kawai dan takarar shugabancin Amurka na babbar jam’iyya na biyu (bayan Walter Mondale, wanda ya zabi Geraldine Ferraro) don zaban mace a matsayin abokiyar takararsa kuma dan Republican na farko da ya yi hakan. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, McCain da Palin sun zama 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da mataimaki na Jam'iyyar Republican a Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na 2008 a Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain ya zarce gaban Obama a zabukan kasa bayan taron, yayin da Palin ke zabar manyan masu jefa kuri'a na Republican wadanda a baya suka yi taka tsantsan da shi.Koyaya, ta hanyar shigar da yakin neman zaben daga baya, fitowar Palin zuwa ga kafofin watsa labarai na kasa ya tafi da kyau,kuma halayen masu jefa kuri'a ga Palin ya kara zama mara kyau, musamman tsakanin masu zaman kansu da sauran masu jefa kuri'a.An soki shawarar da McCain ya yanke na zabi Sarah Palin a matsayin abokiyar takararsa; Dan jaridar New York Times David Brooks ya ce "ya dauki wata cuta da ke gudana a cikin jam'iyyar Republican adawa da hankali, rashin girmama gaskiya kuma ya sanya shi a tsakiyar jam'iyyar".Laura McGann a cikin Vox ta ce McCain ya ba da "siyasar TV ta gaskiya" da ƙungiyar Tea Party mafi cancantar siyasa, tare da ƙarfafa "ta'azantar da Jam’iyyar Republican tare da ɗan takarar da zai ce wauta sakin salon siyasa da tsarin dabi'u wanda ya motsa kungiyar Shayi Party kuma ya aza tubalin shugabancin Trump.Ko da yake daga baya McCain ya nuna nadamar rashin zabar Sanata mai zaman kansa Joe Lieberman (wanda a baya ya kasance abokin takarar Al Gore a 2000, yayin da har yanzu aka zaba a matsayin Democrat) a matsayinsa na dan takarar VP a maimakon haka, ya ci gaba da kare ayyukan Palin a abubuwan da ya faruA ranar 24 ga Satumba, McCain ya ce yana dakatar da ayyukan yakin neman zabensa na dan lokaci, ya yi kira ga Obama da ya kasance tare da shi, ya kuma ba da shawarar a jinkirta farkon tattaunawar da za a yi da Obama, domin yin aiki da shirin bayar da rancen kudi na Amurka a gaban Majalisar, wanda niyya don magance matsalar ƙananan jinginar gidaje da rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008.Tsoma bakin da McCain ya yi ya taimaka wajen bai wa ‘yan Jam’iyyar Republican House da basu gamsu ba damar gabatar da sauye-sauye a shirin da ya kasance kusa da yarjejeniya.Bayan da Obama ya ki amincewa da shawarar dakatar da McCain, McCain ya ci gaba da mahawara a ranar 26 ga Satumba.A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, McCain ya kada kuri’ar amincewa da wani shiri na ceto dala biliyan 700.An sake yin wata muhawara a ranar 7 ga Oktoba; kamar na farko, zaben bayan haka ya nuna cewa Obama ne ya ci shi. An yi muhawarar shugaban kasa ta ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Oktoba Daga kasa-kasa, Obama ya samu nasara da ratar hudu da daya.
A yayin da kuma bayan muhawarar ta karshe, McCain ya kwatanta manufofin da Obama ya gabatar da akidar gurguzu kuma ya kan kira "Joe the Plumber" a matsayin alama ta kananan burin kasuwancin Amurka wanda shugabancin Obama zai hana.Ya hana yin amfani da takaddama ta Jeremiah Wright a cikin talla a kan Obama,amma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya soki Obama akai-akai game da alaƙar da ke tsakaninsa da Bill Ayers. [268] Taron nasa ya zama mai matukar muhimmanci,tare da masu halarta masu tozarta Obama da nuna karuwar nuna kyamar Musulmi da Afirka ta Amurka.A yayin taron yakin neman zabe a Minnesota, Gayle Quinnell, wani mai goyon bayan McCain, ta gaya masa cewa ba ta amince da Obama ba saboda "Balarabe ne McCain ya amsa da cewa, "A'a. Maamu. Mutum ne mai mutunci a cikin dangi, dan kasa ne, kuma kawai ina samun rashin jituwa da juna a kan muhimman lamura." Shekaru da dama daga baya a matsayin alama ta wayewa a siyasar Amurka, musamman dangane da kyamar Musulmai da bakin haure na shugabancin Donald Trump.Meghan McCain ta ce ba za ta iya "tafi wata rana ba tare da wani ya kawo (wannan) lokacin ba," kuma ta lura cewa a lokacin "akwai mutane da yawa da gaske suke ƙoƙarin sa mahaifina ya tafi (da Obama) tare da ku 'kai Musulmi ne, kai ba Ba'amurke ba ne game da wannan, "amma cewa mahaifinta ya ƙi. "Zan iya tuna tunanin cewa lokaci ne mai ban mamaki da kyawawan halaye, amma watakila a samu mutanen da ke cikin Jam’iyyar Republican da za su yi fushi sosai," in ji taAn gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, kuma an ayyana Barack Obama a matsayin wanda ya yi hasashen ya lashe da misalin karfe 11:00 na dare agogon Gabas ta Tsakiya; McCain ya gabatar da jawabin nasa ne a Phoenix, Arizona kimanin mintuna ashirin bayan haka.A ciki, ya lura da mahimmancin tarihi da na musamman na kasancewar Obama zaɓen shugaban Afirka ta Kudu na farko.A karshe, McCain ya samu kuri'u 173 yayin da Obama ya samu kuri'u 365; McCain ya samu kashi 46 na kuri’un da aka kada a duk fadin kasar, idan aka kwatanta da na Obama da kashi 53 cikin dari
Ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai bayan 2008
Ya rage wa'adin majalisar dattawa na hudu
Bayan kayen da ya sha, McCain ya koma Majalisar Dattawa a cikin ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da irin rawar da zai iya takawa a can. A tsakiyar Nuwamba 2008 ya sadu da zababben shugaban Obama, kuma sun tattauna batutuwan da suka yi tarayya a kansu. Kusan a daidai wannan lokacin, McCain ya nuna cewa yana da niyyar sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 2010.Yayin da bikin rantsar ke gabatowa, Obama ya tuntubi McCain kan batutuwa daban-daban, wanda ba a cika ganin sa tsakanin zababben shugaban kasa da abokin hamayyarsa da ya sha kaye, kuma jawabin rantsar da Shugaba Obama na dauke da ishara ga taken McCain na gano wata manufa da ta fi da kansa.Barack Obama yana magana a gaba a taron cikin gida tare da tutar Amurka a bango; John McCain a bayansa, da ɗan mayar da hankali Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama da McCain a wani taron manema labarai a cikin Maris 2009 Amma duk da haka, McCain ya fito ne a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar adawa ta Republican kan shirin karfafa tattalin arzikin Obama na shekarar 2009, yana mai cewa ta sanya sauye-sauyen manufofin tarayya wadanda ba su da nasaba da samar da ayyukan yi na kusa da lokaci kuma zai fadada gibin kasafin kudin tarayya. McCain ya kuma kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da Kotun Koli ta nadin Sonia Sotomayoryana mai cewa duk da cewa babu makawa ya cancanta, "Ban yi imani da cewa ta yarda da abin da na yi imani da shi ba game da batun hana shari'a" rabe kuri'u fiye da kowane lokaci a aikin sanata. McCain ya sake tabbatar da cewa yakin Afganistan abu ne mai nasara kuma ya soki Obama kan tafiyar hawainiya wajen yanke shawara ko za a tura karin sojojin Amurka zuwa can. McCain ya kuma soki Obama da kakkausar harshe game da rushe ginin rukunin tsaron makami mai linzami na Amurka a Poland, ya ki shiga tattaunawar kan dokar sauyin yanayi irin wacce ya gabatar a baya, kuma ya yi matukar adawa da shirin kula da lafiyar Obama. McCain ya jagoranci kirkirar wani matakin da zai ba da damar soke manufofin sojoji na "Kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada" game da 'yan luwadi. [288] Abubuwan da ke cikin sabuwar alkiblar McCain sun hada da ma’aikatan majalisar dattijai da za su tafi, da sake nuna damuwa kan matakan bashin kasa da kuma ikon gwamnatin tarayya, da yiwuwar fuskantar kalubalen farko na Jam’iyyar Republican daga masu ra’ayin mazan jiya a shekarar 2010, kuma yakin neman zaben McCain ya yi jinkirin karewa. Kamar yadda wani mai ba McCain mai ba da shawara ya ce, "Mutane da yawa, ciki har da ni, sun yi zato cewa zai iya kasancewa gadojin da ke karkashin gwamnatin Republican ga Gwamnatin Obama. Amma ya fi kama da mutumin da ke hura gadojin.A farkon 2010, babban kalubale daga mai gabatar da jawabi a gidan rediyo kuma tsohon dan majalisar dokokin Amurka J. D. Hayworth ya bayyana a zaben majalisar dattijan Amurka na 2010 a Arizona kuma ya sami goyon baya daga wasu amma ba dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin kungiyar Tea Party ba. are da Hayworth ta amfani da taken yakin neman zaben "Consistent Conservative", McCain ya ce duk da yadda ya yi amfani da kalmar a baya a lokuta da dama Ban taba daukar kaina a matsayin maverick ba. Ina daukar kaina a matsayin mutumin da ke aiki mutanen Arizona gwargwadon iyawarsa. Babban kalubalen ya zo daidai da McCain yana juyawa ko juya murya a kan wasu batutuwa kamar bayar da rance ta banki, rufe sansanin Guantánamo Bay, hana kudaden kamfe, da luwadi a sojoji.Lokacin da shirin kula da lafiya, wanda a yanzu ake kira Dokar Kariya da Kariya da Kulawa Mai Amfani, ya wuce Majalisa kuma ya zama doka a watan Maris na 2010, McCain ya yi matukar adawa da dokar kasa ba kawai a kan cancanta ba har ma da hanyar da aka bi da ita a Majalisa. Sakamakon haka, ya yi gargadin cewa 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ba za su yi aiki tare da Democrats a kan wani abu ba: "Ba za a sami hadin kai ba har zuwa karshen shekara. Sun sanya guba a rijiyar cikin abin da suka aikata da yadda suka yi ta. McCain ya zama kakkarfan mai kare Arizona SB 1070, dokar haramtacciyar doka ta shige da fice ta watan Afrilun 2010 wacce ta tayar da cece-kuce na kasa, yana mai cewa an tilasta wa jihar daukar mataki ganin yadda gwamnatin tarayya ta kasa ikon iyakokin. A zaben share fage na ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, McCain ya doke Hayworth da tazarar kashi 56 zuwa 32. McCain ya ci gaba da kayar da dan majalisa mai wakiltar Democratic Tucson Rodney Glassman a babban zabenA cikin gurguwar taron agwagwa na Majalisa ta 111, McCain ya zabi don sassaucin Haraji, Ba da inshorar Rashin aikin yi, da Dokar Kirkirar Aiki na 2010, amma a kan Dokar MAFARKI (wacce ya taba daukar nauyinta) da kuma Sabuwar yarjejeniyar fara. Mafi mahimmanci, ya ci gaba da jagorantar yaƙin da aka yi na ƙarshe da "Kar a tambaya, kar a faɗi" sokewa. A cikin hamayyarsa, wani lokacin yakan fada cikin fushi ko gaba a zauren majalisar dattijai, kuma ya kira sautin "wata rana ta bakin ciki" da za ta kawo cikas ga yakin soja.
Karo na biyar na majalisar dattijai
Yayin da ikon Majalisar Wakilai ya koma hannun ‘Yan Jam’iyyar a Majalisar Dattawa ta 112, Majalisar Dattawa ta ci gaba da zama ta Democrat kuma McCain ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban memba na Kwamitin Ayyukan Majalisar Dattawa. A yayin da juyin juya halin Larabawa ya kasance a tsakiyar taron, McCain ya bukaci shugaban Masar din da ke cikin rikici, Hosni Mubarak, ya sauka daga mulki kuma yana ganin ya kamata Amurka ta yunkuro don sake fasalin dimokiradiyya a yankin duk da irin hadarin da ke tattare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na samun iko.McCain ya kasance mai matukar bayar da goyon baya ga shiga soja a shekarar 2011 a Libya. A watan Afrilun wannan shekarar ya ziyarci sojojin Anti-Gaddafi da majalisar rikon kwarya ta kasa a Benghazi, Ba’amurke mafi girman mukami da ya yi hakan, ya ce dakarun ‘yan tawayen“ jarumtana ne A watan Yuni, ya shiga tare da Sanata Kerry wajen bayar da kudurin da zai ba da izinin shiga soja, sannan ya ce: "Rashin kulawar da gwamnati ta yi wa zababbun wakilan jama'ar Amurka kan wannan lamarin ya kasance abin damuwa da rashin amfani. A cikin watan Agusta, McCain ya zabi Dokar Dokar Kula da Kasafin Kudi ta shekarar 2011 wacce ta warware rikicin rufin bashin Amurka. A watan Nuwamba, McCain da Sanata Carl Levin sun kasance shugabanni a kokarin hada kai a cikin Dokar Bayar da Tsaro ta Kasa don Kudin Kasafin Kudin shekarar 2012 cewa wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci, duk inda aka kama, sojojin Amurka da tsarin koton ta na iya tsare su; biyo bayan adawa da masu sassaucin ra’ayi na farar hula, da wasu ‘yan Democrat, da Fadar White House, da McCain da Levin suka amince da yare inda suka bayyana karara cewa kudirin ba zai shafi‘ yan Amurka ba.A zaben share fage na takarar shugaban kasa na Jam’iyyar Republican a shekarar 2012, McCain ya goyi bayan tsohon abokin hamayyarsa na shekarar 2008 Mitt Romney ya kuma yi masa kamfen, amma ya kwatanta gasar da masifar Girka saboda dabi’arta da aka samu tare da tallata manyan kudaden talla na PAC da ke lalata dukkan masu fafatawa. [307 Ya bayyana hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke game da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta 2010 ta yanke game da Citizens United da Hukumar Zabe ta Tarayya a matsayin "mara bayani, mai girman kai, mara hankali", kuma, ya yi tir da illolinta da kuma badakalar da ya yi tsammanin za ta kawo, ya ce za a dauki hukuncin "mafi munin hukuncin a cikin karni na 21 [308] McCain ya jagoranci gaba da adawa da tsarin kashe kudi na tsaro wanda dokar kula da kasafin kudi ta shekarar 2011 ta kawo kuma ta samu kulawa don kare mataimakiyar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Huma Abedin game da tuhumar da wasu ‘yan majalisar wakilai ta Republican suka gabatar mata cewa tana da dangantaka da kungiyar‘ Yan Uwa Musulmi. [309]
Wasu rukuni na kimanin maza goma suna tafiya a hanya
"Amigos Uku" suna tafiya a Lardin Kunar da ke gabashin Afghanistan a watan Yulin 2011: McCain (na biyu daga hagu), Lindsey Graham (na biyu daga dama a gaba), Joe Lieberman (a dama a gaba)
McCain ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin bakin da suka saba fitowa a shirye-shiryen tattaunawa na safiyar Lahadi.Ya zama daya daga cikin masu sukar yadda gwamnatin Obama ta yi amfani da harin 11 ga Satumba, 2012, kan ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Benghazi, yana mai cewa "tabarbarewar" da ke nuna ko dai "rufin asiri ko rashin iya aiki wanda ba karɓaɓɓu "kuma cewa ya fi abin da aka ɓata na Watergate muni. A matsayin karuwar wannan kakkarfar adawar, shi da wasu ‘yan majalisar dattijai sun sami nasarar hana shirin nadin Ambasada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Susan Rice don maye gurbin Hillary Rodham Clinton a matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka; An zabi abokin McCain kuma abokin aikinsa John Kerry a maimakon haka.game da yakin basasar Siriya da aka fara a cikin 2011, McCain ya sha yin ikirarin cewa Amurka za ta shiga tsakani a cikin rikici a bangaren sojojin adawa. Ya gudanar da ziyarar ne ga sojojin 'yan tawaye a cikin Syria a cikin watan Mayun 2013, sanata na farko da ya yi hakan, ya kuma yi kira da a bai wa Free Syrian Army makamai da manyan makamai tare da kafa wani yanki na hana shawagi a kasar. Bayan rahotanni da suka nuna cewa biyu daga cikin mutanen da ya dauki hoto da su sun yi alhakin sace mahajjata ‘yan Shi’an‘ yan kasar Lebanon su goma sha daya a shekarar da ta gabata, McCain ya yi sabani kan daya daga cikin bayanan kuma ya ce bai sadu da dayan kai tsaye ba. Bayan harin makami mai guba na Ghouta na 2013, McCain ya sake yin jayayya game da daukar matakin sojan Amurka mai karfi kan gwamnatin shugaban Syria, Bashar al-Assad, kuma a watan Satumba na 2013 ya jefa kuri’ar amincewa da bukatar Obama ga Majalisar da ta ba da izini a martani na soja.McCain ya jagoranci jagora wajen sukar wani yunkuri na rashin shiga tsakani a cikin Jam’iyyar Republican, wanda ya buga misali da sharhinsa na Maris 2013 cewa sanata Rand Paul da Ted Cruz da Wakilin Justin Amash “tsuntsayen wacko” ne.A shekarar 2013, McCain ya kasance memba na kungiyar sanatoci biyu, "Gang na Takwas", wanda ya ba da sanarwar ka'idojin da za a sake gwadawa game da batun sake fasalin bakin haure.Sakamakon Tsaron kan iyaka, Damar Samun Tattalin Arziki, da Tsarin Zamani na Shige da Fice na shekara ta 2013 ya wuce Majalisar Dattijan da tazarar 68-32, amma ya fuskanci makoma mara tabbas a majalisar.A watan Yulin 2013, McCain ya kasance a kan gaba a yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin sanatoci don sauke filipi a kan wadanda shugaba Obama ya zaba masu zartarwa ba tare da ‘yan Democrats sun yi amfani da“ zabin nukiliya ”wanda zai hana irin wadannan masu tacewa gaba daya. Duk da haka, za a sanya zabin daga baya a cikin shekara ta wata hanya, don rashin jin dadin sanatan. [320] Wadannan ci gaban da wasu tattaunawar sun nuna cewa a yanzu McCain ya inganta dangantaka da gwamnatin Obama, gami da shugaban da kansa, da kuma shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijai Harry Reid, kuma ya zama shugaban wata cibiyar cibiyar wutar lantarki a majalisar dattijan kulla yarjejeniya a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na bangaranci. [321] [322] [323] Sun kuma jagoranci wasu masu sa ido cewa "maverick" McCain ya dawo. [319] [323]
McCain ya nuna shakku a bainar jama'a game da tsarin Jamhuriyar Republican wanda ya haifar da rufe gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka ta 2013 da rikicin bashin Amurka na 2013 don kare ko jinkirta Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauki; a watan Oktoba 2013 ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da Dokar Ci gaba da Kasafin Kudi, 2014, wacce ta warware su ta ce, "'Yan Republican su fahimci cewa mun yi rashin nasara a wannan yakin, kamar yadda na yi hasashen makonnin da suka gabata, cewa ba za mu iya yin nasara ba saboda muna nema wani abu da ba a iya cimmawa.Hakazalika, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanatocin Republican guda tara da suka zaɓi Dokar Kasafin Kudin Bipartisan na 2013 a ƙarshen shekara.A farkon 2014, ridda ta McCain ta isa cewa Jam’iyyar Republican Republican ta Arizona ta tsawata a hukumance saboda samun abin da suke gani a matsayin rikodin ‘yanci wanda ya kasance“ masifa da cutarwa.McCain ya ci gaba da nuna adawa da yawancin bangarorin manufofin Obama na kasashen waje, duk da haka, kuma a cikin Yunin 2014, biyo bayan manyan nasarorin da kungiyar Islamic State a Iraki da Levant ta samu a harin 2014 na Arewacin Iraki, ya yi tir da abin da ya gani a matsayin gazawar Amurka ta kare abubuwan da suka gabata nasarorin da aka samu a Iraki tare da yin kira ga ilahirin tawagar shugaban ƙasa da su yi murabus. McCain ya ce, "Shin da za a iya guje wa duk wannan? Amsar ita ce kwata-kwata. Idan na ji haushi saboda na fusata ne McCain ya kasance mai goyon bayan zanga-zangar Euromaidan da aka yi wa shugaban Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych da gwamnatinsa, kuma ya bayyana a dandalin Independence da ke Kyiv a watan Disambar 2013.Bayan hambarar da Yanukovych da kuma shiga tsakani na sojan Rasha a shekarar 2014 a Ukraine, McCain ya zama mai goyon bayan bayar da makamai ga sojojin sojan Ukraine, yana mai cewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rasha bai isa ba. A shekarar 2014, McCain ya jagoranci masu adawa da nadin Colleen Bell, Noah Mamet, da George Tsunis zuwa jakadun kasashen Hungary, Argentina, da Norway, bi da bi, yana masu jayayya da cewa wadanda ba su cancanta ba da aka ba su lada saboda tara kudi na siyasa.Ba kamar 'yan Republican da yawa ba, McCain ya goyi bayan sakin da abin da kwamitin leken asiri na Majalisar Dattawa ya fitar game da azabtarwar CIA a watan Disambar 2014, yana mai cewa "Gaskiya wani lokacin kwaya ne mai wuyar hadiyewa. Wani lokaci yana haifar mana da matsala a gida da waje. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi Makiyanmu a kokarin cutar da mu, amma mutanen Amurka suna da hakki a kanta, amma duk da haka.Ya kara da cewa ayyukan CIA bayan harin 11 ga Satumba sun" bata mana mutuncin kasarmu "yayin da suke yin" cutarwa da kuma rashin amfani kadan. kuma cewa" Abokan gabanmu suna aikatawa ba tare da lamiri ba. Ba za mu yi hakan ba.Ya yi adawa da shawarar da gwamnatin Obama ta yanke a watan Disambar 2014 na daidaita dangantaka da Cuba.Majalisar Wakilan Amurka karo na 114 ta haɗu a watan Janairun 2015 tare da 'yan Republican da ke kula da majalisar dattijai, kuma McCain ya cimma ɗaya daga cikin burin da ya sa a gaba lokacin da ya zama shugaban kwamitin kula da ayyukan soja. [334] A wannan matsayin, ya jagoranci rubutun da aka gabatar game da dokar Majalisar Dattawa da ke neman gyara sassan Dokar Goldwater-Nichols ta 1986 domin dawo da alhakin manyan kayan makamai da suka mallaka kan ayyukan masu dauke da makamai da sakatarorinsu kuma daga wajen Sakatariyar. na Tsaro don Samun, Fasaha da Kayan aiki. A matsayina na kujera, McCain ya yi kokarin kula da tsarin bangarorin biyu kuma ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da babban memba Jack Reed. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, McCain ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a karo na shida a zaben majalisar dattijan da ake yi a Arizona a shekarar 2016. Duk da yake har yanzu akwai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Jam’iyyar Shayi a kansa, ba a sani ba ko za su kawo babban kalubale na farko a kansa. A lokacin 2015, McCain ya yi matukar adawa da shawarar da gwamnatin Obama ta gabatar game da shirin nukiliyar Iran (wanda daga baya aka kammala shi a matsayin Hadadden Shirye-shiryen Aiki (JCPOA)), yana mai cewa Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Kerry "yaudara ce" kuma "yana jin dadi" adana "a tattaunawar da Iran. McCain ya goyi bayan tsoma bakin sojoji karkashin jagorancin Saudi Arabiya a Yemen kan Houthis Shia da dakaru masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasar Ali Abdullah Saleh, yana cewa: "Na tabbata farar hula sun mutu a yakin. Ba kusan wadanda Houthis suka kashe ba.
Shugabar Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen ta gana da McCain, wanda shi ne jagoran wakilan Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, Yuni 2016
McCain ya zargi Shugaba Obama da cewa "kai tsaye ke da alhakin" harbin kulob din dare na Orlando "saboda lokacin da ya fitar da kowa daga Iraki, al-Qaeda ta tafi Syria, ta zama ISIS, kuma ISIS ita ce abin da take a yau saboda gazawar Barack Obama.A lokacin zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Republican a shekarar 2016, McCain ya ce zai goyi bayan dan takarar na Republican ko da kuwa Donald Trump ne, amma bin Mitt Romney na jawabin nuna adawa da Trump a shekarar 2016, McCain ya goyi bayan kalaman da aka bayyana a cikin jawabin, yana mai cewa yana da matukar damuwa game da Trump din “wanda ba shi da labari kuma hakika maganganu masu hadari kan al'amuran tsaron kasa Dangantaka tsakanin mutanen biyu ta tabarbare tun farkon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Trump a shekarar 2016, lokacin da McCain ya ambaci wani daki cike da magoya bayan Trump a matsayin "mahaukata", sannan attajirin da ya mallaki gidaje ya ce na McCain: "Ya zageni, kuma ya zagi kowa a ciki wancan dakin Jarumin yaki ne saboda an kama shi, Ina son mutanen da ba a kama su ba watakila shi jarumin yaki ne, amma a yanzu haka ya fadi munanan abubuwa da yawa game da mutane da yawa.McCain ya kuma nuna adawar sa game da lamunin bada lamuni na tarayya don wani aikin ci gaba da Trump yake tunani a kan Yammacin Manhattan a shekarar 1996. Bayan Trump ya zama dan takarar da za a zaba a ranar 3 ga Mayu, McCain ya ce masu jefa kuri’a na Jam’iyyar Republican sun yi magana kuma zai goyi bayan Trump.McCain da kansa ya gamu da kalubale na farko daga Kelli Ward, mai goyon bayan Trump, sannan kuma ana sa ran zai fuskanci kalubale mai karfi daga 'yar Majalisar Demokuradiyya Ann Kirkpatrick a babban zaben.Sanatan a cikin sirri ya nuna damuwa kan tasirin da rashin farin jinin Trump a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'ar na Hispanic zai iya yi a kan nasa damar amma kuma ya damu da masu jefa kuri'a masu goyon bayan Trump; don haka ya ajiye amincewarsa da Trump a wurin amma yayi kokarin magana game da shi kadan-kadan saboda rashin jituwarsu. Koyaya McCain ya kayar da Ward a zaben fidda gwani da tazarar kashi biyu kuma ya sami irinsa a kan Kirkpatrick a zabukan gama gari, kuma lokacin da rikicin Donald Trump Access Hollywood ya karye, ya sami kwanciyar hankali har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba ya janye amincewarsa da Trump. McCain ya bayyana cewa "kalaman wulakanta Trump game da mata da kuma gorin da yake yi game da cin zarafin mata" ya sanya "ba zai yiwu a ci gaba da bayar da ko da goyon baya na sharadi ba" ya kuma kara da cewa ba zai zabi Hillary Clinton ba, amma a maimakon haka "zai rubuta da sunan wani abu mai kyau dan jam'iyyar Republican mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya cancanci zama shugaban kasa.McCain, yana da shekaru 80 a duniya, ya ci gaba da kayar da Kirkpatrick, yana mai neman wa'adi na shida a matsayin Sanatan Amurka daga ArizonaA watan Nuwamba na 2016, McCain ya sami labarin kasancewar wata takarda game da alakar kamfen din yakin neman zaben Shugaban kasa zuwa Rasha wanda Christopher Steele ya tattara. McCain ya tura wakili don tattara karin bayani, wanda ya samo kwafin takaddar.A watan Disambar 2016, McCain ya ba da bayanan ga Daraktan FBI James Comey a taron 1-on-1. Daga baya McCain ya rubuta cewa yana jin "zargin da ake yi masa ya tayar da hankali" amma ba a iya tantancewa da kansa, don haka ya bar FBI ta yi bincike.
A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2016, a Tbilisi, Georgia, McCain ya bayyana cewa ya kamata Amurka ta karfafa takunkumin da ta kakaba wa Rasha. Bayan shekara guda, a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2017, Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa Amurka za ta bai wa Ukraine “ingantattun hanyoyin kariya. Na shida kuma karshe na majalisar dattijai
Tattakin Kasa akan NRA a watan Agusta 2018. NRA ta kashe dala miliyan 7.74 don tallafawa John McCain.
McCain ya jagoranci sauraron kararrakin ranar 5 ga Janairun 2017, na Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Soji na Majalisar Dattawa inda sanatocin Republican da Democrat da jami’an leken asiri, ciki har da James R. Clapper Jr., Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kasa, Michael S. Rogers, shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Kasa. kuma Kwamandan Intanet na Amurka ya gabatar da "hadin kai" wanda "da karfi ya sake tabbatar da matsayar cewa gwamnatin Rasha ta yi amfani da kutse da kutse don kokarin yin tasiri a zaben shugaban kasa.
A watan Yunin shekarar 2017, McCain ya kada kuri’ar goyon bayan yarjejeniyar makamai da Shugaba Trump ya yi da Saudiyya.
Sokewa da maye gurbin Obamacare (Dokar Kariya da Mai Kulawa da Kulawa) ya kasance cibiyar yakin neman sake zaben McCain a 2016,kuma a watan Yulin 2017, ya ce, "Kada ku yi shakka: Dole ne majalisa ta maye gurbin Obamacare, wacce ta addabi Arizonans tare da wasu daga cikin mafi girman darajar da aka samu a cikin kasar kuma ya bar ƙananan hukumomi 14 na ƙananan hukumomi 15 na Arizona tare da zaɓin mai ba da hanya ɗaya kawai a kan musayar a wannan shekara. Ya kara da cewa yana goyon bayan kiwon lafiya mai sauki kuma mai inganci, amma ya nuna adawa cewa kudirin majalisar dattijan da ke jiran bai yi abin da zai kare tsarin Medicaid a Arizona ba.Dangane da mutuwar Liu Xiaobo, mutumin da ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya, wanda ya mutu sakamakon gazawar sassan jikinsa yayin da yake tsare a hannun gwamnati, McCain ya ce "wannan shi ne kawai misali na karshe na cin zarafin 'yan kwaminisanci na China kan' yancin dan adam, dimokiradiyya, da 'yanci.
A watan Satumbar 2017, yayin da rikicin Rohingya a Myanmar ya zama batun tsarkake kabilun tsirarun musulmin Rohingya, McCain ya sanar da yunkurin kawar da shirin hadin gwiwar soji da Myanmar a gaba.
A watan Oktoban 2017, McCain ya yaba da shawarar da Shugaba Trump ya yanke na yin watsi da yarjejeniyar Iran din (JCPOA) yayin da har yanzu ba ta janye Amurka daga yarjejeniyar ba, yana mai cewa manufofin zamanin Obama sun gaza "don saduwa da barazanar da Iran ke fuskanta ta fuskoki da dama. Shugaba Trump da aka gabatar a jawabinsa na yau suna maraba da canjin da aka dade ba a yi ba.
Binciken kwakwalwa da tiyata
Fayil: John McCain ya dawo Majalisar Dattawa kuma ya gabatar da jawabai a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2017.webm
McCain ya dawo Majalisar Dattawa a karo na farko bayan gano cutar kansa kuma ya gabatar da jawabai a ranar 25 ga Yulin, 2017, bayan jefa kuri'a mai mahimmanci kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka.
A ranar 14 ga Yulin, 2017, McCain ya sami aikin craniotomy mai rauni a Mayo Clinic Hospital a Phoenix, Arizona, don cire daskarewar jini a saman idonsa na hagu. Rashin sa ne ya sanya Shugaban Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa, Mitch McConnell jinkirta kada kuri'a a kan Dokar sasantawa mafi kyawu. Bayan kwana biyar, sai likitocin asibitin Mayo suka sanar da cewa sakamakon binciken da aka yi a dakin tiyatar ya tabbatar da kasancewar glioblastoma, wanda ke da matukar cutar kansa ga cutar kansa. Zaɓuɓɓukan magani na yau da kullun don wannan ƙwayar sun haɗa da chemotherapy da radiation, kodayake koda tare da magani, matsakaicin lokacin rayuwa kusan watanni 14. McCain ya rayu ne daga cututtukan da suka gabata, ciki har da melanoma. Shugaba Donald Trump ya fito fili ya yi wa Sanata McCain fatan alheri, kamar yadda wasu suka yi, ciki har da tsohon Shugaba Obama. A ranar 19 ga watan Yulin, ofishin sanata na McCain ya ba da wata sanarwa cewa "yana jin dadin yadda aka ba shi goyon baya a 'yan kwanakin nan. Yana cikin farin ciki yayin da yake ci gaba da murmurewa a gida tare da danginsa a Arizona. Yana mai godiya ga likitoci da ma'aikata a Mayo Clinic saboda irin kulawa da suka nuna, kuma suna da yakinin cewa duk wani magani na gaba zai yi tasiri. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, McCain ya sanar ta Twitter cewa zai koma Majalisar Dattijan Amurka washegari.Koma majalisar dattawa McCain bai yarda da soke Dokar Kulawa mai Sahau ta hanyar bada babban yatsu ba. McCain ya koma Majalisar Dattawa ne a ranar 25 ga Yulin, kasa da makonni biyu bayan an yi masa aiki a kwakwalwa. Ya jefa kuri'a mai yanke shawara wanda ya baiwa Majalisar Dattawa damar fara nazarin kudirin da zai maye gurbin Dokar Kulawa mai Saukin Kudi. Tare da wannan kuri'ar, ya gabatar da jawabi inda yake sukar tsarin zaben fitar da gwani na jam’iyya da ‘yan Republican suke amfani da shi, da kuma na‘ yan Democrat wajen zartar da Dokar Kulawa Mai Amfani don farawa, kuma McCain ya kuma bukaci a “koma ga tsari na yau da kullun” ta hanyar amfani da sauraren kwamitin da tattaunawa. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, ya jefa kuri’ar yanke kauna kan kudirin karshe na ‘yan Jam’iyyar na wancan watan, abin da ake kira“ fatarar fata wanda ya gaza 49-51. McCain ya goyi bayan zartar da Dokar Yanke Haraji da Aiki na 2017. McCain bai jefa kuri'a ba a Majalisar Dattawa bayan Disamba 2017, ya ci gaba da zama a Arizona don shan maganin kansa. A watan Afrilu 15, 2018, an yi masa tiyata don kamuwa da cutar da ta shafi diverticulitis kuma washegari an bayar da rahoton cewa yana cikin kwanciyar hankali.
Ayyukan kwamiti Sakataren
Tsaro na Amurka Ash Carter da Sanatoci Joni Ernst, Daniel Sullivan, John McCain, Tom Cotton, Lindsey Graham, da Cory Gardner da ke halartar taron kasa da kasa na 2016 na Nazarin Harkokin Siyasa na Asiya a Taron Tsaro a Singapore Kwamitin Kula da Makamai (kujera) a matsayin shugaban cikakken kwamiti na iya yin aiki a matsayin tsohon memba na kowane karamin kwamiti Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida da Harkokin Gwamnati Kwamitin dindindin kan bincike Karamin kwamiti kan Kula da Hada-hadar Kuɗi da Kwangila Kwamitin kan Harkokin Indiya Kwamitin Leken Asiri (tsohon-hukuma)
Membobin kungiyar Caucus
Consungiyar Kare Internationalasashen Duniya
Majalisar Dattawa Ciwon Suga
Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa)
'Yan Wasannin' Yan Wasannin
Majalisar Dattawan daji da andasashen Jama'a
kungiyar Sanatocin Ukraine [Kawancen Babban titin Republican.
Mutuwa da Binnewa
A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2018, kwanaki biyar kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 82, dangin McCain sun ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai kara karbar maganin cutar kansa ba. Ya mutu washegari da karfe 4:28 na yamma. MST (23: 28 UTC), tare da matarsa da danginsa a gefensa, a gidansa da ke Cornville, Arizona. John McCain ya ta'allaka ne da jihar a Arizona State Capitol rotunda.
Mambobin Sojojin sun tsaya tsayin daka kan akwatin gawar John McCain a babban ginin Washington National Cathedral. McCain ya kasance a cikin jihar a cikin Arizona State Capitol a Phoenix a ranar 29 ga Agusta, wanda zai zama ranar haihuwarsa ta 82. Wannan ya biyo bayan hidimomi ne a Cocin North Phoenix Baptist Church a ranar 30 ga Agusta. Daga nan aka kwashe gawarsa zuwa Washington, DC don kwance a jihar a cikin rotunda na Capitol na Amurka a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, wanda sabis ya biyo baya a da Washington National Cathedral a ranar Satumba 1. Ya kasance "Episcopalian na tsawon rayuwa" wanda ya halarci, amma bai shiga ba, cocin Baptist na Kudancin aƙalla shekaru 17; an tsara bukukuwan tunawa a dukkanin mazhabobin biyu. Kafin rasuwarsa, McCain ya nemi tsoffin shugabannin kasar George W. Bush da Barack Obama su gabatar da jawabai a wurin jana’izarsa, sannan ya nemi Shugaba Donald Trump da tsohon Gwamnan Alaska da kuma mataimakiyar dan takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2008, Sarah Palin da kada su halarci wani daga cikin hidimomin. McCain da kansa ya tsara shirye-shiryen jana'izar kuma ya zabi wadanda za su dauke shi zuwa hidimar a Washington; wadanda ke dauke da sakonnin sun hada da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Joe Biden, tsohon sanata Winsconsin Russ Feingold, tsohon sakataren tsaro William Cohen, dan wasan kwaikwayo Warren Beatty, da kuma dan adawar Rasha Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza. Shugabannin kasashen waje da dama sun halarci aikin na McCain: Sakatare Janar na NATO Jens Stoltenberg, Shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Taiwan Su Jia-chyuan, Ministan Tsaron Kasa na Kanada Harjit Sajjan, Ministan Tsaro Jüri Luik da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Sven Mikser na Estonia, Kasashen Waje Ministan Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs, Ministan Lithuania Linas Antanas Linkevičius, da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Saudiyya Adel al-Jubeir.Manyan mutane da suka yi yabo a taron Tunawa da Mutuwar a Washington National Cathedral sun hada da Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Henry Kissinger, Joe Lieberman, da 'yarsa Meghan McCain. Jaridar New Yorker ta bayyana hidimar a matsayin taro mafi girma na masu adawa da Trump a lokacin shugabancinsa. Yawancin mashahuran siyasa na Amurka sun ba da gudummawa a jana'izar. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da tsoffin shugabannin Amurka Obama, Bush, Clinton, Carter; Matan Matan Farko Michelle, Laura, Hillary, Rosalyn; da tsoffin mataimakan shugaban kasa Biden, Cheney, Gore, da Quayle. Tsohon shugaban kasa George H.W. Bush (wanda ya mutu watanni 3 da kwanaki 5 bayan McCain) ba shi da lafiya don halartar hidimar, kuma ba a gayyaci Shugaba Trump ba. Adadi da yawa daga rayuwar siyasa, na yanzu da na baya da na duka jam'iyyun siyasa, sun halarci. Alkaluman sun hada da John F. Kelly, Jim Mattis, Bob Dole, Madeleine Albright, John Kerry, Mitch McConnell, Paul Ryan, Nancy Pelosi, Chuck Schumer, Mitt Romney, Lindsey Graham, Jeff Flake, Elizabeth Warren, da Jon Huntsman. 'Sar Shugaba Trump kuma surukin Ivanka Trump da Jared Kushner sun halarci rashin jin daɗin Meghan McCain. [393] 'Yan jarida Carl Bernstein, Tom Brokaw, da Charlie Rose, da' yan wasan kwaikwayo Warren Beatty da Annette Bening da 'yan wasan barkwanci Jay Leno da Joy Behar suma sun halarci jana'izar.
A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, gawar jana'izar ta tashi daga Washington, D.C ta Annapolis, Maryland, inda tituna suka yi layi tare da cincirindon mutane, zuwa Kwalejin Naval. An gudanar da sabis na sirri a Makarantar Kwalejin Naval, wanda ya sami halartar brigade na tsakiyar sahu da abokan karatun McCain. Bayan hidimar sujada, an binne McCain a Makabartar Naval Academy ta Amurka, kusa da abokin karatunsa na Naval Academy kuma abokin rayuwa Admiral Charles R. Larson. Yawancin mashahuran mutane sun yi wa marigayi sanata a Twitter. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Tom Hanks wanda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Tweeter "Duty. Honor. Kasa. Al'ummarmu na gode muku, John McCain. Babu wani ɗan Amurka mafi kyau". Su ma Whoopi Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Reese Witherspoon, Jimmy Kimmel, da Khloe Kardashian su ma sun wallafa sakonnin tuna marigayi Sanata.
Gwamnan Arizona Doug Ducey ya sami ikon nada McCain na rikon kwarya har sai an gudanar da zabe na musamman a shekarar 2020 don tantance wanda zai yi amfani da ragowar lokacin McCain, wanda zai kare a watan Janairun 2023 kuma don haka ya nada tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Arizona a lokacin Jon Kyl ya cika gurbi.A karkashin dokar Arizona, maye gurbin da aka nada dole ne ya kasance na jam’iyya daya da McCain, dan Republican. Jita-jitar jaridu game da wadanda za a nada mukaman sun hada da bazawar McCain Cindy, tsohon Sanata Jon Kyl, da tsohon Wakilai Matt Salmon da John Shadegg.Ducey ya ce ba zai yi alƙawari ba har sai bayan jana'izar ƙarshe da jana'izar McCain; a ranar 4 ga Satumba, kwana biyu bayan binne McCain, Ducey ya nada Kyl don cike kujerar McCain.A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, gawar jana'izar ta tashi daga Washington, D.C ta Annapolis, Maryland, inda tituna suka yi layi tare da cincirindon mutane, zuwa Kwalejin Naval. [395] An gudanar da sabis na sirri a Makarantar Kwalejin Naval, wanda ya sami halartar brigade na tsakiyar sahu da abokan karatun McCain. Bayan hidimar sujada, an binne McCain a Makabartar Naval Academy ta Amurka, kusa da abokin karatunsa na Naval Academy kuma abokin rayuwa Admiral Charles R. Larson. Yawancin mashahuran mutane sun yi wa marigayi sanata a Twitter. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, Tom Hanks wanda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Tweeter "Duty. Honor. Kasa. Al'ummarmu na gode muku, John McCain. Babu wani ɗan Amurka mafi kyau". Su ma Whoopi Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Reese Witherspoon, Jimmy Kimmel, da Khloe Kardashian su ma sun wallafa sakonnin tuna marigayi Sanata.
Gwamnan Arizona Doug Ducey ya sami ikon nada McCain na rikon kwarya har sai an gudanar da zabe na musamman a shekarar 2020 don tantance wanda zai yi amfani da ragowar lokacin McCain, wanda zai kare a watan Janairun 2023 kuma don haka ya nada tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka na Arizona a lokacin Jon Kyl ya cika gurbi.A karkashin dokar Arizona, maye gurbin da aka nada dole ne ya kasance na jam’iyya daya da McCain, dan Republican.Jita-jitar jaridu game da wadanda za a nada mukaman sun hada da bazawar McCain Cindy, tsohon Sanata Jon Kyl, da tsohon Wakilai Matt Salmon da John Shadegg. Ducey ya ce ba zai yi alƙawari ba har sai bayan jana'izar ƙarshe da jana'izar McCain; a ranar 4 ga Satumba, kwana biyu bayan binne McCain, Ducey ya nada Kyl don cike kujerar McCain.
Shugaban Marasa Rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa Chuck Schumer (D-NY)
ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai gabatar da kudurin sauya sunan Gidan Majalisar Dattawan Russell da sunan McCain. Thean wasan da suka buga kararraki na Grandsire Caters don tunawa da McCain sun buge da bellers na Washington National Cathedral washegari bayan mutuwarsa. An sake buga wani kwatankwacin tunawa da kwata 6 ga Satumba a kan Karrarawar Majalisar a Old Post Office a Washington.A watan Maris na shekarar 2019 watanni bakwai bayan mutuwar McCain Trump ya fitar da jerin bayanan jama'a wanda ya soki McCain a kalla sau hudu a cikin kwanaki biyar. Trump ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ya amince da jana’izar McCain amma ba a gode masa ba. Koyaya, Washington National Cathedral ta amsa cewa babu buƙatar gwamnati ko shugaban ƙasa da ake buƙata don jana’izar McCain saboda shi ba tsohon shugaban ƙasa ba ne. Kwancen McCain a cikin ƙasa ya sami amincewar Majalisar Dattawa, yayin da Trump ya amince da jigilar gawar McCain. Trump ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin "an gama aikin" a kan Dokar Zabi Tsoffin Sojoji yayin da yake ikirarin McCain ya gaza a kan batun daya. Koyaya, McCain ya kasance ɗayan manyan marubutan biyu, waɗanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu a kan doka a cikin 2014. Trump ya sanya hannu kan VA MISSION Act na 2018 (S. 2372), faɗaɗa wannan dokar da McCain ya yi aiki da ita ya hada da sunan McCain a cikin cikakken taken. Trump ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa McCain ya kammala karatunsa "na ƙarshe a ajinsa", duk da cewa a zahiri McCain ya kasance na biyar daga na ƙarshe
Matsayin siyasa Manyan labarai: Matsayin siyasa na John McCain da Kwatanta 'yan takarar shugabancin Amurka, 2008 Chart, tare da lagwadon lemu mai ruwan shuɗi da shuɗi Yawan kuri'un da McCain ya jefa a majalisa, daga kungiyar Conservative ta Amurka (layin lemu; 100 shi ne mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya) da Amurkawa na 'Yan Demokrat (layin shudi; 100 mai sassaucin ra'ayi) Kungiyoyi masu fafutuka daban-daban sun baiwa McCain maki ko maki kan yadda kuri'un sa suka yi daidai da matsayin kowace kungiya. CrowdPac, wanda yake kimanta 'yan siyasa bisa gudummawar da aka samu da kuma karba, ya baiwa Sanata McCain maki 4.3C inda 10C ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya sannan 10L ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Jaridar da ba ta da bangaranci ta tantance kuri'un dan majalisar Dattawa da kashi nawa ne na Majalisar Dattawa suka fi shi yarda da 'yanci fiye da shi ko ita, kuma wane kashi ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya, a fannoni uku na siyasa: tattalin arziki, zaman jama'a, da na waje. A tsakanin 2005 2006 (kamar yadda aka ruwaito a 2008 Almanac na Siyasar Amurka), Matsakaicin kimantawar McCain ya kasance kamar haka: manufofin tattalin arziki: kashi 59 cikin dari na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 41 masu sassaucin ra'ayi; manufofin zamantakewar al'umma: kashi 54 cikin dari masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kashi 38 cikin dari masu sassaucin ra'ayi; da kuma manufofin kasashen waje: kashi 56 cikin dari masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kaso 43 masu sassaucin ra'ayi. [438] A shekara ta 2012, National Journal ya ba McCain adadin kashi 73 na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 27 cikin ɗari, yayin da a 2013 ya sami kashi 60 na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kashi 40 cikin ɗari.
Daga karshen shekarun 1990 har zuwa 2008, McCain ya kasance mamba a kwamitin Project Vote Smart wanda Richard Kimball, abokin hamayyarsa na Majalisar Dattawa a 1986 ya kafa. [445] Aikin ya samar da bayanan da ba na bangaranci ba game da mukaman siyasar McCain da sauran ‘yan takarar mukamin siyasa. Bugu da kari, McCain ya yi amfani da gidan yanar gizon sa na Majalisar Dattawa don bayyana matsayin sa na siyasa. A jawabinsa na shekara ta 2008 ga CPAC McCain ya bayyana cewa ya yi imani da "karamar gwamnati; da ladabi, da karancin haraji; da kariya mai karfi, da alkalai wadanda suke tilastawa, kuma ba sa yin, dokokinmu; da dabi'un zamantakewar da sune ainihin tushen karfinmu; kuma, gabaɗaya, tsayawa tsayin daka kan haƙƙoƙinmu na rayuwa, yanci da kuma neman farin ciki, waɗanda na kare dukkan aikina kamar yadda Allah ya yi wa mai haihuwa da wanda ba a haifa ba. A cikin littafinsa mai taken 'The Restless Wave' na shekarar 2018, McCain ya bayyana ra'ayinsa kamar haka: "Na ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙaranci ba, na kasance a lokacin shiga Majalisar] ɗan Republican, Reagan Republican. Duk da haka ni. Ba Jam'iyyar Republican Tea ba ce. Ba Breitbart Ba Republican bane, ba Dan Rediyo mai magana bane ko kuma Fox News Republican, ba mai kebewa bane, mai ba da kariya, mai shigowa bakin haure, dan cin amana, babu abinda-zai iya yi a Jamhuriya. Jamhuriya a Sunan Kawai Ni Dan Reagan Republican ne, mai goyon bayan rage haraji, karancin gwamnati, kasuwanni masu 'yanci, kasuwanci mai' yanci, shirye-shiryen tsaro, da kuma kasashen duniya na dimokiradiyya.
Hoton al'adu da siyasa
Babban labarin: Hoton al'adu da siyasa na John McCain Fari mai gashi fari yana tsaye a kan dakalin magana yana magana yana mai nuni da mika hannu da wani waje
McCain yayi magana a cikin Albuquerque, New Mexico, a Ranar Tunawa, 2008, yayin da yake Sanya Zuciya mai Tsada. Mutane hudu a daki
McCain da matarsa Cindy suna kallo a cikin 2011 yayin da ɗansu Jimmy ya fika fikafikan ɗansu Ensign John Sidney McCain IV.
Ra'ayoyin jama'a na John McCain Halin McCain na daga cikin sifofin mutane a fili. Wannan hoton ya hada da aikin soja shi da danginsa, yanayi da rikice-rikicen da suka dabaibaye karshen aurensa na farko da farkon na biyu, mai nuna halin ko in kula a siyasa, fushinsa, nasa ya yarda da matsalar maganganun da ba a yi la'akari da su ba a wasu lokuta, da kuma kusancinsa da yaransa daga duk aurensa. Rokon siyasa na McCain ya kasance ba na bangaranci ba ne kuma ba shi da akida idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran 'yan siyasar kasar da yawa. Matsayinsa da martabarsa sun samo asali ne daga hidimarsa a Yaƙin Vietnam. Ya kuma dauki nauyin jikinsa na raunukan yaki, da kuma tiyatar melanoma. Lokacin da yake yakin neman zabe, sai ya ce: "Na girme datti kuma ina da tabo fiye da Frankenstein.
Marubuta galibi marubuta suna yabawa McCain saboda ƙarfin zuciya ba kawai a yaƙi ba amma a siyasa, kuma sun yi rubutu cikin tausayawa game da shi. [63] [449] [453] [456] Sauyin ra'ayi da halayen siyasa da kuma dabi'un McCain suka nuna a lokacin da kuma musamman bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2008, gami da kin yarda da lakabin maverick, ya bar marubuta da dama suna bayyana bakin ciki da mamakin abin da ya faru da McCain da suke tsammanin sun sani. [457] [458 [459] [460] Zuwa shekara ta 2013, wasu fannoni na tsoffin McCain sun dawo, kuma hotonsa ya zama na wani kaidoscope na halaye masu karo da juna, gami da zama dan jam'iyyar Republican In Name Only ko kuma "mai cin amana" ga jam'iyyarsa kuma, kamar yadda wani marubuci ya lissafa, maverick, tsohon maverick, curmudgeon, maginin gada, jarumin yaki da ya doshi sama da kiran da ake yi na son rai don yin aiki da wani al'amari wanda ya fi shi, mai hasara, tsoffin bijimi, zaki na karshe, sako sako, jarumi mai farin ciki, dattijo dan kasa, zaki a lokacin sanyi. A nasa kimantawa, McCain ya kasance kai tsaye kuma kai tsaye, amma ba shi da haƙuri. Sauran halayensa sun hada da son yin layya,son yin yawo,da kuma barkwanci wanda wani lokacin ya zama abin birgewa, kamar lokacin da ya yi barkwanci a 1998 game da Clintons wanda ake ganin ba zai iya bugawa ba a cikin jaridu: "Shin kun san dalilin da ya sa Chelsea Clinton ta kasance mai banƙyama? Saboda Janet Reno mahaifinta ne.Daga baya McCain ya nemi afuwa sosai,kuma Clinton White House ta karɓi afuwarsa.McCain bai kauda kai ba wajen magance gazawarsa, kuma ya ba su hakuri.Ya kasance sananne ne a wasu lokuta ya kasance mai wayo da zafin rai tare da takwarorinsa na Majalisar Dattawa, amma alaƙar da ke tsakaninsa da ma'aikatansa na Majalisar Dattawa ta fi kyau, kuma ta kasance da aminci gareshi.Ya kulla kawance mai karfi da sanatoci biyu, Joe Lieberman da Lindsey Graham, a kan manufofin kasashen waje na balaguro da tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen ƙetare, kuma har aka ba su suna "Amigos UkuMcCain ya yarda da fadin abubuwan da basu dace ba a shekarun baya, [474] duk da cewa ya kuma ce labaran da yawa sun wuce gona da iri. [475] Comparisonaya daga cikin kwatancen tunanin ɗan adam ya ba da shawarar cewa McCain ba shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya yi fushi ba, [476] kuma mai sukar al'adu Julia Keller ta jayayya cewa masu jefa ƙuri'a suna son shugabannin da ke da sha'awa, masu shiga tsakani, masu zafin rai, da masu nuna adawa. [451] McCain ya yi amfani da maganganun ɓatanci [477] da ihu a wasu lokuta, kodayake irin waɗannan abubuwan ba su cika faruwa ba tsawon shekaru. [478] [479] Lieberman ya yi wannan tsokaci: "Ba irin fushin ne rashin samun iko ba. Mutum ne mai cikakken iko." [478] Sanata Thad Cochran, wanda ya san McCain shekaru da yawa kuma ya yi ta fama da shi a kan alamun saiti, [480] [481] ya nuna damuwarsa game da shugabancin McCain: "Ba shi da ma'ana. Yana da zafin rai. Yana fushi kuma yana damu na.Amma duk da haka Cochran ya goyi bayan McCain a matsayin shugaban kasa lokacin da ya bayyana cewa zai ci zaben. Kwamitin editocin jaridar Chicago Tribune ya kira McCain dan kishin kasa, wanda kodayake wani lokacin ba daidai ba ya kasance ba shi da tsoro, kuma ya cancanci a yi tunanin sa a cikin ‘yan majalisar dattijan Amurka da ke tarihi, wadanda sunayensu suka fi na wasu shugabannin kasar ganewa.
Duk dangin McCain suna cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka da shi, kuma ya kare su daga wasu illolin mummunan salon rayuwarsa na siyasa.Al'adar soja ta danginsa ta kai har zuwa zamani mai zuwa: dan John Sidney IV ("Jack") ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Naval na Amurka a 2009, ya zama tsara ta huɗu John S. McCain da ya yi haka, kuma matukin jirgi ne mai saukar ungulu; dan James ya yi tafiya sau biyu tare da Sojojin Ruwa a yakin Iraki; kuma dan Doug ya tashi da jirage a cikin sojojin ruwa.'Yarsa Meghan ta zama mai yin rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da shafin Twitter a cikin muhawarar game da makomar Jam’iyyar Republican bayan zaben 2008, kuma ta nuna wasu daga cikin halayensa na rashin da’a.A cikin 2017 Meghan ya shiga cikin shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na tattaunawa na ABC The View a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa.Shi ma Sanata McCain da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin bako a shirin.McCain ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai da yawa yayin da yake sanata mai ci. Ya gabatar da bayyanar zuwan bazata a cikin Crashers na Wedding da 24 kuma yana da hotunan bazata guda biyu a Parks da Recreation. McCain ya kuma dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a 2002 kuma ya fito a lokuta biyu a 2008.
Kyauta da girmamawa
Duba kuma: Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja na John McCain awards Kyautar soja Shugaba Mikheil Saakashvili na Georgia ya ba da lambar girmamawa ta gwarzo ta Georgia ga McCain a Batumi, Janairu 2010. Baya ga girmamawar soja da kayan adonsa, an ba McCain lambar yabo da girmamawa ta farar hula. A shekarar 1997, mujallar Time ta sanya sunan McCain a matsayin daya daga cikin "Mutane 25 da suka fi tasiri a Amurka. A cikin 1999, McCain ya raba bayanin martabar gwarzo tare da Sanata Russ Feingold saboda aikin da suka yi na sake fasalin kudin yakin neman zabe. Shekarar da ta gaba, ɗayan ɗayan sun raba lambar girmamawa ta Paul H. Douglas don Ethabi'a a Gwamnati. A shekarar 2005, Cibiyar Eisenhower ta baiwa McCain lambar yabo ta jagorancin Eisenhower. Kyautar ta san mutanen da aikinsu na rayuwa ke nuni da gadon mutunci da jagoranci Dwight D. Eisenhower. A 2006, Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta kasa ta ba McCain lambar yabo ta hidimar Jama'a Bruce F. Vento. A wannan shekarar, Cibiyar Nazarin yahudawa ta yahudawa ta bai wa McCain lambar girmamawa ta hidimar Henry M. Jackson, don karrama Sanata Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson. A 2007, Taron Shugabancin Duniya ya ba McCain kyautar Kyautar Manufa ta Shekara; ana bayar da shi ga ƙasashen duniya ga wanda ya "ƙirƙira, wahayi ko kuma tasiri mai ƙarfi game da mahimman manufofi ko dokoki. A shekara ta 2010, Shugaba Mikheil Saakashvili na Georgia ya ba McCain kyautar gwarzo na kasa, kyautar da ba a taba bayarwa ba ga Bajamushe. A shekarar 2015, Kyiv Patriarchate ya baiwa McCain nasa tsarin na Order of St. Vladimir. [499] A shekarar 2016, Kwalejin Allegheny ta ba McCain, tare da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Joe Biden, Kyaututtukkan Tattalin Arziki a Rayuwar Jama’a. A watan Agustan 2016, Petro Poroshenko, Shugaban Ukraine, ya ba McCain lambar yabo mafi girma ga baƙi, Order of Liberty. A shekarar 2017, Hashim Thaçi, Shugaban Kosovo, ya bai wa McCain lambar yabo "Urdhër i Lirisë" (Umurnin 'Yanci) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga' yanci da 'yancin Kosovo, da kuma kawancen da ta yi da Amurka McCain ya kuma sami Lambar Yanci daga Cibiyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ta Kasa a shekarar 2017. A lokacin bazarar 2018 An yiwa McCain kwalliya da Grand Cordon na Order of the Rising Sun daga Sarkin Japan domin 'karfafa alakar kasashen biyu da inganta dankon zumunci tsakanin Japan da Amurka'. [504]
McCain ya sami digirin girmamawa da yawa daga kwalejoji da jami’o’i a Amurka da kuma na duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da waɗanda daga Jami'ar Colgate (LL.D 2000),The Citadel (DPA 2002),Wake Forest University (LL.D May 20, 2002),the University of Southern California (DHL Mayu 2004),Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma (LL.D Yuni 17, 2005),Jami'ar Liberty (2006),Sabuwar Makaranta (2006),da Royal Military Kwalejin Kanada (D.MSc 27 ga Yuni, 2013).Sannan kuma ya zama Maigirma Mai Girma na Jami’ar Falsafa ta Jami’ar Trinity College Dublin a shekarar 2005.
A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, 2018, USS John S. McCain, wanda asalinsa aka sanya shi don girmama mahaifin da kakan Sanatan, an sake sake shi da sunan Sanatan shima.
A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Phoenix ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don sanya sunan Terminal 3 a Filin jirgin saman Phoenix Sky Harbor a Darajan Sanatan wanda aka buɗe a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2019 bayan mutuwarsa a watan Agusta 2018.
A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2019, Kyiv City Council ta sake suna wani titi wanda a baya aka sa masa sunan wakilin NKVD Ivan Kudria zuwa "titin John McCain
Tarihin zabe
Babban Labari: Tarihin Zabe na John McCain
Ayyuka Littattafai
Bangaskiyar Iyayena ta John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, Agusta 1999) ISBN 0-375-50191-6 (daga baya aka sanya shi cikin fim ɗin talabijin na 2005 Bangaskiyar Mahaifina) John McCain ne mai gwagwarmaya, Mark Salter (Random House, Satumba 2002) ISBN 0-375-50542-3 Dalilin Dalilin Jaruntaka: Hanyar zuwa Rayuwar Jarunta ta John McCain, Mark Salter (Gidan Random, Afrilu 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3 Hali Destaddara ce: Labaru masu ban sha'awa Duk Matashin da Ya Kamata Ya Sanar kuma Kowane Babban Ya Kamata Ya Tuna da John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, Oktoba 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0 Kira Mai Kyau: Babban Shawara da Mutanen da Ba a San su ba waɗanda John McCain, Mark Salter (Hachette, Agusta 2007) ISBN 0-446-58040-6 suka yi Sojoji goma sha uku: Tarihin Sirrin Amurkawa a Yakin da John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon Schuster, Nuwamba 2014) ISBN 1-4767-5965-0 Waaƙƙarfan Hutawa: Lokaci Mai Kyau, Dalili Kaɗai, Babban Yaƙe-yaƙe, da Sauran Yabo da John McCain, Mark Salter (Simon Schuster, Mayu 2018) ISBN 978-1501178009
Labarai da gabatarwa
Ta yaya POW ta Koma Baya", na John S. McCain III, Lieut. Kwamanda, Navy na Amurka, US News World Report, 14 ga Mayu, 1973 (wanda aka sake buga shi don yanar gizo a ƙarƙashin take daban-daban a cikin 2008). An sake buga shi a cikin rahoton Vietnam, Kashi na biyu: Jaridar Amurka 1969-1975 (Laburaren Amurka, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-59-0
"Thea'idar Aiki da Fursunonin Yaƙin Vietnam", na John S. McCain, Kwamandan USN, Kwalejin Yaƙin ,asa, Afrilu 8, 1974 (ainihin takarda) Gabatarwar da John McCain ya yi wa Lamarin da Ya Kiyaye: Labarin Gaskiya na OWasar Farar Hula mafi Americaarancin Amurka a Vietnam da Ernest C. Brace (St. Martin's Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7090-3560-8 Jawabin John McCain, 1988-2000 John McCain ya gabatar da magana game da ɗaukakarsa: Saga na Jim Thompson, Fursunoni mafi tsayi a Amurka da Tom Philpott (W. W. Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-02012-6 Gabatarwar John McCain ga Mafi Kyawun haske da David Halberstam (Gidan Random, bugun 2001) ISBN 1-58836-098-9 Gabatarwar da John S. McCain ya gabatar game da Kasuwancin da Ba a Kammala ba: Afghanistan, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Bayan Rage Haɗarin da ke barazana ga Tsaron Amurka ta Harlan Ullman (Citadel Press, Yuni 2002) ISBN 0-8065-2431-6 Gabatarwar John McCain da Max Cleland zuwa Odysseus a Amurka: Combat Trauma da Jarabawar Zuwan gida da Jonathan Shay (Scribner, Nuwamba 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1 Gabatarwar da John McCain ya bayar game da tatsuniyoyin 9/11: Me yasa Ra'ayoyin Makirci Ba za su iya tsayawa kan Gaske ba daga Editocin Manyan Ma'aikata (Hearst, Agusta 2006) ISBN 1-58816-635-X Gabatarwa daga John McCain zuwa Pearl Harbor, the Day of Infamy, a Illustrated History by Dan van der Vat (Black Walnut Books, 2007) ISBN 1-897330-28-6 "Aminci Mai Dorewa da Aka Gina Kan 'Yanci: Tabbatar da Makomar Amurka" ta John McCain Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Nuwamba Disamba 2007
Duba kuma
Jerin sunayen mambobin majalisar dokokin Amurka da suka mutu a ofis
Jerin sanatocin Amurka da aka haifa a wajen Amurka
Bayanan kula
Shaidar John McCain Ta Wuce Tsohon Dan Takarar Republican Na Takarar Shugabancin Amurka". Satyagraha (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Agusta 27, 2018. Stevenson, Peter W. "Bincike Gasar fitowar manyan yatsu wanda ta takaita aikin John McCain". Jaridar Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. An sake dawo da Maris 5, 2021.
Bankwana ta ƙarshe ga John McCain tare da girmamawa ta ƙasa, Obama, Bush yabi a taron Amar Ujala (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Satumba 1, 2018. "Jarumin yakin Amurka John McCain baya nan, buri na karshe shi ne Kada Trump ya halarci jana'izar". Jagran (a yaren Hindi). An dawo da Agusta 26, 2018.
Timberg, Robert (1999). "The Punk". John McCain, Ba'amurke Odyssey. Simon da Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86794-6. An dawo a watan Agusta 4, 2015 ta The New York Times. Morison, Samuel Eliot (2007). Yaƙin Tekun Biyu: Tarihin Shortan Ruwa na Navy na Amurka a Yakin Duniya na Biyu. Cibiyar Nazarin Naval. shafi na. 119.
Roberts, Gary (Afrilu 1, 2008). "Game da Tarihi, Tsarin Sarauta, da Ingilishi da Mashahurin Kin na Sanata John Sidney McCain IV". Sabuwar Englandungiyar Tarihin Tarihi ta Ingila. An adana daga asali ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2008. An dawo da shi a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008.
Burritt, Maryamu (Oktoba 16, 2016). "Tarihin Rockingham County Bob Carter Ya Haɗa Hankali, Malanta." Labarai Rikodi (Greensboro.com). An dawo da Afrilu 29, 2020.
Nowicki, Dan da Muller, Bill. "Rahoton John McCain: A Kwalejin Naval", Jamhuriyar Arizona (Maris 1, 2007). An sake dawo da Nuwamba 10, 2007; "Yadda aka tsara tarihin rayuwar tare", Jamhuriyar Arizona (Maris 1, 2007). An sake dawo da shi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2008. ("Makarantun McCain a [Naval Academy] sun yi kyau a cikin batutuwan da ya ji daɗi, kamar adabi da tarihi. Gamboa ya ce McCain ya gwammace ya karanta littafin tarihi fiye da aikin gida na lissafi. ya wuce azuzuwan da bai samu motsawa ba. 'Ya tsaya a cikin darasinsa,' Gamboa ya ce. 'Amma hakan ta hanyar zabi ne, ba zane ba.')
Alexander, Mutumin Mutane, p. 19. Woodward, Calvin. "WMD na McCain Baki ne da Ba Zai Daina ba". Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai. USA Yau (Nuwamba 4, 2007). An sake dawo da Nuwamba 10, 2007. Alexander, Mutumin Mutane, p. 22. McCain ya yi baftisma kuma ya girma Episcopalian
Bayani Alexander, Paul. Mutumin Mutane: Rayuwar John McCain (John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002). ISBN 0-471-22829-X. Brock, David da Waldman, Paul. Free Ride: John McCain da Media (Litattafan Anchor, New York 2008). ISBN 0-307-27940-5. Drew, Elizabeth. Citizen McCain (Simon Schuster, New York 2002). ISBN 0-641-57240-9. Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick. John McCain: Bautar Kasar sa (Millbrook Press, Brookfield, Connecticut 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3. Hubbell, John G. P.OW: Tarihin Tabbatacce na Fursunonin Amurka na Yaƙin-Yaƙin a Vietnam, 1964-1973 (Reader's Digest Press, New York 1976). ISBN 0-88349-091-9. Karaagac, John. John McCain: Labari a Tarihin Soja da Siyasa (Litattafan Lexington, Lanham, Maryland 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4. McCain, John da Salter, Mark, Bangaskiyar Iyayena (Random House, New York 1999). ISBN 0-375-50191-6. McCain, John da Salter, Alamar. Ya cancanci Yaƙin (Random House, New York 2002). ISBN 0-375-50542-3. Rochester, Stuart I. da Kiley, Frederick. Daraja Mai Girma: Fursunonin Yakin Amurka a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1961-1973 (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 1999). ISBN 1-55750-694-9. Schecter, Cliff. Hakikanin McCain: Me yasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya basu Amince da shi ba kuma me yasa masu neman yancin kansu (PoliPoint Press, Sausalito, California 2008). ISBN 0-9794822-9-1. Timberg, Robert. John McCain: Odyssey na Amurka (Littattafan Touchstone, New York 1999). ISBN 0-684-86794-X. Babi na 1 akwai akan layi. Timberg, Robert. Waƙar Nightingale (Simon Schuster, New York 1996). ISBN 0-684-80301-1. Babi na 1 akwai akan layi. Welch, Matt. McCain: Labarin Maverick (Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2007). ISBN 0-230-60396-3.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
John McCain a ayyukan yar'uwar Wikipedia
Media daga Wikimedia Commons
Labari daga Wikinews
Bayani daga Wikiquote
Rubutu daga Wikisource
Bayanai daga Wikidata
Sanata John McCain shafin yanar gizon majalisar dattijan Amurka
John McCain na Majalisar Dattawa
Sean Wilentz: John McCain. A cikin: Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 ga Fabrairu, 2018
John McCain a Curlie
Bayyanar akan C-SPAN
Tarihin Tarihi a Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Amurka
Bayani a Zabe Mai Kyau
Bayanin kudi (ofishin tarayya) a Hukumar Zabe ta Tarayya
Dokar da aka dauki nauyi a dakin karatu na Majalisar
Gates, HL John McCain's Tsarin Ilimin Iyali. PBS. Fabrairu 11, 2016. An shiga Fabrairu 17, 2017
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52912 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz%20Al%20Sheikh | Abdulaziz Al Sheikh | Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Sheikh (Arabic: Abd Azīz ibn Abda Āll ash-Sheikh; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1940) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Saudi Arabia wanda shine Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia na yanzu. Saboda haka shi ne shugaban Majalisar Manyan Masanan Addini da kuma karamin kwamiti, Kwamitin Dindindin na Binciken Musulunci da Issuing Fatwa.
Tarihin rayuwa Sheikh Abdulaziz Al Sheikh memba ne na iyalin Al ash-Sheikh. A shekarun 1969-70 ya zama shugabanci a Masallacin Sheikh Muhammad Bin Ibrahim a Dukhna, Riyadh. A shekara ta 1979 an nada shi mataimakin farfesa a Kwalejin Shari'a, Makka.
A watan Yunin 1999, Sarki Fahd ya naɗa Al Sheikh a matsayin Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia, bayan mutuwar Babban Mufti Abdulaziz Bin Baz.
Sanarwa Bayan da Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya ambaci wani sarki na Byzantine a cikin lacca, babban mufti ya kira bayanin Paparoma "ƙaryaci", ya kara da cewa "sun nuna cewa sulhu tsakanin addinai ba zai yiwu ba".
A shekara ta 2007, Grand Mufti ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen rushe Green Dome da kuma shimfiɗa dome.
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Babban Mufti ya bayyana cewa, "Dole ne a lalata dukkan majami'u a yankin Larabawa". Wannan sanarwar ta haifar da zargi daga wasu masu rike da mukamai na Kirista. Bishops na Roman Katolika a Jamus da Austria sun amsa da sauri ga fatwa, sun damu game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da ke aiki a yankin Gulf na Farisa. Babban Birnin Orthodox na Rasha Mark, Babban Bishop na Yegoryevsk, ya ce hukuncin ya kasance "mai ban tsoro". Yawancin duniya sun yi watsi da sanarwar. Mehmet Görmez, babban imam a Turkiyya, ya yi kira ga Al Sheikh na "hallaka dukkan majami'u" a yankin Gulf na Farisa, yana mai cewa sanarwar ta saba wa koyarwar Musulunci ta zaman lafiya. Görmez, shugaban Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Shugabancin Harkokin Addini), ya ce ba zai iya karɓar fatwa na Al Sheikh ba, ya kara da cewa ya saba wa koyarwar Islama ta ƙarni da yawa game da haƙuri da tsarkakar cibiyoyin da ke cikin wasu addinai.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Grand Mufti ya ba da fatwa wanda ya ba da izinin 'yan mata masu shekaru goma su yi aure yana mai da hankali cewa' yan mata suna shirye don yin aure tun suna da shekaru 10 ko 12: "Uwarmu da kakanninsu sun yi aure lokacin da suke da shekaru 12. Kyakkyawan girma yana sa yarinya ta shirya don yin duk ayyukan aure a wannan shekarun. Koyaya, yana adawa da al'adar auren 'yan mata da tsofaffi, yana jaddada rashin jituwa da al'adun Islama.
A watan Yunin 2013, Al Sheikh ya ba da fatwa da ke buƙatar lalata siffofin dawakai da aka sanya a cikin wani zagaye a Jizan: "Ya kamata a cire siffofin saboda suna da babban zunubi kuma an haramta su a ƙarƙashin Sharia".
Grand Mufti ya ba da fatwa a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2013 cewa bama-bamai masu kashe kansu "manyan laifuka" ne kuma masu fashewa "masu aikata laifuka ne da ke gaggauta zuwa jahannama ta hanyar ayyukansu". Ya bayyana masu fashewar bam a matsayin "sun sace tunaninsu... waɗanda aka yi amfani da su (a matsayin kayan aiki) don hallaka kansu da al'ummomi".
A ƙarshen watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Babban Mufti ya yi Allah wadai da Jihar Islama ta Iraki da Levant da al-Qaeda yana cewa, "Tunanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ta'addanci waɗanda suka bazu a Duniya, suna lalata wayewar ɗan adam, ba a kowace hanya wani ɓangare na Islama ba, amma abokan gaba ne na Islama, kuma Musulmai sune wadanda suka fara azabtarwa".
A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2015, kwana daya bayan bala'in taron jama'a na Mina wanda (a cewar Associated Press) ya kashe akalla Musulmai 1,399 na kasashen waje da ke yin Hajji, Al Sheikh ya gaya wa Muhammad bin Nayef, Yarima na Saudi Arabia a lokacin, cewa shi ne "ba shi da alhakin abin da ya faru ba", kuma "don abubuwan da mutane ba za su iya sarrafawa ba, ba a zarge ku da su. Makomar da makoma ba za a iya gujewa ba. Yarima Muhammad kuma shine ministan cikin gida na kasar, wanda ke da alhakin tsaro a Makka, kuma kalmomin Grand Mufti sun kare Yarima daga yiwuwar zargi na jama'a a cikin Saudi Arabia, wanda ya sa yawan mutuwar hukuma ga bala'in Mina a kasa da mutuwar 800.
A watan Janairun 2016, yayin da yake amsa wata tambaya a cikin shirin talabijin inda ya ba da fatwas don amsa tambayoyin masu kallo game da al'amuran addini na yau da kullun, Al Sheikh ya yanke hukuncin cewa an haramta wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Islama saboda ya zama caca, ɓata lokaci da kuɗi ne kuma dalilin ƙiyayya da ƙiyayya tsakanin 'yan wasan.
A watan Satumbar 2016, Babban Mufti ya yanke hukuncin cewa Shugabancin Iran ba Musulmi ba ne kuma "ɗan masu sihiri ne". Babban Mufti yana cikin jerin malaman addini da aka haɗa a cikin jerin mutuwar ISIS.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Babban Mufti ya yi fatwa yana kiran Hamas kungiyar ta'addanci kuma yana mai bayyana cewa yaƙi da Yahudawa an haramta shi ga Musulmai. A mayar da martani, Ministan Sadarwa na Isra'ila Ayoub Kara, ya yaba da wannan hukuncin addini kuma ya gayyace shi ya ziyarci Isra'ila.
Duba kuma Halakar wuraren tarihi na Islama na farko a Saudi Arabia
Manazarta
Haɗin waje http://alifta.com/Fatawa/MoftyDetails.aspx?languagename=en&ID=8 [haɗin mutuwa]
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21260 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren%20Maxakal%C3%AD | Yaren Maxakalí | Maxakalí Tikmũũn yĩy ax, Mãxakani yĩy ax yare ne na Maxakalían da ake magana dashi a ƙauyuka huɗu na Minas Gerais, Brazil, da fiye da mutane kimanin 2000.
Harsuna Babu wani bambancin yare da aka sani. Karexó, Kumanaxó, Makuní, Panháme, da ƙarni na 19 "Maxakalí", waɗanda a wasu lokuta ake ɗauke da yare na Maxakalí, a yanzun kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wakilai daban-daban na dangin Maxakalían, suna kusa da Ritual Maxakalí Curt Nimuendaju ya tattara jerin kalmomi na ire- irensu da aka sani da Mašakarí Monačóbm a shekarar 1939, wanda Araújo (1996) ya nuna shine farkon samun Maxakalí. Magana a harshen Maxakalí ya bambanta da ire-iren abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙin al'ada na Maxakalí, Ritual Maxakalí, duk da cewa dukansu ana sanya su a matsayin yaren Maxakalían.
Rarrabuwa Yaren Maxakalí an fara magana dashi a cikin Kogin Mucuri, Itanhém River, da yankunan Kogin Jequitinhonha. A yau, ana samun Maxakalí a cikin manyan al'ummomi huɗu aldeias na Minas Gerais, tare da jimillar ƙabilu kusan 2,000: Pradinho (Sunan Maxakalí: Pananiy a cikin harshen Bertópolis, Minas Gerais
Água Boa (sunan Maxakalí: Kõnãg Mai ko Akmamo a Santa Helena de Minas, Minas Gerais
Aldeia Verde (sunan Maxakalí: Apne Yĩxux a Ladainha, Minas Gerais
Cachoeirinha (Sunan Maxakalí: Ĩmmoknãg a cikin Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais
Tsohon yaren Machacari an tabbatar dashi daga karni na 19. Irin da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da Monoxó, Makoni, Kapoxó, Kumanaxó, da Panhame. Bayan watsawar masu magana da ita a cikin 1750s, suka zauna tsakanin babban kogin Mucuri da Kogin São Mateus (kusa da garin Teófilo Otoni na yanzu, Minas Gerais), watakila har zuwa Jequitinhonha a arewa har zuwa Suaçuí Grande River, a Kogin Doce, a kudu. Bayan shekara ta 1750, hijirar kudu ta Botocudos ta tilasta wa Machacari neman mafaka a garuruwan Portugal da ke gabar tekun Atlantika (a wani yanki daga bakin Kogin Mucuri zuwa Kogin Itanhaém a cikin Alto dos Bois (kusa da Minas Novas kuma a cikin Peçanha A cewar Saint-Hilaire (2000: 170), Monoxó ya rayu a Cuyaté Kogin Doce, kusa da bakin Kogin Suaçuí Grande wataƙila kusan 1800, kafin ya nemi mafaka a Peçanha. A farkon karni na 19, Panhame da sauran kungiyoyin Maxakali sun hada kai da Turawan Portugal don yakar Botocudos. Maxakali na zamani (wanda ake kira Monaxobm ta Curt Nimuendajú ya bambanta da Tsohon yaren Machacari. Tarihi ne yayi magana daga kwarin Mucuri har zuwa ruwan Kogin Itanhaém a cikin Minas Gerais Fasaha Yaren Maxakalí yana da wasula goma, gami da wasula ta baka guda biyar da takwarorinsu na hanci. A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, ana ba da wakilcin rubutunsu a cikin ƙananan kusurwa.
Wasula Silva (2020) yayi bayanin akan matakai biyu na yada hanci wadanda suka shafi wasula.
Saukar da wasali Dangane da Silva (2020), dukkan wasula banda a ã sun saukar da allofan. Wasula ɛ i ĩɨ u ũ ana saukar da su ga [æ ɪ ɨ ʊ bi da bi, gabanin coda mai faɗi. Misalan sun hada da tex tehex æj ɦæj] 'ruwan sama', yẽy j] 'don yin shiru, don yin shiru', pix pɪj] 'wash realis mĩy j] 'make realis kux j] 'ya ƙare; goshi mũy a riƙe, a kwace irrealis tox ʊj uwɪ]' dogon nõy j]' sauran; dan uwan jinsi daya Wasikun ɨ u ũ ana sake saukar da su zuwa [ɘ o õ], bi da bi, gabanin wata veda coda, kamar yadda a cikin tuk ɘɰ] 'don girma', yũmũg 'don sani, fahimta, zuwa koyi ponok oɰ]' fari mõg ku tafi realis Wasalai na gaba ɛ i ĩ ba a taɓa bin su da velar coda na farfajiyar ba, saboda ana yin amfani da codas da ke ƙasa don yin amfani da su a cikin wannan yanayin.
Bugu da kari, saman kamar yadda kalma-karshe, kamar yadda a yõgnũ ʔ] 'nawa ne', dan xõnnũ ʔ] (mai motsi nũ ʔ]' wannan; har zuwa irrealis Karfafa a ã Wasula a ã suna da goyon baya ga [ɑ kafin coronal (hakori ko fatar baki) coda. Misalansu sun hada da sanya (ah) a (ɑɦ) 'hanya', n (ãh) ãn ɦ) 'achiote', hax hɑj] 'wari, don wari', gãx j] fushi Wasulan a ã suna karfafawa kuma taso keya a bude syllables bin wani labial farko, kamar yadda a kopa [kupɒʔ] 'cikin', Homa [hũmɒʔ] 'dogon da suka wuce'.
Bakake An yi nazarin haruffan dake fita ta hanci [m ɲ] azaman allophone na b dʑ gabannin hanci, amma bambancin dake tsakanin m ɲ da b dʑ yana fitowa ne a cikin bashin Fotigal da cikin rage abubuwa. A cikin matsayi na coda, wurin bayyanawa ya bambanta, yuwuwar kasancewa labial (orthographic -p -m hakori -t -n palatal -x -y da velar -k -g Tabbataccen sanannen codas ya haɗa da tsokaci, maɓallin keɓaɓɓu kansa zaɓi ne.
Rashin fitar da sauti ta harshe da hanci Tsarin Taswirar duniya na Tsarin Harsuna ya yi iƙirarin cewa Maxakalí ba shi da wani bambancin fahimta ko baƙon hanci, yana ambaton "Gudschinski et al. 1970". Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa WALS ba ya ɗauka [h] a matsayin mai gaskiya a cikin wannan hukunci ba. Matsayin magana irin na bakunan hanci akwai shubuha; Silva (2020) yayi jayayya cewa a cikin Maxakalí na zamani suna zama masu banbanci ta hanyar magana, duk da cewa har zuwa kwanan nan baƙi na hanci ya faru ne kawai azaman wayoyin masu hana muryar.
Tsarin aiki
Tsarin kalma Tsarin kalmomin da aka fi sani a harshen Maxakalí shine SOV.
"Yaron ya shanye madara"
Siffofin gaba-gaba da daidaituwar zubin furuci Mafi yawan nau'ikan sassan jimla a cikin yyaren Maxakalí suna da alamun daidaito cikakkiyar daidaitawar morphosyntactic. Wakilan kalmomin aiki suna wucewa ta hanyar kuskuren post teition, alhali marasa lafiyar kalmomin wucewa da maudu'in da basu dace ba. Ana gabatar da cikakken mahalarta mahaɗan ne ta hanyar karin kari na mutum; ergative pronominal mahalarta dauki musamman siffofin a kan samun da ergative postposition te. Ana samun nau'ikan fom iri ɗaya tare da wasu bayanan matsayi; moreari ga haka, ã da xa suna faruwa azaman nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin rubutu na pu na mutum na farko da na biyu, bi da bi.
"Mu (ban da ku) za mu je kasuwa don sayan muku (abin da ba kai tsaye ba) abinci."
Zubi
Yanayin nuni Maxakalí fi'ilai suna motsawa don yanayi. Yanayin realis shine mafi yawan mutane, yayin da ake amfani da yanayin rashin daidaituwa a cikin mahimman maganganu da dalilai. Thearfin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi yana bin ɗayan aƙalla alamu 7.
Furuci
Lambar magana Wasu kalmomin aiki suna da nau'i nau'i-nau'i, inda zaɓin fi'ili ya dogara da lambar ɗan takara cikakke (watau batun magana ta rashin aiki ko haƙuri mai aikatawa). Kalmar suna wacce ke sanya ɗan takara ba ta karɓar wata alama ta ƙarshe ba.
Lambar magana
Tik yũm
tik p mutum ya zauna. SG RLS
'Mutumin ya zauna ya zauna.'
Tik mãm tik bãp mutum ya zauna. PL RLS
'Mutanen sun zauna zauna.'
Lambar mara lafiya
Tik te koktix putex tik te kuktik ptek mutum ERG biri kashe. SG RLS
'Mutumin ya kashe biri.'
Tik te koktix kix tik te kuktik ki-k mutum ERG biri kashe. PL RLS
Sunan mahadi Sunaye Maxakalí suna iya samar da mahadi cikin sauki, ga wasu misalai:
yyy kox xax
magana-rami-murfin
'lebe'
ãmot xuxpex
yashi-dadi
'gishiri'
yĩm kutok
hannun-yaro
'yatsa'
Amo Yaren Maxakalí yana da lamuni iri-iri daga ɗayan Língua Geral kamar ãmãnex 'firist', tãyũmak 'kuɗi', kãmãnok 'doki', tapayõg 'Black man'. Kalmomin aro daga kasashen a Brazil Portugual ne musamman yawa. Misalan sun hada da kapex 'kofi', komenok 'bargo', kapitõg 'kaftin', pẽyõg 'wake', mug 'bank', tenemiyam 'TV' (aro daga Portuguese café, cobertor, capitão, feijão, banco, televisão Duba kuma Harshen Maxakalí na al'ada
Maxakalí Yaren kurame
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Proel: Lengua Mashakalí
Maxakalí Nahawun Ingilishi da kamus
Bayani akan Maxakalí a Etnolinguistica. Littafin Org na Yarukan Kudancin Amurka
Manazarta Yarukan Barazil
Yarukan asali na kudancin Amurka
Yarukan asali na yammacin Brazil
Yarukan Mazakal
Tsason wasu yarukan kasar Potugal
Pages with unreviewed translations
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51683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20C.%20Kraft%20Jr. | Christopher C. Kraft Jr. | Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. ya rayu a Fabrairu 28, 1924 Yuli 22, 2019) wani injiniyan sararin samaniya ne na Amurka kuma injiniyan hukumar NASA wanda ya taka rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Ofishin Jakadancin ta hukumar da kuma tsara tsarinta da al'adunta. Abokinsa Glynn Lunney ya ce a cikin 1998: "Cibiyar Kulawar a yau abin tunkahonta shine Chris Kraft." Bayan kammala karatunsa na 1944 daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia Polytechnic da Jami'ar Jiha tare da digiri a cikin injiniyan jirgin sama, Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasa don Aeronautics (NACA), ƙungiyar da ta gabace ta zuwa National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ta ɗauki hayar Kraft. Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru goma a cikin binciken sararin samaniya kuma a cikin 1958 ya shiga cikin rukunin Taswirar Sararin Samaniya, ƙaramin ƙungiyar da aka ba wa alhakin sanya mutumin farko na Amurka a sararin samaniya An sanya shi zuwa sashin ayyukan jirgin, Kraft ya zama darektan jirgin na farko na NASA. Ya kasance a bakin aiki a lokacin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na farko da Amurka ta yi, da jirgin sama na farko da ya fara tuki, da fara tafiya ta sararin samaniya A farkon shirin Apollo, Kraft ya yi ritaya a matsayin darektan jirgin sama don mai da hankali kan gudanarwa da tsara manufa. A cikin 1972, ya zama darektan Cibiyar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Manned (daga baya Johnson Space Center yana bin mai ba shi shawara Robert R. Gilruth, kuma ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1982. Daga baya, Kraft ya tuntubi kamfanoni irin su IBM da Rockwell International A cikin 1994, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin da zai sa shirin NASA ta sararin samaniya ya fi tasiri. Rahoton rikice-rikice na kwamitin, wanda aka sani da rahoton Kraft, ya ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan NASA na Space Shuttle ya kamata a ba da shi ga wani dan kwangila mai zaman kansa. Har ila yau, ta ba da shawarar cewa NASA ta rage sauye-sauyen ƙungiyoyin da aka yi niyya don inganta tsaro da aka yi bayan bala'in Jirgin Jirgin Sama Wannan ya ja hankalin ƙarin sharhi mai mahimmanci bayan bala'in Jirgin Sama na Columbia.
Kraft published his autobiography Flight: My Life in Mission Control in 2001. The Mission Control Center building was named after him in 2011. When he received the National Space Trophy from the Rotary Club in 1999, the organization described him as "a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary".
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr a Phoebus, Virginia a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1924. An ba shi suna bayan mahaifinsa, Christopher Columbus Kraft, wanda aka haifa a birnin New York a cikin 1892 kusa da sabon sunan Columbus Circle Mahaifin Kraft, ɗan Bavarian baƙi, ya sami sunansa abin kunya, amma ya ba da shi ga ɗansa duk da haka. A cikin shekarun baya, Kraft-da sauran masu sharhi-zasu yi la'akari da shi ya dace sosai. Kraft yayi sharhi a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa, tare da zabin sunansa, "wasu alkiblar rayuwata sun daidaita tun daga farko". Mahaifiyarsa, Vanda Olivia née Suddreth), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce. Lokacin yana yaro, Kraft ya taka leda a cikin rukunin runduna-da-bugle na Legion na Amurka kuma ya zama zakaran dan wasan jiha. Ya je makaranta a Phoebus, inda makarantar kawai ta je aji tara kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Hampton Ya kasance mai sha'awar wasan ƙwallon kwando kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasanni a kwaleji; shekara guda yana da matsakaicin batting na .340. A cikin Satumba 1941, Kraft ya fara karatunsa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia da Jami'ar Jiha (Virginia Tech) kuma ya zama Cadet a cikin Corps of Cadets a matsayin memba na N-Squadron. Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu a watan Disamba 1941, kuma ya yi yunkurin shiga sojan ruwan Amurka a matsayin V-12 na jirgin sama, amma an ƙi shi saboda kone hannun dama da ya sha a lokacin yana da shekaru uku. Ya sauke karatu a watan Disamba 1944 tare da digiri na farko a fannin injiniyan jiragen sama Aikin NACA A lokacin kammala karatun, Kraft ya karɓi aiki tare da kamfanin jirgin sama na Chance Vought a Connecticut Har ila yau, ya yi amfani da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Ƙasa (NACA), wata hukumar gwamnati wadda Cibiyar Nazarin Langley ta kasance a Hampton, Virginia Kraft ya yi la'akari da cewa yana kusa da gida, amma ya yi amfani da shi azaman mai baya idan ba a yarda da shi a wani wuri ba. Lokacin da ya isa Chance Vought aka gaya masa cewa ba za a dauke shi aiki ba tare da takardar shaidar haihuwa ba, wanda bai zo da shi ba. Ya fusata da tunanin tsarin mulki na kamfanin, ya yanke shawarar karbar tayin daga NACA maimakon haka. A cikin 1940s, NACA kungiya ce ta bincike da ci gaba, mai sadaukar da kai ga binciken binciken sararin samaniya. A Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley, an yi amfani da manyan ramukan iska don gwada sabbin fasahohin jiragen sama, kuma ana gudanar da nazari kan sabbin dabaru kamar jirgin roka na Bell X-1 An sanya Kraft zuwa sashin binciken jirgin, inda Robert R. Gilruth ya kasance shugaban bincike. Ayyukansa tare da NACA sun haɗa da haɓaka wani misali na farko na tsarin kawar da gust don jiragen da ke tashi a cikin iska mai rikici. Wannan ya haɗa da ramawa ga bambance-bambancen yanayi ta hanyar karkatar da wuraren sarrafawa ta atomatik. Ya binciki vortices wingtip, kuma ya gano cewa, kuma ba prop-wash, su ne alhakin mafi yawan tashin tashin hankali a cikin iska da ke bin jirgin sama. Ko da yake yana jin daɗin aikinsa, Kraft ya sami ƙarin damuwa, musamman ma tun da bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin masanin ilimin kimiyya ba. A shekara ta 1956, an gano shi yana da ciwon ulcer kuma ya fara tunanin canjin aiki.
Manazarta Mutuwan |
24086 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan%20sama%20a%20Karnataka | Ruwan sama a Karnataka | Jihar Karnataka a Indiya tana fuskantar yawan ruwan sama a yankuna daban-daban. Yayin da Malnad da Coastal Karnataka ke samun yawan ruwan sama; yankinta na arewacin Bayaluseemae a cikin Deccan Plateau yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ba su da bushewa a kasar. Galibin ruwan sama da ake samu a jihar na damina ne. Kasancewar tattalin arzikin noma da kaso mai yawa na ‘yan kasar da ke sana’ar noma, rashin samun ruwan sama na iya yin illa ga tattalin arzikin jihar. Baya ga fa'idar aikin gona, gwamnatin Karnataka ta yi kokarin cin moriyar sauran amfanin ruwan sama ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya. Misalin wannan shi ne aikin, aikin noman ruwan sama a Karnataka na Karnataka wanda majalisar kimiya da fasaha ta jihar Karnataka ta kaddamar kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan noman ruwan sama a duniya. Agumbe a gundumar Shimoga, Amagaon a gundumar Belgaum, Hulikal kuma a gundumar Shimoga da Talakaveri a Madikeri wasu wuraren da aka fi sani da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Kudancin Indiya. Daga cikin wannan Amagaon ya sami sama da 10000 mm ruwan sama na sauka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 10.
Agumbe da Hulikal a gundumar Shivamogga na yammacin Ghat ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin "Cheerapunji na Kudancin Indiya" amma har yanzu wasu wurare a yankin Western Ghats sun haifar da ruwan sama fiye da waɗannan ƙauyuka biyu. Amagaon a gundumar Belgaum ya rubuta adadin sihiri na 10,068mm a cikin shekara ta 2010, Mundrote a gundumar Kodagu ya rubuta 9974mm a cikin shekara ta 2011.
Teburin da ke ƙasa ya kwatanta ruwan sama tsakanin Agumbe a cikin Thirthahalli taluk a gundumar Shimoga, Hulikal a cikin Hosanagara taluk a gundumar Shimoga, Amagaon a cikin Khanapur Taluk a gundumar Belgaum da Talacauvery da Mundrote a Madikeri taluk a gundumar Kodagu, Kokalli na Sirsi Taluk, Nilkund na Siddapur Taluk. CastleRock na Supa (Joida) Taluk a gundumar Uttara Kannada, Kollur a gundumar Udupi don nuna wanda za a iya kiransa Cherapunji na Kudancin Indiya".
Wadannan su ne manyan wurare 5 da suka yi rikodin ruwan sama mafi girma a cikin kididdiga [2010-2017] Wuraren da ke gaba sun yi rikodin ruwan sama mafi girma dangane da kowace shekara [2010-2017]
Muhimmanci Tattalin arzikin Karnataka yafi noma ne kuma yawancinsa ya dogara da ruwan sama; musamman damina ta kudu maso yamma Girman ƙasa mai bushewa a cikin jihar shine na biyu kawai ga Rajasthan. 26.5% kawai na yankin da aka shuka (30,900 ana yin ban ruwa don haka sauran filayen noman sun dogara ne akan ruwan sama. Har ila yau ruwan sama ya yi tasiri wajen yawan ruwan da ake samu a koguna wanda hakan ke yin tasiri ga yawan ruwan sha ga al’umma da kuma yawan wutar lantarki da za a iya samu a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a jihar. Muhimmancin ruwan sama shine ta yadda Karnataka wani lokaci yakan yi amfani da hanyoyin wucin gadi masu tsada kamar shukar gajimare don haifar da ruwan sama ta hanyar wucin gadi. Har ila yau ruwan sama na da matukar muhimmanci wajen kara yawan ruwan da ke cikin kasa kuma Karnataka ta bullo da sabbin hanyoyi kamar yadda ake noman ruwan sama domin magance matsalar karancin ruwan sha a jihar.
Ruwansama Karnataka majagaba ce a ra'ayin girbi ruwan sama tare da Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Karnataka (KSCST) tana aiwatar da ɗayan manyan ayyukan girbin ruwan sama a duniya. Makarantu 23683 a Karnataka na Karnataka an zabo domin gudanar da wannan aiki da babban burin samar da ruwan sha ta hanyar amfani da hanyar girbin rufin asiri. A cikin wannan aikin, ruwan sama da aka tattara a saman rufin yana gudana ta hanyar tsarin bututun PVC kuma an adana shi a cikin tankin da aka rufe. Bututun ya ƙunshi tacewa na farko wanda ke fitar da ruwan sama na farko tare da wasu gurɓatattun abubuwan da ka iya wanzuwa a kan rufin sannan kuma a bar ruwan sama mai tsabta mai tsabta ya wuce zuwa tanki. Ana amfani da tace gadon yashi don ƙara kawar da datti a cikin ruwa kafin a tattara shi a cikin tanki. Ana ɗaukar ƙarin matakan kariya don hana ƙura da kwari shiga cikin tanki.
Sakamako
Rashin ruwan sama Shekarar ƙarancin ruwan sama yana haifar da sakamako masu zuwa:
Aikin noma zai yi tasiri: Duk da yake wannan yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin jihar, yana kuma haifar da wasu batutuwan zamantakewa kamar kashe kashe manoma. Sakamakon gazawar noman noman, manoma ba za su iya biyan bashin da suka karba na noma ba kuma kadan ne daga cikinsu ke daukar wani mataki na kashe kansu. Karancin ruwan sha: Yawancin garuruwa da biranen Karnataka sun dogara da koguna don samar da ruwan sha kuma duk wani karancin ruwan sama yana haifar da karancin ruwan sha ga gidajen.
Karancin wutar lantarki: Rashin ruwan sama yana haifar da raguwar adadin wutar lantarki da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ke samarwa don haka dole ne a dauki tsauraran matakai kamar yanke wutar lantarki na tilas don magance wannan karancin.
Yawan ruwan sama Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya na iya haifar da hasarar rayuka da dukiyoyi tare da lalata amfanin gonakin. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya kuma haifar da tasiri a manyan biranen da magudanan tituna ke haifar da cunkoson ababen hawa. Misalin hakan shi ne a shekara ta 2005 lokacin da tafkin Madivala ya mamaye titin Hosur na Bangalore wanda ya tilasta wa makarantu da ofisoshi da yawa rufe.
Rarraba ruwan sama Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Karnataka shine 1248 mm. An raba jihar zuwa yankuna uku na yanayin yanayi wato. Cikin Arewa Karnataka, Kudancin Cikin Karnataka da Karnataka Coastal. Karnataka Coastal tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 3456 mm yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ake yawan ruwan sama a kasar. Kwatankwacin wannan, yankin Kudancin Cikin Karnataka da Arewacin cikin Karnataka sun karɓi 1126 da 731 kawai. mm na matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara.
Gundumomi The average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka varies from 562 mm (22.1 in) in the Bagalkot district to 4,119 mm (162.2 in) in the Udupi District. Bagalkot, Chitradurga and Koppal are the districts which receive the least rainfall whereas Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Chickmagalur and Shivamogga districts receive the heaviest rainfall.
Bayanan kula Ruwan sama
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Darasi | Tsarin Darasi | Tsarin darasi, shine cikakken bayanin malami kan darasin koyarwa ko “yanayin koyarwa” na karatu. Malami yana tsara jadawalin darasi na yau da kullum don jagorantar koyar da dalibai. Bayanai kan bambanta dangane da fifikon malamin, darasain da ake nazari, da kuma buƙatun ɗalibai. Za a iya samun ka'idodi da makaranta suka gindaya dangane da jadawalin. Jadawalin darasi wani tsari ne na musamman da malami ke bi don gudanar da wani darasi, wanda kuma ya kunshi manufa (abin da ɗalibai yakamata su koya), yadda za'a cimma wannan manufa (hanya, salo) da kuma hanyar auna fahimtar dalibai gwaji, takardar aiki, aikin gida da dai sauransu).
Muhimman Sassan Jadawalin Darasi Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa wajen tsara jadawalin darasi, yawancin sun ƙunshi wasu ko duka waɗannan sassan, yawanci a cikin wannan tsari sun haɗa da:
Taken darasin
Lokaci da ake buƙata don kammala darasin
Jerin kayan koyarwa
Jerin manufofi, wanda na iya zama manufofin ɗabi'a (abin da ɗalibi zai iya yi a kammala darasi) ko manufofin ilimi (abin da ɗalibin ya sani a kammala darasi)
A sa (ko gubar-a, ko gada-in) cewa mayar da hankali dalibai a kan darasi ta basira ko Concepts wadannan sun hada da nuna hotuna, ko kuma model, tambayar manyan tambayoyi, ko bita da darasin da ya gabata
Sashin koyarwa wanda ke bayyana jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa darasin, gami da shigar da koyarwar malami kuma, inda ya dace, ɗalibin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta don ƙarfafa sabbin dabaru da dabaru
Independent yi da damar da dalibai mika basira ko ilimi a kan nasu
Taƙaitaccen bayani, inda malamin ya ƙare tattaunawar kuma ya amsa tambayoyi
Bangaren kimantawa, gwaji don ƙwarewar ƙwarewar da aka koya ko dabaru kamar saitin tambayoyi don amsawa ko saitin umarnin da za a bi
Ana tantance kimar haɗarin inda aka rubuta haɗarin darasin da matakan da aka ɗauka don rage su
Bangaren bincike da malamin ke amfani da shi don yin tunani kan darasin da kansa kamar abin da ya yi aiki da abin da ke buƙatar haɓaka
Wani ɓangaren ci gaba yana yin bita da tunani akan abun ciki daga darasin da ya gabata
Hanyar Herbartian: Fredrick Herbart (1776-1841) A cewar Herbart, akwai matakai na shirin darasi guda takwas waɗanda aka tsara don samar da "dama ga malamai don ganewa da gyara kuskuren ɗalibai yayin fadada fahimtar darussan gaba." Waɗannan matakai sune: Gabatarwa, Gidauniya, Kunnawar Ƙwaƙwalwa, Jiki na Sabuwar Bayani, Bayyanawa, Aiki da Bita, Aiki Mai zaman kansa, da Rufewa. Shiri/Koyarwa: Yana da alaƙa da shirya da motsa yara zuwa abubuwan da ke cikin darasi ta hanyar haɗa shi da ilimin ɗalibin da ya gabata, ta hanyar tayar da sha'awar yara da kuma yin kira ga hankalinsu. Wannan yana shirya tunanin yaron don karɓar sabon ilimi. "Sanin inda ɗaliban suke da kuma inda yakamata suyi ƙoƙarin kasancewa sune muhimman abubuwa biyu na koyarwa mai kyau." Za a iya fara darasi ta hanya mai zuwa: a. Tambayoyi biyu ko uku masu ban sha'awa amma masu dacewa b. Nuna hoto/s, jadawali ko samfurin c. Bayanin Halin da ake ciki: Sanarwar abin da darasi ya mayar da hankali a cikin bayyananniyar sanarwa kamar "Yau, za mu yi nazarin karatun. Gabatarwa/Haɓakawa: Ainihin darasi yana farawa anan. Wannan matakin yakamata ya ƙunshi aiki mai kyau daga ɓangaren ɗalibai. Malamin zai ɗauki taimakon na'urori daban -daban, misali, tambayoyi, zane -zane, bayani, fallasawa, nunawa da kayan taimako, da sauransu. Ana iya ba da bayanai da ilimi, bayyana, bayyana ko ba da shawara. Yakamata a kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodin. a. Ka'idar zaɓi da rarrabuwa: Wannan batun yakamata a raba shi zuwa sassa daban -daban. Haka kuma malami ya kamata ya yanke shawarar nawa zai faɗa da kuma nawa ne almajiran za su bincika da kansu. b. Ka'idar jeri na gaba: Malami ya tabbatar cewa ilimin da ya biyo baya ya bayyana ga ɗalibai. c. Ka'idar sha da haɗin kai: A ƙarshe rabuwa da sassan dole ne a bi ta haɗarsu don haɓaka fahimtar gaba ɗaya.
Kwatancen ƙungiya: A koyaushe yana da kyau a haɗa sabbin dabaru ko ilimi a haɗe da yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun ta hanyar ba da misalai masu dacewa da kuma yin kwatancen kwatancen da ke da alaƙa. Wannan matakin yana da mahimmanci yayin da muke kafa ƙa'idoji ko keɓance ma'anoni.
Gabatarwa: Wannan manufar ta shafi tsarin tsarin ilimin da aka koya. Kwatantawa da bambanci suna haifar da gama gari. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban sun zana ƙarshen da kansu. Yakamata ya haifar da tunanin ɗalibai, tunani da ƙwarewa.
Aikace -aikacen: Yana buƙatar kyakkyawan aiki na tunani don tunani da amfani da ƙa'idodin da aka koya zuwa sababbin yanayi. Ilimi, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi kuma aka tabbatar da shi, ya zama bayyananne kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na gyaran tunanin ɗalibi.
Recapitulation: Mataki na ƙarshe na shirin darasi, malamin yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ko ɗalibai sun fahimci ko sun fahimci batun ko a'a. Ana amfani da wannan don tantancewa/kimanta tasirin darasin ta hanyar yiwa ɗalibai tambayoyi akan abubuwan da darasin ya ƙunsa ko ta ba da gajerun manufofi don gwada matakin fahimtar ɗalibi; misali, yiwa lakabi sassa daban -daban akan zane, da dai sauransu.
Bayar da Shirye -shiryen Darasi Majalisar Kanada kan Ilmantarwa ta tsara waɗannan jagororin don haɓaka tasirin aikin koyarwa sune kamar haka:
A farkon koyarwa, ba wa ɗalibai cikakken hoton kayan da za a gabatar. Lokacin gabatar da kayan, yi amfani da abubuwan gani da yawa da yawa da kuma misalan da aka saba da su. Shirya kayan don a gabatar da shi ta hanya mai ma'ana kuma a cikin raka'a masu ma'ana. Yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyin da ɗalibai suka saba da su.
Ƙara kamanceceniya tsakanin yanayin koyo da yanayin tantancewa da samar da isasshen horo. Ba wa ɗalibai dama su yi amfani da sabbin ƙwarewar su kai tsaye lokacin da suka dawo gida ta hanyar ayyukan da aka ba su. Sadar da saƙon game da mahimmancin darasi, ƙara matakin motsa su, da sarrafa halayen gefe ta hanyar tsara lada ga ɗaliban da suka yi nasarar kammalawa da haɗa sabon abun ciki. Don ci gaba da aikin koyo, ƙimomin dole ne su kasance masu adalci kuma ana iya samun su.
Motsawa yana shafar sakamakon koyarwa ba tare da wani ƙaruwa na iya fahimta ba. Dalilan ilmantarwa yana shafar halaye na mutum kamar lamiri da yanayin koyo. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a yi ƙoƙarin samar da ayyukan da za su iya yiwuwa. Dalibai suna koyan mafi kyawun yadda suke so kuma lokacin da aka ƙarfafa amsoshi daidai gwargwado, wataƙila tare da sauri "An yi kyau." Ga ɗaliban Generation Z da yawa, amfani da fasaha na iya motsa ilmantarwa. Kwaikwaiyo, wasanni, duniyoyin kama -da -wane, da sadarwar yanar gizo sun riga sun kawo sauyi kan yadda ɗalibai ke koyo da yadda aka tsara da isar da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Lealiban da suka nutse a cikin zurfin ilmantarwa na ƙwarewa a cikin yanayin gani sosai da mu'amala sun zama masu ƙwarewa cikin ƙwarewa.
Bincike ya nuna cewa yana da mahimmanci ƙirƙirar ƙira don koyo (Me yasa zan koya, haƙiƙanin haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa) a cikin zukatan ɗalibai. Sannan ɗalibai ne kawai za su iya fahimtar ɓangaren "yadda da abin da za a koya" daga ɓangaren malamin. Hakanan, bayar da isasshen bayani wanda zai taimaka wajen saita tsammanin ɗalibai game da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma sakamakon ayyukan da wataƙila za su iya faruwa a cikin yanayin koyo. Misali, ɗaliban da ke koyon ƙwarewa kan daidaitattun bambance -bambancen na iya fuskantar yanayi mai wahala, ɗimbin karatu, da mawuyacin yanayi. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya rage mummunan tasirin irin waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar sanar da ɗalibai kafin abin da zai iya faruwa da samar musu da dabarun sarrafawa.
Tsarin darasi da gudanar da aji Samar da ingantaccen tsarin darasi muhimmin sashi ne na gudanar da aji. Yin hakan yana buƙatar ikon haɗa dabaru masu tasiri a cikin aji, ɗalibai da mahalli gaba ɗaya. Akwai nau'ikan tsare -tsaren darasi iri -iri da hanyoyin ƙirƙirar su. Malamai na iya ƙarfafa tunani mai mahimmanci a cikin saiti na ƙungiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsare -tsare waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaliban da ke shiga tare. Dabarun gani shine wani ɓangaren da aka haɗa cikin tsare -tsaren darasi waɗanda ke taimakawa gudanar da aji. Waɗannan dabarun na gani suna taimaka wa ɗalibai iri -iri don haɓaka tsarin ilmantarwarsu da yiwu fahimtar su gaba ɗaya na kayan ko abin da ke cikin shirin darasin da kansa. Waɗannan dabarun kuma suna ba ɗaliban nakasassu zaɓi don koyo ta yiwu mafi inganci. Malamai suna buƙatar fahimtar ɗimbin dabaru waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kula da gudanar da aji da ɗalibai. Yakamata su nemo mafi kyawun dabarun da za su haɗa cikin tsarin darasi don takamaiman darajarsu, nau'in ɗalibi, salon koyarwa, da sauransu kuma su yi amfani da su don amfanin su. Thean ajin yakan yi kwarara da kyau lokacin da malami ya tsara darasi da ya dace, saboda yana samar da tsari ga ɗalibai. Samun damar yin amfani da lokacin aji yadda yakamata yana zuwa tare da ƙirƙirar tsare -tsaren darasi a ainihin su.
Ayyuka Aikace-aikacen ko dai a cikin aji ne ko aikin gida-gida da za a kammala don lokacin aji na gaba. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da mahimmanci saboda suna taimakawa tabbatar da cewa koyarwar tana ba ɗalibai maƙasudi, ikon zuwa can, da sha'awar shiga cikin mawuyacin yanayin ilimi yayin da suke samun abun ciki da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun damar shiga cikin aikin koyarwa. Masana sun ba da misali cewa, don samun tasiri da cimma manufofin, dole ne haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan ɗawainiyar ya yi la’akari da hasashen ɗaliban saboda sun bambanta da na malamin. Ana iya magance wannan ƙalubalen ta hanyar ba da misalai maimakon naƙasassun ra'ayoyi ko umarni. Wata dabarar ta ƙunshi haɓaka ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa musamman da buƙatun ɗalibai, abubuwan sha'awa, da jeri na shekaru. Akwai kuma kwararru waɗanda ke ba da mahimmancin koyar da ɗalibai game da tsara aikin. An ce wannan don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar ɗalibai da sha'awar aikin su. Wasu dabaru sun haɗa da yin tunani game da tsarin aikin da ƙirƙirar yanayin koyo,. Akwai nau'ikan aiki da yawa don haka dole ne malamin ya yanke shawarar ko ayyukan aji aji ne, ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi, bita, aiki mai zaman kansa, koyon tsara, ko kwangila:
Whole-aji malamin laccoci ga aji a matsayin dukan, kuma yana da aji tare shiga a cikin aji tattaunawa.
Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ɗalibai suna aiki akan ayyuka cikin ƙungiyoyi uku ko huɗu.
Taron bita ɗalibai suna yin ayyuka daban -daban lokaci guda. Ayyukan bita dole ne su dace da tsarin darasi.
Aiki mai zaman kansa ɗalibai suna kammala ayyukan ɗaiɗaikunsu.
Koyon takwarorina ɗalibai suna aiki tare, fuska da fuska, don su koya daga juna.
Aikin kwangila malami da ɗalibi sun kulla yarjejeniya cewa dole ne ɗalibin ya yi wani adadi na aiki ta wa'adin ƙarshe. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan aikin (misali koyon takwarorina, masu zaman kansu, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi) don jagorantar zaɓin matakan koyarwa wanda zai iya ba da bayani game da ɗalibi da fahimtar kayan. Kamar yadda Biggs (1999) ya tattauna, akwai ƙarin tambayoyin da malami zai iya yin la’akari da su yayin zaɓar wane irin aiki zai ba da fa’ida ga ɗalibai. Wadannan sun hada da:
Wane matakin koyo ne ɗaliban ke buƙata kafin su zaɓi ayyukan da ke da matakan wahala daban -daban?
Menene adadin lokacin da malamin yake so ɗalibai su yi amfani da su don kammala aikin?
Nawa ne lokaci da ƙoƙari malami zai bayar da ƙimar ɗalibi da martaninsa?
Menene manufar aikin? (misali don bin diddigin ɗalibin ɗalibai; don ba ɗalibai lokaci don aiwatar da dabaru; don yin ƙwarewar da ba ta dace ba kamar tsarin kungiya ko bincike mai zaman kansa)
Ta yaya aikin ya dace da sauran tsarin darasi? Shin aikin yana gwada ilimin abun ciki ko yana buƙatar aikace -aikace a cikin sabon mahallin? Shin tsarin darasi ya dace da wani tsari? Misali, Tsarin Darasi Na Musamman Duba kuma Manhaja
Manhaja
Tsarin Harajin Bloom
Abubuwan Koyarwa
Babu Yaro Da Aka Bari A Baya
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Ahrenfelt, Johannes, da Neal Watkin. Manufofi 100 don Muhimman Kwarewar Koyarwa (Ci Gaba Dari). New York: Ci gaba, 2006.
978-0-673-15122-3
978-0-03-008171-2
Serdyukov, Peter, da Ryan, Mark. Shirya Shirye-shiryen Darasi Mai Amfani: Hanyar 5-Star. Boston: Allyn Bacon, 2008.
Salsbury, Denise E., da Melinda Schoenfeldt. Tsarin Darasi: Samfurin-tushen Samfura don Azuzuwa K-12. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008.
Skowron, Janice. Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Darasi: Kowane Malami Jagora zuwa Ingantaccen Koyarwa. Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2006.
Thompson, Julia G. Jagorar Tsirar Malami ta Farko: Shirye-shiryen Amfani, Kayan aiki Ayyuka Don Haɗuwa Kalubalen Kowace Ranar Makaranta (JB Ed: Jagoran Tsira). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Tileston, Donna E. Walker. Abin da Kowane Malami Ya Kamata Ya Sani Game da Shirye -shiryen Koyarwa Dubban Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2003.
Wolfe, Shoshana. Mafi kyawun Shekara Duk da haka! Jagora ga Tsari Mai Ƙarfafawa da Ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Aji (Dabarun Koyarwa). New York: Dabarun Koyarwa, 2006.
Koyarwa
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Ilimin Fasahan shuke-shuke
Ilimin Kimiyyar ruwa
Makarantu
Darusa
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23499 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raye-Raye%20a%20Kasar%20Sin | Raye-Raye a Kasar Sin | Raye-raye a ƙasar Sin wani nau'in fasaha ne mai banbanci sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'o'in rawa da yawa na zamani da na gargajiya. Rawa ta ƙunshi fa'idoji da yawa, daga raye -raye na jama'a zuwa wasan kwaikwayo a wasan opera da rawa, kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin bukukuwan jama'a, al'adu da sauran bukukuwa. Haka kuma akwai kabilu 56 da aka amince da su a ƙasar Sin, kuma kowace ƙaramar ƙabila a ƙasar Sin ma tana da raye -rayen al'adun gargajiya. A wajen ƙasar Sin, shahararrun raye-raye na kasar Sin a yau su ne raye -raye na Dragon da na zaki.
Tarihi Akwai dogon tarihi da aka rubuta na nau'ikan rawa daban-daban a kasar Sin. Halin farko na Sinawa don "rawa",, wanda aka rubuta a kasusuwan oracle, ita kanta wakilcin dan rawa ne da ke riƙe da bijimai a kowane hannu. Wasu raye-raye na ƙasar Sin a yau kamar rawa tare da dogayen hannayen riga an yi rikodin su tun farkon lokacin, tun daga farkon daular Zhou. Muhimman raye -raye na farkon lokacin su ne raye -raye da raye -raye da raye -raye da ake kira yayue, kuma ana yin waɗannan raye -raye a kotun daular har zuwa daular Qing, amma kawai suna tsira a yau kamar wasan kwaikwayo a bukukuwan Confucian.
Kotun masarautar tun daga daular Qin ta kafa sassa daban-daban da ke da alhakin tattara kiɗa da raye-raye, horar da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasannin da suke yi a kotun, kamar Ofishin Kiɗa da Royal Academy A zamanin dauloli shida (220 589 AZ), akwai tasiri mai ƙarfi daga Asiya ta Tsakiya a cikin kiɗa da rawa. Sana'ar rawa ta kai kololuwa a daular Tang, kuma raye -raye na lokacin sun bambanta sosai kuma na duniya, raye -raye daga tsakiyar Asiya musamman sun shahara. An rubuta adadi mai yawa na raye-raye a daular Tang, misali akwai sama da manyan kade -kade 60 kadai wadanda manyan wasannin kwaikwayo ne daga kotun Tang, kuma akwai dubunnan mawaka da masu rawa a manyan daulolin daular. Rawa a matsayin salon fasaha mai zaman kanta duk da haka ta ƙi bayan daular Tang. Rawa ta fara shiga cikin wasan opera na ƙasar Sin wanda ya fara yin tasiri a daular Song da Yuan, inda ya maye gurbin wakar da raye -raye na Sui da Tang. Bugu da ƙari, tun daga daular Song, al'adar ƙafar ƙafafun da wataƙila ta fara fitowa daga masu rawa da kansu ta zama sanannu, wanda ya iyakance motsin mata lokacin da ɗaurin ya ƙara tsananta, kuma shahararrun 'yan rawa mata sun zama da yawa bayan daular Song. Babbar ƙuntatawar zamantakewa da aka sanya wa mata na iya haifar da kawar da masu rawa ta daular Qing. Rawa a matsayin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo daban ta tsira cikin al'adun gargajiya. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, fasahar rawa a kasar Sin ta sake farfadowa, kuma ci gaban zamani a cikin raye-raye na ƙasar Sin na cigaba da gudana.
Rawar gargajiya Yawancin raye-rayen gargajiya na da daɗaɗɗen tarihi. Waɗannan na iya zama raye -raye na jama'a, ko raye-rayen da aka taɓa yin su a zaman al'ada ko wasan nishaɗi, kuma wataƙila an yi su a kotun masarautar. Daga cikin sanannun raye-raye na gargajiya na ƙasar Sin akwai raye-raye na Dragon da na zaki, kuma an san duka raye-rayen a daulolin da suka gabata ta hanyoyi daban-daban. An bayyana wani irin rawar rawa irin na rawanin zaki na yau tun farkon daular Tang, salon zamani na rawanin dragon duk da haka yana iya zama sabon cigaba.
A cikin wasu raye-raye na farko da aka yi rikodin su a China, masu rawa na iya yin ado kamar na dabbobi da dabbobin almara, kuma a lokacin daular Han, an ambaci wasu nau'ukan rawar dodon. Rawar da ake yi na Daular Han, duk da haka, ba ta yi kama da salon rawa na zamani ba. Wasannin dragon da aka ambata sun haɗa da raye-raye da ake yi yayin wata al'ada don neman roƙon ruwan sama a lokacin fari yayin da ake danganta dragon na China da ruwan sama, ayyuka a cikin nau'ikan baixi suna nuna inda masu yin wasan suka yi ado kamar koren dodon da ke busa sarewa, kuma yana aiki inda kifin ya zama dragon. Rawa na Zamani na zamani yana amfani da tsarin nauyi mai nauyi wanda dozin ko makamancin haka maza ke amfani da sanduna a lokaci-lokaci tare da tsawon dodon, kuma wasu nau'ikan dodon na iya yin tsayi sosai kuma sun haɗa da ɗaruruwan masu yin wasan. Akwai raye -raye fiye da 700 daban-daban a China. An ba da shawarar cewa an gabatar da rawar zaki daga wajen China saboda zaki ba ɗan asalin China ba ne. Shawarwarin raye-raye sun haɗa da Indiya da Farisa, kodayake wasu sun ba da shawarar asalin Sinawa na asali. Cikakken bayanin rawar zaki ya bayyana a lokacin daular Tang sannan an gane shi a matsayin shigo da kaya daga waje, amma wataƙila rawa ta wanzu a China tun farkon ƙarni na uku AD. A lokacin Daular Arewa da Kudanci tana da alaƙa da addinin Buddha. Mawaƙin Tang Bai Juyi ya baiyana sigar rawa ta zaki mai kama da rawar zaki na zamani a cikin waƙarsa "Western Liang Arts" inda masu rawa ke sanya kayan zaki da aka yi da kan katako, wutsiyar siliki da jikin furry, da idanu masu ƙyalli da zinariya da hakora da aka liƙa da azurfa, da kunnuwa masu motsi. Akwai manyan sifofi guda biyu na Rawar Zaki na Sin: Zakin Arewacin da Zakin Kudancin. Haka nan ana samun wani nau'i na Rawar zaki a cikin Tibet inda ake kiranshi da Rawar zaki.
Rawar gargajiya ta Han Chinese Rawar gargajiya tana da muhimmanci a tarihi wajen raye-raye a China, wasu daga cikin raye -raye na farko a al'adun kotu da bukukuwa na iya samo asali daga raye-raye na jama'a. Sarakuna daga dauloli daban-daban sun tattara raye-rayen al'adu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama raye-rayen kotu. Koyaya, a lokuta daban-daban kuma an sami rashin jin daɗi ga wasu raye-raye na jama'a kuma wasu sarakuna sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su.
Yawancin raye-rayen al'adu suna da alaƙa da girbi da farauta da tsoffin alloli da ke da alaƙa da su. Misali, an yi Rawar Constellation don siyan hatsi iri-iri kamar yadda ake samun taurari a sararin sama, yayinda Rawar Harpoon ke da alaƙa da Fuxi wanda bisa ga tatsuniya ya ba mutanen Han hancin kifi, kuma an haɗa Dance Plow da Shennong., allahn noma. Wasu misalan raye-rayen al'adun Sinawa:
Yangge-rawa ce da ta zama ruwan dare a Arewacin China.
Lantern Dance-rawa da aka samu a Kudancin China.
Errenzhuan
Raye-rayen ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a China Akwai ƙabilu 56 a ƙasar Sin, kuma kowace ƙabila tana da rawar da take da halaye na ƙabilanci, don haka tana fassara al'adunsu na gida, salon rayuwarsu, da al'adun kabila a cikin rawa. Baya ga rayuwar yau da kullun, kowace ƙabila ta fi son bayyana abin da ke cikin ta ta rawa. Kowane biki ya zo, mutane za su taru don cire farin cikin da ke cikin zuciyar kowa ta hanyar rawa. Don haka, rawa na iya isar da cikakkiyar motsin zuciyar kowane al'umma da mutane. Wasu misalai na raye-rayen su:
Baishou Dance-rawa ce ta mutanen Tujia
Rawar kwano ta Mongoliya rawa inda mata masu rawa ke daidaita kwano da yawa a kawunansu yayin rawa.
Long Drum Dance raye-rayen mutanen Yao wanda ya yi wahayi ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Dance na Yao People Sanam-rawa Uyghur.
Lhamo-wasan opera na Tibet tare da rawa da waka
Rawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo A cibiyoyin nishaɗi da ake kira wazi a lokacin daular Song, nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo daban -daban sun bunƙasa kuma wasan opera na Sin ya fara yin kyau, rawa ta fara haɗewa zuwa wasan opera. Rawa kamar "Hukuncin Rawa" wanda kuma ake kira Rawar Zhong Kui, ya zama wasan opera a daular Ming, da raye-raye na Daular Song kamar Fashe Tutar Sauran raye-raye da aka samu a wasan opera sun haɗa da Rawar Sword. Wasan opera na ƙasar Sin ya shahara sosai a daular Yuan, kuma raye-raye sun shiga cikin opera a cikin ƙarnoni masu zuwa.
Rawar al'ada Yawancin rikodin farko na raye-raye a China sun kasance raye-raye ko raye-raye na gargajiya, kuma waɗannan raye-raye sun kafa yayue wanda ake ganin yana da mahimmanci a cikin kotun. Waɗannan raye-raye sun ɓace daga al'adun gargajiyar Han na zamani, duk da cewa ana samun raye-raye na al'ada a cikin wasu al'adun gargajiya da al'adun ƙananan ƙabilu a China.
a zahiri "rawa rawa") asalin rawa ce ta kotu, amma an karbe ta don zama wani ɓangare na bikin Confucian. Ana iya yin wannan tsohuwar rawar tare da layuka na masu rawa waɗanda ke riƙe da gashin fuka -fukai da jan sarewa a cikin tsarin murabba'i (Rawar jama'a) ko kuma suna iya riƙe garkuwa da mayaƙan yaƙi (Rawar Soja). Al'adar raye-raye na riƙe da abubuwa kamar fuka-fukai tun zamanin daular Shang. Ana yin bikin mafi mahimmanci tare da layuka 8 na masu rawa 8 (Rawar Takwas Yi, masu rawa 64 gaba ɗaya). Da farko an yi raye-raye a cikin layuka 6 na masu rawa (masu rawa 36 gaba ɗaya) a cikin haikalin Confucian yayin da aka ƙuntata layuka 8 ga kotun Masarautar, amma daga baya an ba da izinin yin rawa 8-jere haka ma tushen cewa sarki ya ba shi mukamin sarki. Ana gabatar da sigar zamani na irin waɗannan wasannin don masu yawon buɗe ido a haikalin confucian a Qufu. Ana kuma yin wannan rawa ta Confucius a Taiwan da Koriya.
Dano Nuo )-rawa tare da abin rufe fuska wanda za a iya yin shi a cikin wasan opera na Nuo ko azaman bukukuwa don fitar da mugayen ruhohi.
Rawar Cham-rawar Buddha ta Tibet
Motsa jiki rawa A cewar Lüshi Chunqiu, a lokacin Sarki Yao, an ƙirƙiri rawa a matsayin motsa jiki don mutane su kasance cikin koshin lafiya bayan tsawon yanayi na damina. A al'adance wasu raye-raye na ƙasar Sin na iya kasancewa suna da alaƙa da dabarun yaƙi da aka yi amfani da su don horar da dabarun yaƙi har ma da motsa jiki, kuma wasu wasannin motsa jiki irin na Tai chi ko Qigong suna kama da rawa. A ƙasar Sin ta zamani, ana yawan samun mutane suna amfani da rawa a matsayin wani salon motsa jiki a wuraren shakatawa.
Ƙungiyar rawa Waƙar Waƙa da Rawar Ƙabilan Ƙasar Sin
Rawa ta zamani da ta Yamma
Ballet An kafa makarantar rawa ta farko a China, makarantar rawa ta Beijing, a 1954 tare da Dai Ailian a matsayin shugabar kuma wasu fitattun malaman Rasha, ciki har da Pyotr Gusev wanda ya kafa tsarin horon Rasha. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa an yi rawa kamar Swan Lake da Romeo da Juliet. An kafa National Ballet of China a rana ta ƙarshe ta 1959 a matsayin Kamfanin Ƙwararren Waƙa na Makarantar Rawar Beijing. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu a ƙarƙashin ikon Madame Mao, wasan kwaikwayo na Juyin Juya Halin ya zo kan gaba, kuma a ƙarshe an rage repertory zuwa ballet aƙida guda biyu The Red Detachment of Women and The White Haired Girl. Bayan faɗuwar ƙungiya ta huɗu, kamfanin rawa ya fara yin garambawul da canza alƙibla tare da tsoffin ballets na Yammacin da aka tashe su, sannan kuma ya faɗaɗa kewayonsa don haɗawa da ƙarin ballet na zamani daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Sauran kamfanonin rawa a China:
Kamfanin Ballet na Shanghai
Guangzhou Ballet
Ballet na Hong Kong
Liaoning Ballet
Suzhou Ballet
Tianjin Ballet
Rawar zamani BeijingDance LDTX
Kamfanin rawa na zamani na Beijing
Kamfanin rawa na zamani na City a Hong Kong
Kamfanin rawa na zamani na Guangdong
Gidan rawa mai rawa a Beijing
Yawancin ƙwararrun mutane da nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya a China hurarrun al'adu ne, amma a zahiri fassarar zamani ce. Yawancin raye-rayen da aka gabatar a matsayin na gargajiya a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin su ne tunanin zamani na tsoffin raye-rayen ta amfani da kide kide na zamani, misali shahararriyar rawar shigar fata mai kalar bakan gizo na Daular Tang.
Rawar Dunhuang-abun da ke ciki na zamani wanda aka yi wahayi daga frescos daga kogon Dunhuang Rawan Zamantakewa
Rawar gidan rawa na yamma (Chinese) ya shahara a karni na 20, a baya ba zai halatta maza da mata daga dangi masu mutunci su yi rawa tare ba. Ya shahara a cikin gidajen shaƙatawa na Shanghai na 1940, kuma shugabannin Kwaminisanci na farko kamar Mao Zedong da Zhou Enlai suma sun kasance masu rawar rawa irin ta Soviet. Wasan rawa amma duk da haka daga baya ya ɓace bayan Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu don maye gurbinsa da manyan raye-raye na ƙungiya kamar rawa yangge. Wasan raye-raye duk da haka ya sake bayyana bayan samun 'yancin China daga baya a cikin ƙarni, kuma yanzu yawancin mutane ana samun su a wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da safe a matsayin motsa jiki.
Makarantar rawa Kwalejin Rawa ta Beijing
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wasan yangge daga Shanbei a Shaanxi wanda ya kasance tsawon yini.
Gabatar da raye -rayen raye -rayen al'adun kananan kabilu na kasar Sin.
Sin
Kabila
Al'ada
Pages with unreviewed |
40967 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades | Crusades | Crusades wani jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na addini da aka fara, da goyan baya, kuma wani lokacin Latin church ta jagoranta a lokacin na da. Wadanda aka fi sani da wadannan Yakukuwa su ne na kasa mai tsarki (Holy Land) a tsakanin shekara ta 1095 zuwa 1291 da aka yi niyyar kwato Kudus da kewayenta daga mulkin Musulunci. Tun daga yakin Crusade na farko, wanda ya haifar da dawo da Kudus a shekara ta 1099, an yi yaƙi da yan Salibiyya da dama, wanda ya ba da wani muhimmin batu na tarihin Turai tsawon ƙarni.
A cikin shekarar 1095, Paparoma Urban II ya yi shelar Crusade na Farko a Majalisar Clermont. Ya ƙarfafa goyon bayan soja ga Sarkin Byzantine Alexios Na yi adawa da Turkawa Seljuk kuma na yi kira da a yi pilgrimage da makamai zuwa Urushalima. A duk faɗin yanayin zamantakewa a yammacin Turai, an sami amsa mai daɗi. 'Yan Salibiyya na farko suna da dalilai iri-iri, gami da ceton addini, gamsuwar wajibai, damar yin suna, da fa'idar tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Daga baya an gudanar da yakin neman zabe ta hanyar runduna da ta dace, wani lokaci wani sarki ne ke jagoranta. Dukansu an ba su izinin Paparoma. Nasarorin farko sun kafa jihohin Crusader guda huɗu: gundumar Edessa; Mulkin Antakiya; Mulkin Urushalima; da kuma gundumar Tripoli. Kasancewar 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance a yankin ta wani nau'i har zuwa faduwar Acre a 1291. Bayan haka, ba a sake samun wasu hare-haren ta'addancin da za a kwato kasa mai tsarki ba.
Ayyukan soja na lokaci guda a cikin Iberian Peninsula a kan Moors da kuma a arewa maso gabashin Turai a kan arna West Slav, Baltic, da Finnic al'ummomin (Arewacin Crusades) kuma an kira su 'yan Salibiyya wani lokaci a sake dawowa, dogon bayan taron ya ƙare saboda gaskiyar cewa sun kuma sami amincewa ta tsakiya daga Cocin Katolika na Roman da kuma cewa an shirya kamfen na soja daidai gwargwado, tare da maganganu iri-iri, alamomi, da banners kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sauran kamfen da Ikklisiya ta amince da su da ake kira crusades an yi yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bidi'a (maganganun proto-Protestantism), da Daular Ottoman, da kuma dalilai na siyasa. Ikilisiya ba ta ba da izini ba, akwai kuma Shahararrun Crusades da yawa na ƴan ƙasa.
A shekarar 1123 aka shelanta gwagwarmaya tsakanin kiristoci da musulmi a yankin Iberian Peninsula daga karshe aka fi sanin su da sunan Reconquista a tarihin nahiyar turai, kuma sai a shekara ta 1492 da faduwar Masarautar musulmi ta Granada. Daga 1147, campaigns a Arewacin Turai akan ƙabilun arna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yaƙin yaƙi. A shekara ta 1199, Paparoma Innocent III ya fara aikin shelar yaƙi da ‘yan bidi’a na Kirista. A cikin karni na 13, an yi amfani da yakin neman zabe a Cathars a Languedoc da kuma Bosnia; wannan al'ada ta ci gaba a kan Waldeniyawa a Savoy da Husites a Bohemia a cikin karni na 15thkarni kuma a Furotesta a cikin karni na 16th. Daga tsakiyar karni na 14th, amfani da lafazin ƙwazo don mayar da martani ga hawan Daular Ottoman, kuma ya ƙare a kusan 1699 tare da War of the holy league.
Kalmomi A cikin historiography na zamani, kalmar "crusade" ta fara magana ne game da balaguron soji da Kiristocin Turai suka yi a rana ta 11, 12, da 13.Karnuka zuwa Holy Land An tsawaita rikice-rikicen da aka yi amfani da kalmar don haɗawa da wasu kamfen da aka ƙaddamar, tallafi da kuma wani lokacin da Cocin Roman Katolika ke jagoranta a kan arna, ’yan bidi’a ko don zargin addini. Waɗannan ya bambanta da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na addini na Kirista domin an ɗauke su a matsayin motsa jiki na tuba, don haka sun sami gafarar mahalarta ga duk ikirari na zunubai. An fahimci abin da ya zama “yan tawaye” ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam, musamman game da yakin Crusades na farko, kuma ma’anar ta kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi na wannan zamani. Gabaɗaya ana kallon ma'anar "faɗaɗɗen yaƙi" ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi huɗu. Masanan gargajiya suna kallon Crusades a matsayin waɗanda suke zuwa Holy Land daga 1095-1291 (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Akwatin Bayani). Pluralists suna kallon Crusades balaguron soji ne da suka ji daɗin amincewar Paparoma, gami da waɗanda suka je Holy Land kafin da bayan 1291, zuwa Arewacin Turai da Iberia, da kuma kan Kiristoci. Shahararrun mashahuran sun fi mayar da hankali kan shahararriyar tushen sha'awar addini. Janarists suna mai da hankali kan ainihin abin da ya faru na yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsarki na Latin. Yawancin masana tarihi na Crusades na zamani sunyi la'akari da haɗuwa da jam'i da farin jini, wanda kuma shine abin da wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali. A lokacin Crusade na Farko, "tafiya", da kuma An yi amfani da "pilgrimage" da campaign. Kalmomin 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance ba a bambanta da na aikin pilgrimage na Kirista a lokacin karni na 12th. Takamammen lokaci na dan Salibiyya a cikin nau'in —"wanda giciye ya sa hannu"—,duk da haka, ya fito a farkon karni na 12. Wannan ya haifar da na Faransa—hanyar giciye. Zuwa tsakiyar karni na 13th na giciye ya zama babban mawallafin crusades tare da —"giciye a ketare"—ana amfani da shi don yakin cruade a gabashin Bahar Rum, da —"giciye wannan gefen teku"—ga waɗanda ke cikin Turai. Amfani da "Crossad" a cikin Turanci ta Tsakiya za a iya kwanan wata zuwa c.1300, amma Turanci na zamani "crusade" ya kasance a farkon 1700s. Kalmar Larabci don gwagwarmaya ko takara, musamman ɗaya da yada Musulunci——an yi amfani da shi wajen yakin addini na musulmi da kafirai, kuma wasu musulmi sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani da Hadisi sun sanya wannan aiki. "Franks" da "Latin" al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya ne suka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin crusade na yammacin Turai, wanda ya bambanta su da Kiristocin Rumawa waɗanda aka fi sani da "Greek". An yi amfani da "Saracen" ga wani Balarabe musulmi, wanda aka samo daga sunan Girkanci da na Romawa ga mutanen makiyaya na hamadar Syro-Arabiya. Majiyoyin 'yan Salibiyya sun yi amfani da kalmar "Siriyawa" don kwatanta Kiristocin da ke magana da Larabci waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Girka, da kuma "jacobites" ga waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Siriya. Jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na Siriya da Falasdinu an san su da "Outremer" daga Faransa outre-mer, ko "ƙasar da ke bayan teku".
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61323 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyi%20Akinmolayan | Niyi Akinmolayan | Niyi Akinmolayan ɗan fim ne na Najeriya kuma darakta, haka-zalika ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Nollywood. Fina-finansa biyar sun yi fice a cikin manyan fina-finan Najeriya 50 da suka fi samun kudin shiga: The Wedding Party 2 (2017) Chief Daddy (2018), Prophetess (2021), My Village People (2021), da The Set Up (2019). Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma Daraktan Creative Anthill Studios, cibiyar samar da kafofin watsa labaru. A cikin watan Janairu 2022, Anthhill Studios ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta shekaru da yawa tare da Amazon Prime Video don zama keɓantaccen gida mai yawo a duniya don sakin fina-finai na Anthill bayan wasannin wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Akinmolayan ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1982. Ya fito daga jihar Ondo dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma dan kabilar yarbawa ne. Ya fara karatun injiniyanci a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba.
Farkon aiki A farkon aikinsa na ƙwararre, Akinmolayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen hoto, mai tsara gidan yanar gizo, da kuma koyo ga masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood. A lokacin, ya fara inganta kwarewarsa a cikin gyaran bidiyo, katon. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna Kajola, wanda aka saki a cikin 2010, gwaji ne, amma masu shirya fina-finai da masu suka sun burge shi.
Akinmolayan ya kafa kamfaninsa na, Anthill Productions, a cikin 2008, wanda ya ba da tasirin gani na fim din Kajola.
Bayan nan A cikin 2014, ya ba da umarni na fim ɗin rawa na Najeriya Make a Move wanda ya fito da Ivie Okujaye, Tina Mba, Beverly Naya, Wale Adebayo, Victor Godfery, Helga Sosthenes da Eno Ekpenyong. An zabi fim din don Kyautar Kyautar Masu Kallon Kayayyakin Fim na 2015 don Mafi kyawun Fim (Drama).
A cikin 2015, Akinmolayan kuma ya jagoranci fina-finan Falling tare da Adesua Etomi, Desmond Elliot da Blossom Chukwujekwu, da Out of Luck wanda ya nuna Linda Ejiofor, Tope Tedela da Jide Kosoko. Fim ɗin ya ci gaba da samun kyautar Akinmolayan a matsayin mafi kyawun darakta a lambar yabo ta 2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards, kuma fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Adesua Etomi ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a 2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards.
A watan Disambar 2016, Akinmolayan ya fitar da wani gajeren fim mai suna PlayThing, fim din 3D animated, wanda aka fara haska shi a gidan sinima na FilmOne IMAX da ke Legas, don yin tsokaci.
A cikin 2017, an nuna fim ɗinsa The Arbitration da jarumi OC Ukeje ya fito tare da Adesua Etomi a bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Toronto.
Bayan nasarar da fim din ya samu, Akinmolayan ya fara gasa a shafinsa na masu son rubutawa, inda ya karbi rubuce-rubuce sama da 300, wanda ya kai ga fitar da gajeren fim din Room 315.
A cikin 2017, saboda nasarar liyafar Plaything, Akinmolayan ya samar da wani shiri mai dogon zango tare da haɗin gwiwar Friesland Campina WAMCO Nigeria Plc, mai suna Adventures of Lola and Chuchu. A cikin 2019, Akinmolayan ya fito da Malika: Warrior Queen, wani fim ɗin raye-raye na Najeriya wanda ya dogara da littafin labari mai hoto daga Roye Okupe, marubuci kuma Shugaba na YouNeek Studios.
Fina-finai Fina-finan da aka zaɓa'
Manazarta Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun |
29286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kole%20Omotoso | Kole Omotoso | Articles with hCards
Bankole Ajibabi Omotoso wanda aka fi sani da Kole Omotoso (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1943 19 ga Yuli 2023). marubuci kuma ɗan Najeriya ne kuma haziƙi wanda aka fi sani da ayyukan almara kuma a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "Yebo Gogo man" a cikin tallan kamfanin sadarwa na Vodacom. Rubuce-rubucen sunyi fice sa akan sifar sadaukarwa da jajircewa don haɓaka sake fasalin zamantakewa da siyasa na Afirka da mutunta juna tsakanin ɗan adam.
Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Kole Omotosso a cikin dangin Yarbawa a Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa da kakanninsa sun taso bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa. Duk da cewa rashin uba na iya murkushe matashi dan Najeriya, abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin kuruciyarsa sun taimaka matuka wajen ci gabansa a matsayinsa na mutum da kuma marubuci. Omotoso ya yi karatu a Kwalejin King da ke Legas da Jami'ar Ibadan sannan ya yi bincike a karatun digiri na uku a kan marubucin Larabci na zamani Ahmad Ba Kathir a Jami'ar Edinburgh.
Rayuwa kusa Omotoso ya koma Ibadan inda ya yi lacca kan karatun Larabci (1972 76), sannan ya koma jami’ar Ife inda ya yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo (1976 88). Ya zama marubuci ga mujallu daban-daban (ciki har da Afirka ta Yamma) a cikin shekarun 1970 kuma ya yi fice a cikin jiga-jigan Najeriya. Manyan jigoginsa sun hada da auratayya tsakanin kabilu, abubuwan ban dariya na rikicin Biafra da Najeriya, da yanayin dan Adam—kamar yadda ake misalta abota tsakanin Yarbawa da Igbo da kuma dangantaka tsakanin yara da iyaye.
Littafinsa na tarihi a shekarar 1988 game da Najeriya, Just Kafin Dawn (Spectrum Books), ya jawo cece-kuce kuma ya jagoranci Omotoso ya bar kasarsa ta haihuwa. Bayan ziyartar farfesa a cikin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Stirling da Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho da sihiri a Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Talawa, London, ya zama farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Western Cape a Afirka ta Kudu (1991-2000). Daga 2001 zuwa 2003 ya kasance malami a Sashen Wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Stellenbosch.
Ya kuma rubuta ginshiƙai da dama a cikin jaridun Afirka, musamman ma shafi mai suna “Trouble Travels” a cikin jaridar Sunday Guardian ta Najeriya. Daga 2013 zuwa 2016, ya kasance majibincin Kyautar Etisalat don Adabi watau Etisalat Prize for Literature.
A cikin tsakiyar 1990s da 2010 ya bayyana a matsayin "Yebo Gogo man" a cikin tallace-tallace na talabijin na kamfanin wayoyin hannu watau Vodacom. Omotoso yana da aure da ’ya’ya uku ciki har da mai shirya fina-finai Akin Omotoso da marubuci Yewande Omotoso kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Centurion, Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu.
Jigogi Omotoso ya taso ne a lokacin da ake ta faman tashe-tashen hankula na tsattsauran ra'ayin kishin kasa kuma yana sha'awar irin damar da ke tattare da makomar kasarsa. Almararsa ya yi yawa akan yanayin ɗan adam, kuma jigogi sun haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin zuriyar ƙasa da ƙabila. Zaɓin Fela babban misali ne na almara na ɗan sandan Najeriya. Duk da haka, tare da hawan lalacewar zamantakewa da siyasa, 'yan shekaru bayan 'yancin kai, ya zama mai sha'awar rubuce-rubuce game da almara. Almara hanya ce da ta wanzu baya ga rugujewar rayuwa da kuma inda zurfin sake gina rayuwa da ra'ayoyi ke zama gaskiya. Har ila yau, wata hanya ce ta gwaji kan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da siyasa don sauyi da ci gaban al'umma. Labarin da ba na Omotoso ya yi ba yana da yawa a cikin batun batun.
Ayyuka
Almara Ginin (1971)
Yaƙin (1972; Penguin Classics, 2008, Mu'ujiza (gajerun labarai) (1973)
Zabin Fela (1974)
Hadaya (1974, 1978)
Sikeli (1976)
Don Aron Leaf Mai Yawo (1978)
Tunanin Ƙwararrun Mu na Kwanan nan (1982)
Kafin Alfijir (Littattafan Spectrum, 1988, Wasan kwaikwayo La'ananne (1976)
Inuwa a cikin Horizon (1977)
Labaran gaskia Form na Littafin Novel na Afirka (1979 da dai sauransu. The Theatrical Into Theater: nazarin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Caribbean mai magana da Ingilishi (1982)
Lokacin Hijira zuwa Kudu: An sake duba rikicin Afirka (1994)
Achebe ko Soyinka Nazari A Cikin Bambance-bambance (1995)
Afirka ta Kudu (1997)
Uko Atai, Marubutan Afirka Vol. 2 1997
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kole Omotoso
Manazarta Marubuta maza na karni na 21
Malaman bokon Nigeria
Mutanen Akure
Rayayyun mutane
Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Ibadan
Haihuwan |
57463 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Accord | Honda Accord | Gabatarwa
Honda Accord kuma aka sani da Honda Inspire China ga wasu tsararraki, jerin motoci ne da Honda ke ƙerawa tun 1976, wanda aka fi sani da bambance bambancen sedan mai kofa huɗu, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siyarwar motoci a Amurka tun 1989. An yi amfani da farantin sunan Yarjejeniyar a kan motoci iri-iri a duk duniya, ciki har da coupes, kekunan tasha, hatchbacks da Honda Crosstour crossover.
Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, Honda ya ba da nau'ikan nau'ikan jikin mota daban-daban da nau'ikan yarjejeniyar, kuma galibi motocin da ake siyar da su a ƙarƙashin sunan Yarjejeniyar a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. An yi muhawara a cikin 1976, a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin hatchback, kodayake wannan salon ya ƙare har zuwa 1989, yayin da aka faɗaɗa layin don haɗawa da sedan, coupe, da wagon. Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar ƙarni na shida a ƙarshen 1990s, ta samo asali zuwa matsakaicin abin hawa, tare da dandamali guda ɗaya amma tare da jiki daban-daban da ma'auni don ƙara fafatawa da abokan hamayyarta a kasuwannin duniya daban-daban. Don Yarjejeniyar ƙarni na takwas da aka fitar don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka a cikin 2007, Honda ta sake zaɓar don matsar da ƙirar ta ƙara girma da haɓaka girmansa. Wannan ya tura sedan na Accord daga saman iyakar abin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta ayyana a matsayin mota mai matsakaicin girma zuwa sama da ƙananan iyaka na cikakkiyar girman mota, tare da coupe har yanzu ana ƙididdige shi a matsayin tsakiyar. girman mota. A cikin 2012, sedan na ƙarni na tara, tare da ƙarami na waje, an sake rarraba shi azaman tsakiyar girman mota a faɗuwa kawai don jin kunyar "Babban Mota". Koyaya, sedan na ƙarni na goma, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan na waje iri ɗaya, ya dawo zuwa cikakkiyar girman mota tare da haɗin sararin ciki na An dakatar da juyin mulkin a cikin 2017.
A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniyar ta zama mota ta farko daga wani masana'anta na Japan da aka kera a Amurka lokacin da aka fara samarwa a Marysville, Ohio a Gidan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya na Honda's Marysville Yarjejeniyar ta samu gagarumar nasara, musamman a Amurka, inda ita ce motar Japan da ta fi siyar da ita tsawon shekaru goma sha shida (1982-97), wacce ta kai matsayinta a cikin tallace-tallace a 1991 da 2001 tare da sayar da motoci kusan miliyan goma. Gwaje-gwajen tituna da yawa, na baya da na yanzu, suna ƙididdige Yarjejeniyar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ababen hawa na duniya. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance akan <i id="mwLw">Mota da Direba</i> 10 Mafi kyawun rikodin rikodin sau 37. A cikin 1989, Yarjejeniyar ita ce motar farko da aka sayar a ƙarƙashin alamar shigo da kaya don zama mafi kyawun siyarwa a Amurka. Ya zuwa 2020, Yarjejeniyar ta sayar da fiye da raka'a miliyan 18.
Fage Honda, bayan kafa kanta a matsayin babbar masana'antar babura a shekarun 1950, ta fara kera motoci a 1963. Honda ya gabatar da karamin motar sa N360, wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun motar Kei don kasuwar Japan, na shekara ta 1967. Motar tana da injin gaba mai juye-juye, shimfidar motar gaba (FF), wanda za a karbe shi don ƙirar N600 (1969), H1300 (1970) da Civic (1972). Matsakaicin girman alkuki tsakanin minicars da ƙananan sedans, Civic ya ba da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da aiki tare da ƙirar sararin samaniya wanda ke da jan hankali nan da nan. Civic ya ba Honda nasarar kasuwa ta farko ta yin fafatawa tare da masu kera daidaitattun ƙananan motoci, waɗanda su ne ɓangaren haɓaka kamar yadda tallace-tallacen ƙananan motoci ya ragu kuma ya ragu a farkon 1970s, kuma babban tasirin su na farko a kasuwar fitarwa. Injin Injiniya CVCC na Honda, wanda aka haɓaka tun 1970, an ƙara shi cikin Civic a cikin Disamba 1973. Yana da fa'idodin rashin buƙatar mai canza mai ko mai mara guba don biyan buƙatun fitar da hayaki na shekarun 1970s da farkon 1980s. Bayan da aka samu ƙaddamar da Civic, Honda ya fara kan haɓaka samfurin abokin tarayya mafi girma. Asalin manufar Honda don babbar mota, mafi shuru, mafi ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali ita ce sedan mai kofa huɗu da injin layi-shida na 2000cc, wanda aka tsara Project 653. An fassara bayanin akan wannan aikin azaman zayyana mai yin gasa mai ƙarfi na V6 zuwa Ford Mustang, duk da haka wanda ya bayyana ya zama fassarar ruɗani na ra'ayin ƙirar Project 653. Domin dalilai ciki har da sarrafa ci gaban halin kaka, leveraging da fasaha na su Civic, da kuma ikon daidaita samar da wuraren zuwa sabon model, Honda canza mayar da hankali ga gina a kan Civic ta nasara dabara a cikin wani ya fi girma kunshin, tsara Project 671. An kammala ƙirar jikin sabon ƙirar a cikin faɗuwar 1973, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin fitowar Disamba 1975 na mujallar Mota Trend, wanda ke nuna cewa aiki a ƙarƙashin Project 671 ya kasance yana ci gaba a cikin watannin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, ɗaya asusun na lokaci ya ba da rahoton cewa injiniyan injiniya a ƙarƙashin Project 671 ya fara aiki a 1974. Har sai an samar da sabon samfurin, an yi ƙoƙarin injiniya mai zurfi don sanya injin CVCC ya yi shuru kuma ya fi dacewa da saurin tafiye-tafiye mafi girma, don tsaftace dakatarwa don ingantacciyar tafiya da kulawa, don haɓaka tsarin sarrafa wutar lantarki wanda ya dace da ƙaramin mota mai nauyi, da kuma inganta amo damping a cikin jiki da firam. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje mai yawa kafin samarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri-iri, don tabbatar da dacewar Yarjejeniyar don amfani iri-iri za a yi amfani da samfurin fitarwa. Don sabon samfurin, Honda ya zaɓi sunan "Accord", yana nuna "sha'awar Honda don daidaituwa da jituwa tsakanin mutane, jama'a da mota." Kamfanin Opel na Jamus ya yi rashin nasara ya kai karar Honda, yana mai cewa sunan ya yi kama da na Rekord Siffar ƙarshe ta Yarjejeniyar, tare da dogon hanci da kuma shimfiɗar gidan coupe tare da gangaren hatchback na baya, ya kasance mai ma'ana da aka samo asali na ƙirar hatchback na Civic kuma ya ba da isasshen sarari don amfani da abubuwan da aka samu na Civic. Ya nuna kama da Volkswagen Scirocco, wanda aka gabatar a cikin Janairu 1974, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa an kwafi nau'in Yarjejeniyar daga Scirocco. Koyaya, an kammala fam ɗin yarjejeniyar watanni kafin gabatarwar Scirocco.
Zamanin farko (1976) An ƙaddamar da tsarin Honda Accord na farko a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1976, azaman hatchback mai kofa uku tare da a 2,380 mm (93.7 a) wheelbase, da nauyin kusan 898–945 kg (1,980-2,083 lb) ku. Motocin kasuwar Japan sun kai 80 PS (59 kW) JIS (mai kama da SAE Gross), yayin da Turai da sauran kasuwannin fitarwa suka sami samfurin ba tare da kayan sarrafa hayaki ba; ya bayyana 80 PS (59 kW) kuma amma bisa ga ka'idar DIN mai tsanani. Ya kasance fadada dandamali na farko na Honda Civic a dogo. Don bin ka'idodin tsauraran hayaki da aka kafa a Japan, an saka injin ɗin tare da fasahar CVCC ta Honda. Yarjejeniyar ta sayar da kyau saboda matsakaicin girmanta da kuma tattalin arzikin mai. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sedan na Japan na farko da ke da fasali kamar kujerun zane, na'urar tachometer, masu goge baki, da rediyon AM/FM a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullun. A cikin 1978 an ƙara wani nau'in LX na hatchback wanda ya zo tare da kwandishan, agogon dijital, da tuƙin wuta. Har sai da Yarjejeniyar, da Prelude mai alaƙa, ba a samun tuƙin wutar lantarki ga motoci ƙasa da lita biyu. Masu saye na Jafananci suna da alhakin ƙarin harajin hanya na shekara-shekara akan ƙaramin Civic, wanda ke da ƙaramin injin.
A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1977 (shekara ɗaya daga baya a kasuwar Amurka), an ƙara sedan mai kofa huɗu a cikin jeri, kuma ƙarfin ya kai lokacin da An ƙara injin EF1 kuma a wasu kasuwanni an maye gurbinsu da rukunin EK1, yana samar da tare da GK-5 5-gudun transaxle, ko tare da 2-gudun Hondamatic. A fasaha, sedan ba a canza daga hatchback, kuma wheelbase ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da tsayin daka na baya don dacewa da cikakken takalmin. Rufin ya ɗan ɗan tsayi don samar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida, kuma Accord Sedan ita ce Honda ta farko a Japan da aka ba da ita tare da ƙarin kayan tsakiya na Jafananci kamar ƙayatattun riguna da murfin kujera. A cikin kasuwar Amurka, ana samun sedan mai launuka uku: Livorno Beige mai rigar beige na ciki, Azurfa tare da rigar maroon ciki, ko ja mai duhu mai launin shuɗi. A cikin 1980 zaɓin zaɓi na zaɓi biyu na Semi-atomatik "Hondamatic" na shekarun baya ya zama akwatin gear mai sauri mai sauri ta atomatik (ba a yi amfani da transaxle mai sauri guda huɗu a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba har sai shekarar 1983). Sigar Arewacin Amurka sun ɗan sake fasalin datsa. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da sababbin grilles da taillamps da madubai masu nisa waɗanda aka ƙara akan ƙirar kofa huɗu (chrome) da LX (baƙin filastik). An share alamun CVCC, amma tsarin shigar da CVCC ya kasance. A lokaci guda, injunan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na California sun sami shugaban bawul ɗin shaye-shaye mai tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu da na'urar juyawa. Wannan sigar injin EK1 ya yi daidai da injin High Altitude na jihar 1981 49, yana barin na'urar sarrafa jet ɗin iska wanda ya taimaka wajen kula da ingantaccen cakuda a mafi tsayi (sama da ƙafa 4000). Ƙarfin dawakai ya karu daga don motoci masu sauri 5 da don motoci na atomatik tare da tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu na 49-jihar zuwa kamar sigar 1981-83.
A Arewacin Amurka, shekarar ƙirar 1981 kawai ta kawo sauye-sauye dalla-dalla kamar sabbin yadudduka da wasu sabbin haɗin launi. An maye gurbin Livorno Beige (lambar No. Y-39) ta Oslo Ivory (No. YR-43). An daina launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kamar yadda ƙarfen tagulla ya kasance. A bit daga baya a cikin 1981, kuma SE 4-kofa model aka kara a karon farko, tare da Novillo fata kujerun da iko windows. Launin fenti shine NH-77M Glacier Gray tare da ciki mai launin toka. Hatchbacks samfurin tushe, tare da kofa huɗu, LX, da SE huɗu kofa, duk sun sami ƙaramin madubi na nesa na filastik baƙar fata iri ɗaya. An sake bitar tarin kayan aikin da galibin hotuna waɗanda suka maye gurbin fitilun faɗakarwa da alamun ma'auni. An sake fasalin mai canjin don samun ingantacciyar bazara don hana haɗin kai na baya da gangan, wanda ya maye gurbin kullin canjin bazara na motocin shekara ta 1976 zuwa 1980. Hakanan an gajarta ledar motsi da inci biyu, tare da diamita mafi girma, yana ba da damar amfani da kullin motsi na Honda daga baya, gami da kullin rectangular da aka yi amfani da shi akan duk 1986 da sabbin |
33454 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Mauritius | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Mauritius | Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Mauritius, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata wacce ke wakiltar ƙasar Mauritius Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Mauritius ce ke kula da ita kuma mambar FIFA ce, da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Afrika (CAF), da kuma hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta kudancin Afrika (COSAFA). babban kocin shi ne Yves-Pierre Bodineau. Ci gaban wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar da ma nahiyar Afirka baki daya na fuskantar kalubale da dama, inda ba a samar da wani shiri na wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar ba sai a shekarar 1997. FIFA na baiwa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Mauritius kudi, kashi 10% na shirin bunkasa kwallon kafa a kasar a fannonin da suka hada da kwallon kafa na mata, da magungunan wasanni da kuma futsal.
Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata kuma Mauritius ba ta kasance ba tare da shirin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata kawai aka kafa a cikin ƙasar a cikin shekarar 1997. Tun daga watan Janairun shekarar 2013, kungiyar ba ta buga wasa ba, kuma ba ta shirya ba, ko wane irin wasannin da FIFA ta haramta. Wasansu kawai ya kasance da Réunion a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 a Saint-Denis. Wannan wasan dai ya kare ne da ci 3-0. An shirya wasan dawowa don Yuli na shekarar 2012 a Mauritius, amma an mayar da wannan zuwa Nuwamba na shekarar 2012. An buga wasan ne a Bamous a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2012, tare da Réunion ta sake yin nasara, a wannan karon da ci 2 da 1.
An shirya Mauritius za ta fafata a gasa da dama, inda suka janye daga gasar kafin buga wasa daya. A cikin jerin sunayen akwai gasar mata ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kudancin Afrika a shekara ta 2002 a birnin Harare na kasar Zimbabwe da suka fice daga gasar. A shekara ta 2005, Zambia ya kamata ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta yankin Kudancin Afirka (COSAFA), tare da kasashe da yawa sun amince su aika da tawagogi ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho da Swaziland. A ƙarshe an gudanar da gasar a shekara ta 2006, amma Mauritius ba ta aika da tawagar ba. Bayan haka, an shirya za su halarci gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekara ta 2008, inda aka tsara za su kara da Zimbabwe a zagayen farko na gasar; Sai dai Zimbabwe ta fice daga gasar inda ta baiwa Mauritius damar shiga zagayen farko. A wannan zagaye ya kamata Mauritius ta buga da Afirka ta Kudu, amma ta fice daga gasar. Sun shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA ta shekarar 2019, inda suka yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin guda uku a rukuninsu.
the head coach was Alain Jules. As of March 2012, the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA, as it had not yet participated in any matches against other FIFA members. By June 2020, they were bottom of the FIFA rankings.
Daukar ma'aikata da tsari Kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka gabaɗaya yana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaiton jinsi da ake samu a cikin al'umma wanda lokaci-lokaci ke ba da damar cin zarafin mata na musamman. Wata matsala da ci gaban tawagar kasar, da ake fuskanta a duk fadin nahiyar, shine idan an sami 'yan wasan kwallon kafa mata masu nagarta, da yawa suna barin kasar don neman dama a Arewacin Turai ko Amurka. An kafa ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a ƙasar Mauritius a shekara ta 1997. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, babu gasar mata ta kasa ko na yanki amma akwai gasar makaranta. Akwai kulake 17 na mata masu shekaru 16 da kuma kungiyoyin matasa hudu a ƙasar. Ƙasar tana da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata uku: babba, 'yan ƙasa da 15, da 'yan ƙasa da 19. A tsakanin shekarar 2002 zuwa 2006, babu ko daya daga cikinsu da ya buga wasan kasa da kasa. 10% na kuɗin daga Shirin Taimakon Kuɗi na FIFA (FAP) an yi niyya ne don haɓaka fasaha na wasan, wanda ya haɗa da ƙwallon ƙafa na mata, magungunan wasanni da futsal. Wannan ya kwatanta da kashi 15% na gasar maza da kashi 4% na ci gaban kwallon kafa na matasa. Tsakanin shekarun 1991 zuwa 2010 a Mauritius, babu wani kwas na FIFA FUTURO III na yanki na horar da mata, babu wani taron karawa juna sani na kwallon kafa na mata da aka gudanar a kasar sannan kuma babu wani kwas na FIFA MA da aka gudanar na mata/matasan kwallon kafa.
Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara.
2022 Gyaran Mauritius da Sakamako Soccerway.com
Ma'aikatan koyarwa
Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu
Tarihin gudanarwa Yves-Pierre Bodineau (20? 'Yan wasa
Tawagar ta yanzu An sanya sunayen 'yan wasa masu zuwa a ranar watan shekara don gasar xxx. gasa.
Maƙasudin maƙasudi daidai kuma gami da 30 Oktoba 2021.
Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa zuwa tawagar Mauritius a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Rubuce-rubuce 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin m, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 31 ga Agusta 2021.
Most capped players
Top goalscorers
Rikodin gasa
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA
Wasannin Olympics *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka
Wasannin Afirka
Yanki
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Duba kuma Wasanni a Mauritius
Kwallon kafa a Mauritius
Kwallon kafa na mata a Mauritius
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Mauritius ta kasa da shekaru 20
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Mauritius ta ƙasa da shekaru 17
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Mauritius
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mauritius at the FIFA.com
Mauritius at CAFonline.com
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20345 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Efik | Harshen Efik | Efik /ɛ f ɪ k dace. Efik. Usem Efịk suna ne na yaren kabilar Efik ta Nigeria. Shi ne babban yaren da aka fi yi a jihar Cross River a Najeriya. An saka sunan yaren ne bayan mutanen Efik waɗanda suke a cikin jihar ta Cross River da kuma jihar Akwa Ibom. Masu amfani da harshen Efik na iya fahimtar juna tare da masu amfani da sauran ƙananan harsunan Cross River kamar Ibibio, Annang, Oro da Ekid amma matakin fahimtar a fuskar yaren Oro da Ekid na da wahala; a wata fuskar, masu magana da waɗannan yarukan suna iya fahimtar juna watau Efik (da Ibibio) amma ba zasu iya maidawa ba. Habakar kalmomin harshen Efik ya samo asali da tasiri ta hanyar cudanyar Turawan Ingila, na Portugal da sauran al'ummomin da garuruwan dake kewaye da su kamar Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat da Ekoi (Qua).
Rarrabuwa Salon amfani da harshen Efik ya samu rarrabuwa zuwa kashi da yawa tun a ƙarni na 19. Dr. Baikie ne mutum na farko da yayi kokarin bayanin rarrabuwar harshen Efik a shekara ta 1854. Dr Baikie ya ce, "Duk yarukan da ke gaɓar teku daga Ɗaya zuwa Tsoho Kalabar, suna da alaƙa na kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, da yaren Igbo, wanda daga baya Dr. Latham ya sanar cewa tana da dangantaka da Kafir-class". Kafir-class kalma ce ta kaskanci da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yarukan Bantu. Don haka, Dr Baikie yayi ƙoƙari don rarraba Harshen Efik kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da harsunan Bantu. Attemptoƙari na gaba don rarraba harshen Efik shine Rev. Hugh Goldie wanda ya sanya Harshen Efik a matsayin ɗayan Harsunan Arewa wanda ya faɗi, "ya samar da mafi yawan ɓangarorin sa kamar yadda rukunin Semitic ke yi, daga tushen fi'ili." Westermann ya sake yin wani ƙoƙari wanda ya sanya harsunan Efik a matsayin na ƙungiyar Yammacin Sudan na harsunan Sudanic. Greenberg ne ya gabatarda rabe-raben harsunan yanzu wanda ya hada Efik a cikin dangin Benuwai-Kongo na dangin Niger-Congo. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin shigar da harshen Efik cikin dangin Niger-Congo shine yanayin fasalin su. A cewar Greenberg, "halayyar halittar Neja-Kwango wacce ke samar da babban abin kwatance shine tsarin sanya sunan suna ta hanyar rataye biyu." Saboda yawan kamanceceniya a cikin kalmomin Efik, masana kamar Der-Houssikian, sun soki rabe-raben harshe na Greenberg yana mai cewa, "Goma daga cikin shigar Efik suna da kamus na Goldie da yawa. Wannan nan da nan ya kawo yiwuwar ma'ana mabambanta da ma'anonin ma'ana. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba Goldie ne ya bayyana su ba. Waɗannan keɓaɓɓun suna rage adadin abubuwan da ba tuhuma ba daga 51 zuwa 36. Daga baya Faraclass ya yi wani bincike mai wuyar fahimta game da Yarukan Kuros Riba kuma ya rarraba harshen Efik a matsayin memba na ƙaramin rukunin ƙananan ƙungiyar Delta-Cross wanda ƙari ne ga babbar ƙungiyar Kuros Riba wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar Benuwai Kwango dangin Kongo.
Tarihi
Efik Adabi Cif Eyo Nsa ya fara jawo wanzuwar yaren a rubuce a cikin shekara ta 1812 ta wanda aka fi sani da Willy Eyo Honesty. GA Robertson ne ya samo waɗannan kalmomin daga wajen Cif Eyo Nsa. Tun kafin gabatar da kalmomi a harshen Efik wanda Cif Eyo Nsa ya janyo, ƴan kasuwa da yawa daga tsohuwar Calabar sun iya karatu da rubutu a harshen turanci kuma suna adana mujallu don karatu. Wasiƙar farko da aka rubuto daga shugabannin Old Calabar ya fara ne a shekarar 1776. Don haka, an riga an shirya filin rubutu don harshen Efik kafin zuwan turawa masu da'awan kiristanci. Lokacin da Cocin United Church Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission ta iso Old Calabar a shekarar 1846, Reverend Hope Waddell da Samuel Edgerley tare da taimakon Eikyo ɗan kasuwar Egboyoung (Ekpenyong) suka fara rikodin kalmomin Efik; waɗannan an buga su a cikin lithofis ɗin lithographic ɗin su kuma an shirya su a shekarar 1849. Bayan isar da mishaneri, akwai matsalar samar da ingantaccen salon rubutu ga Harshen Efik. Dokar Lepsius ne ya kirkiro rubutun da mishan suka zaba wanda aka gano tsarinsa da haruffan sautin suna dacewa da yaren Efik a lokacin. Daga baya aka fitar da kamus na farko na Efik a 1862 ta Rev. Hugh Goldie da rubutun kalmomin Efik an kirkiresu a 1874 ta Goldie. Yaren Efik ya bunƙasa cikin rubutaccen adabi wanda mishaneri da Efik bi da bi, suka taka rawar gani. Ayyukan addini na farko waɗanda aka fassara a cikin yaren Efik sun haɗa da Tsohon Alkawari wanda Alexander Robb ya kammala shi a 1868 kuma aka buga shi a 1873; Wasikar Bulus zuwa ga Ibraniyawa wanda William Anderson ya fassara kuma ya buga. Ministocin 'yan asalin ƙasa ɗaya sun ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa adabin addinin Efik. Reverend Esien Esien Ukpabio, wazirin Efik na farko da aka nada a cikin 1872, ya fassara zuwa harshen Efik, na "Bishara da 'ya'yanta" na Dr. JH Wilson. Asuquo Ekanem wanda yayi daidai da wazirin Efik ya fassara yaƙin John Bunyan mai tsarki zuwa Efik. Mutanen Efik daidai sun fara rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na Coci kuma suna buga su. William Inyang Ndang wanda ya ɗan jima a Biritaniya shine Efik na farko da ya gabatar da mawaƙa a majami'u a Calabar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yawancin waƙoƙin Church tare da matarsa, Misis Jane Ndang. Tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950s, an buga Mujallu, Jaridu da na zamani a cikin yaren Efik. Daga farkon shekarun 1930, akwai mujalla mai shafi goma sha biyu-uku a cikin harshen Efik, "Obụkpọn Obio" (Bugle na gari) wanda Reverend James Ballantyne ya shirya. An tsara aikin ne ga mai karatu na gaba daya kuma ya ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, tun daga yar girma ye Uforo Obio (Raguwar da ci gaban gari) zuwa Ufọk Ndọ (gidan aure) da sauran batutuwa makamantan su. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1940s ta "Uñwana" (haske), na wata-wata mai shafi 32, wanda EN Amaku ya shirya. Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, wata jaridar mai shafi takwas a mako-mako a cikin Efik, "Obodom Edem Usiahautin" (Gabatar da Magana a Gabas), wanda Cif Etim Ekpenyong ya shirya kuma aka buga a Kamfanin Henshaw Press an sayar da shi a 2d kowanne. Yana kawo labaran duniya na yau da kullun (Littafin farko) kuma an karanta shi sosai. Don haka, yaren Efik ya ji daɗin karatun sosai tun daga zuwan mishaneri na Kirista a cikin shekarar 1846.
Yaɗa Harshen Efik Saboda yawan kasuwancin mutanen Efik, yaren ya zama yaren da ake amfani da shi a yankin Kuros Riba. A cewar Offiong da Ansa,Harshen Efik a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haɓaka zuwa matakin da ya mamaye sauran yarukan da ake magana da su a kewayen Jihar Kuros Riba. Harshe kamar yaren Kiong wanda mutanen Okoyong ke magana an rasa shi saboda masu magana da shi sun lalata harshen Efik tsawon shekaru. Hakanan ana magana akan harshen Efut wanda mutanen Efut ke magana dashi a Calabar ta Kudu, Baya ga kasancewa yaren da kashi daya cikin uku na jihar Kuros Riba yake magana dashi a matsayin L1, shine L2 ko L3 na yawancin yan asalin Kuros Riba. Don manufar talla, ana amfani da yare sosai bayan Ingilishi a cikin jihar. Ana watsa tallan Talabijin da Rediyo a kowace rana a fannoni daban-daban, A cikin siyasa ana amfani da yaren duk a cikin sanatocin Kudancin da wasu yankuna na Yankin Sanatan Tsakiya na Jihar. A cikin ilimi, akwai tsarin karatun firamare da sakandare na Efik a makarantu. A fannin cigaban ilimin harsuna, ana karanta shi ne a matakin farko a jami’ar Calabar. Daga cikin Ibibio, harshen Efik ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin yaren adabi saboda fassarar da Baibul na Ikilisiyar Scotland ya yi a cikin Efik. Harshen Efik daidai ya rayu a Yammacin Indiya saboda fitar da bayi daga Yankin Kuros Riba. Ana iya samun kalmomin asalin Efik a cikin kalmomin mutanen Gullah Geechee na Amurka. A cikin 'yan kasashen waje a Cuba, ana amfani da wani nau'i na forman Efik wanda aka kirkira a cikin ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Abakuá, wacce ta samo tushe daga ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Efik Ekpe a Najeriya.
Fasaha
Bakandamiya
Salon Furuci b yana da allophone da yawa. Waɗannan allophones suna dogaro da matsayin b a cikin kalma. A matsayi na ƙarshe yana faruwa azaman dakatar da fito da sautin magana a matsayin kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin aiki masu zuwa. (saurare!), (da sauri!), (dodge!). p a cikin Efik ana samun sa ne kawai a matsayi na ƙarshe kuma ana iya fahimtar su kamar a cikin matsakaiciyar matsayi, misali; [dép] [úfɔk] úfɔk]. Idan kuwa, duk da haka, baƙi ne ke biye da shi nan da nan, yana faruwa ne a matsayin tsayayyar fitarwa da sauti, kamar yadda yake a cikin waɗannan misalan: </br> [i.kop.ke] (bai ji ba)</br> .dɛp.ke] (Ban siya ba)</br>
Kamar b t da k ba a sake su ba a matsayi na ƙarshe. Don haka, a tsarin magana muna da abubuwa masu zuwa: </br> (jira)</br> (tono)</br>
Tsarin Rubutawa da Rubutun rubutun Efik An rubuta Yaren Efik ta amfani da harafin Latin (wanda aka fi sani da Harrufan Boko). Haruffa da ake aiki yayin rubuta Yaren Efik sun haɗa da: a, b, d, e, f, i, k, m, n o, ọ, s, t, u, w, y, kp, kw, ny, nw, gh. Wadannan Haruffa Har ila yau suna da siffofin babban birnin su: A, B, D, E, F, I, K, M, N, Ñ, O,,, S, T, U, W, Y. Haruffa C, G, J, L da Q, V da Z ba a amfani da su. Don Q, harafin "Kw" da sauti na Turanci 'ng', ana amfani da 'ñ'. Haruffan baƙi na yaren Efik sun kasu kashi biyu Harrufa baƙaƙe da baƙaƙe biyu
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin ELAR na waƙoƙin Dirge tsakanin mutanen Birni [Efik da Ibibio]
Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Mutanen Afirka
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Pages with unreviewed |
50581 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara%20Aronson | Zara Aronson | Zara Baar Aronson OBE née Baar acikin shekara na dubu daya dari takwas da tamanin da hudu zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu Yar jarida ce na tushen Sydney, edita, ma'aikacin jin daɗi, mata kuma mai gyara asalin Yahudawa. An kuma haife ta a Ostiraliya amma ta kwashe shekarunta na girma a Turai, kafin ta koma Sydney inda ta zama mai ra'ayin jama'a da kuma marubuciya zamantakewa da kuma 'yar jarida a yawancin manyan jaridu na biranen Australia. Ta ci gaba da ayyukan zamantakewa da na agaji da kuma nata sana'ar bugawa, abinci da abinci. Aronson ya taimaka wajen samar da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Mata da kuma reshe na gida na John O'London's Literary Circle, kuma ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma sakatariyar Majalisar Mata ta Ostiraliya A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta tara kudade ga Junior Red Cross ta hanyar sayar da littafin dafa abinci, bayan haka ta buga wani littafin girke-girke mai karɓa mai kyau, Ƙarni na Twentieth Cookery Practice A rayuwarta ta kasance jami'in farar hula na Order of the British Empire saboda ayyukanta ga al'umma.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Aronson a Sydney ga Moritz Baar, ɗan kasuwa a Hanover da London, da matarsa Zillah, née Valentine. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Turai tun tana Yar shekara uku, kuma ta fara karatu a makarantar Bradford Girls' Grammar School a Yorkshire, Ingila, sannan a Wiesbaden a Jamus. Iyalinta sun koma Sydney a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da Tara kuma, a cewar ƙamus na Biography na Australiya "sun halarci makarantar Mrs Morell".
Ƙoƙarin farko Ta kasance memba na kwamitoci da yawa: Cibiyar Makafi Masana'antu ta Sydney, Kwamitin Gida na Thirlmere da Gidajen Sarauniya Victoria na Masu Amfani Har ila yau, ta kasance memba ta kafa Majalisar Mata ta Ostiraliya, wadda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da shida, kuma ita ce sakatariyar da ta dace daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya da sakatariyar girmamawa daga shekara dubu daya da dari tara da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da takwas. Bayan Lucy, matar Henry Gullett, ta ƙarfafa ta zama marubuciya ta sami aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar Ƙasar Australiya da Ƙasar da kuma Labarin London na Illustrated Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya ta rubuta wa Sydney Mail a matsayin editan zamantakewa bayan mutuwar Mrs Carl Fisher a ƙarƙashin sunan "Thalia". Daga 1894 zuwa 1899 ta rubuta shafi "Sydney Boudoir Gossip" a karkashin sunan alkalami "Zara" don Maitland Daily Mercury Ta yi aure da Frederick Aronson a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1882 a Babban Majami'ar a Elizabeth Street, Sydney ta Rabbi AB Davis. Ma'auratan sun haifi jariri a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1883, amma jaririn ya mutu bayan kwanaki 13. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar Zelma kuma, a cikin 1889, Aronson ta haifi ɗa, Malcolm Phillip. Kamar mahaifin Zara, mijinta Frederick Aronson shima dan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa kayan adon juma'a da kasuwancin shigo da kaya, Frederick Aronson Co a cikin 1899. Aronsons sun rayu a 8 Lancaster Villas, Ocean Street a Woollahra har zuwa 1901, kafin su ƙaura zuwa Melbourne yayin da mijinta ya karɓi reshen Melbourne na kamfaninsa.
Miles Franklin ya faru Daga baya Aronson t noa koma Sydney kuma daga tsakanin 1903 zuwa 1904 ta yi aiki a mujallar gidan Sarauniyar wata-wata, inda a cewar Kamus na Biography na Australiya ita ce edita amma, tare da matar Bernhard Ringrose Wise, "ya rubuta da yawa. ita kanta, gami da ginshikan wasan kwaikwayo da na zamani”. Yayin da take cikin wannan yunƙurin ne ta sami sabani da Miles Franklin akan wani shafi da ta gabata ta rubuta a matsayin Thalia. A cikin watan Satumba na 1902 "Thalia" ya yi kuskuren kuskuren sunan sunan Franklin a matsayin "Francklin" kuma ya rubuta cewa "kayanta na sirri ya yi mata yawa, saboda ita gajere ce, ba ta da mahimmanci, kuma tana da fuskar fuska da ke nuna ƙananan hali har sai kun fara. san ta" da kuma cewa "tabbas ba ta yin ado da kyau, wanda kuma ya saba mata, saboda a zahiri ba ta da wani tunani game da abin sha'awa". Duk da haka ta yaba da hankali da ilimi. Aronson daga baya ta rubuta wa Franklin, amma ɗan'uwanta ya amsa. Aronson ya amsa "ko da yake na yi imani da cewa 'yar'uwarku ta nemi ku ba da amsa ga wasiƙarta, ina tsammanin wani a cikin gidanku zai iya koya muku ɗan ladabi ga wata mace edita" kuma "Ina jin Miss Franklin ba ta san ku ba. ta rubuto min irin wannan wasiƙa mai ban dariya, kamar yadda koyaushe nake ɗaukarta a matsayin aboki nawa", kodayake ta tambayi wane shafi Thalia ta rubuta wanda ya ba da laifi. Ba a rubuta martanin Franklin ba, duk da haka amsar Aronson ita ce “An nuna mani sakin layi na da ake tambaya kuma da gaske ban iya ganin wani abu mai girman kai a ciki ba. Lallai gashin Bakar Zuciya kuskure ne, amma sai kadan daga cikin kuskure irin wannan tabbas bai dace da ku ba" Bayan mutuwarta A cikin shekarun baya ta kasance editan kayan ado na Jaridar Town da Country Journal ta Australiya da Sunday Times, da kuma wakilin zamantakewar Sydney na Telegraph Bayan mijinta ya kafa reshe na kasuwancinsa a Perth, Western Australia, ta koma tare da shi kuma ta zama ɗan jarida ga Western Mail Bayan ta koma Sydney shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma Sha hudu, ta koma 86 Darling Point Road, Darling Point Ta taimaka wa kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Junior a kokarinsu na tallafa wa sojojin da ke yaki a yakin duniya na daya ta hanyar ba da kudaden da aka samu daga littafin dafa abinci, wanda ya tara sama da fam 500. Ɗanta, Malcolm, ya shiga soja a matsayin Direban Sufurin Motoci a cikin Rundunar Soja ta Sojoji kuma ya tafi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1916 akan HMAT Shropshire. A cikin 1917, Aronson ta samar da ingantaccen littafin dafa abinci na Twentieth Century Cooking and Home Decoration as Thalia, kuma zuwa 1918 ta fara dakunan shayi na Mary Elizabeth a 60 King Street, Sydney Frederick ya mutu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ishirin da takwas. Ta ci gaba da gudanar da dakunan shan shayi na Mary Elizabeth, wanda Ma'aunin Ibrananci na Australasia ya bayyana a matsayin "wurin haduwa da yawancin mutanen Bohemian na Sydney", duk da haka a cikin 1932 ta bayyana fatarar kudi ta hanyar Hungerford, Spooner Co. kuma a ƙarshe ta biya. masu bin ta. A wannan lokacin ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Mata, inda ta zama Sakatariyar Daraja ta al'umma lokacin da ta fara a watan Satumba 1925. Daga baya ta zama shugabanta kuma ta yi ritaya a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1941, Nora Kelly ta gaje shi. Ta kasance mai kafa reshe na gida na Da'irar Adabi na John O'London A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1936 Aronson ta zama jami'ar farar hula a cikin Order of the British Empire (OBE). Aronson ta mutu a gidanta a Darling Point a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1944. An binne ta a sashin Yahudawa na makabartar Rookwood kuma an tsarkake ta a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1945. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Epigenetics | Ciwon Daji Epigenetics | Ciwon daji epigenetics shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja. Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa. Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana kuma riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya. A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka.
Makanikai
DNA methylation A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci. Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma. Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa.
Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic.
Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation
Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa.
Gyaran tarihi Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4 Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta.
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis. A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation H4K16ac wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16. Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da tumorigenesis sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 H3K4me3 da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 H3K9me da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 H3 shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta). Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka. Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa. Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa.
DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 RAD50 NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da H2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa.
MicroRNA gene yin shiru A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin.
Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki.
MicroRNA da gyaran DNA Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa. Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA. Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da ciwon daji (duba m neoplasms Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na cututtukan ciwon hanji Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa.
Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al. ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ATM (miR-421), RAD52 (miR-210, miR-373), RAD23B (miR-373), MSH2 (miR-21). BRCA1 (miR-182) da P53 (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ATM (miR-18a, miR-101), DNA-PK (miR-101), ATR (miR-185), Wip1 (miR-16), MLH1, MSH2 da MSH6 (miR-155), ERCC3 da ERCC4 (miR-192) da UNG2 (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya.
Har zuwa 15% na ƙarancin MLH1 -rauni a cikin cututtukan daji na hanji na lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana saboda wuce gona da iri na microRNA miR-155, wanda ke danne furcin MLH1. Duk da haka, yawancin cututtukan daji na hanji 68 da aka rage tare da rage bayanin furotin MLH1 na rashin daidaituwa na DNA an gano cewa sun yi kasala saboda methylation na epigenetic na tsibirin CpG na MLH1 A cikin 28% na glioblastomas, furotin gyaran DNA na MGMT ya gaza amma mai tallata MGMT ba methylated bane. A cikin glioblastomas ba tare da methylated MGMT masu tallata ba, matakin microRNA miR-181d yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bayanin furotin na MGMT kuma makasudin miR-181d kai tsaye shine MGMT mRNA 3'UTR yankin MGMT mRNA mafi girma uku da ba a fassara shi ba Don haka, a cikin kashi 28% na glioblastomas, ƙara yawan magana na miR-181d da rage maganganun gyaran enzyme MGMT na iya zama sanadi. A cikin 29-66% na glioblastomas, gyaran DNA yana da kasawa saboda epigenetic methylation na kwayar <i id="mwAUs">MGMT</i>, wanda ya rage bayanin furotin na MGMT.
Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A HMGA sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin HGMA1 da HMGA2 an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa HMGA1 na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. Baldassarre et al., ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene BRCA1 kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa BRCA1 Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na BRCA1 gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1.
HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai tallata ERCC1, don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA. Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba).
Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin HMGA sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a)) suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) BRCA1 da ERCC1 DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa.
Hanyoyin gyaran DNA Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi.
Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji.
Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga carcinogenesis Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka RAD51 da BRCA2, ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin gwiwa Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan RAD51 da BRCA2, irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na RAD51 da BRCA2 da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa RAD51 ko BRCA2 fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda RAD51 ko BRCA2 ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar RAD51 ko BRCA2 zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta.
gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. Fen1, Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono, neuroblastomomas, da huhu. Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin ETS mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar MMEJ suma an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba MMEJ don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi.
Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa HRR Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic). Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na PMS2 magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin PMS2, yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1.
Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin carcinogenesis, tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin lahani da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table).
Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren haɗakar fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da lahani na filin Duk da yake babu wata fa'ida ta zahiri ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar jigilar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic.
Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan maye gurbi Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da carcinogenesis Dangane da tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya, ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu. (Haka kuma duba mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani. A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba. Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar haɗin fassarar kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16482 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi | Yazidi | Yazidi (kuma ana rubutawa kamar Yezidis /j ə z na d i z Kurdish) suna cikin haɗari kuma galibi suna magana ne da harshen Kurman ci 'yan tsiraru, yan asalin yankin zuwa Mesopotamia na Upperasar. Mafi yawan Yazidis da suka rage a Gabas ta Tsakiya a yau suna zaune ne a yankunan arewacin Iraki da ake takaddama a kan su, musamman a cikin gwamnonin Nineveh da Dohuk. Akwai sabani a kan ko Yazidis ne a addinin rukuni na Kurdawa ko wani jinsin na haɗaka tsakanin ƙabila da addini kungiyar, tsakanin malamai da kuma Kurdawa da kuma Yazidis kansu. Addinin Yazidi yana da tauhidi kuma ana iya samo shi daga tsoffin addinan Mesopotamia. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Yazidis sun zama wadanda ke fama da kisan kare dangi daga Daular Islama ta Iraki da Levant a yakin da take yi na kawar da tasirin da ba na Musulunci ba.
Asali Sunan Yazidis na kansu Êzîdî ko, a wasu yankuna, Dasinî, kodayake na ƙarshen, tsananin magana, suna ne na ƙabila. Asalin Yazidawa suna cikin duhu. Wasu malaman yamma sun samo sunan ne daga Halifa Umayyawa Yazīd bn āwiya (Yazid I). Koda yake, duk Yazidawa sun yi watsi da duk wata alakar da ke tsakanin sunansu da halifancin. Kalmar "Yazidi" na nufin "bawan mahalicci". Sauran masana sun samo shi ne daga tsohuwar yazata ta Iran, yazad ta Farisa ta tsakiya, allahntakar. Wani asalin kalmar asalin ya danganta da Ez dā ("Halicce ni"). Yazidis kuma suna nufin Xwedê ez dam ("Allah ne ya halicce ni") da kuma Em miletê ezdaîn ("Mu ne al'ummar Ezdayi"). Ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen Yazidanci shine 'Adī bn Musafir. Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya zauna a kwarin Laliş (kusan arewa maso gabashin Mosul a tsaunukan Yazidi a farkon ƙarni na 12 kuma suka kafa 'Tsarin sufanci na Adawiyya. Ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1162, kuma kabarinsa a Laliş wuri ne na hajjin Yazidi da kuma babban wurin mai tsarki na Yazidi. Yazidism yana da tasiri da yawa: Ana iya ganin tasirin Sufi da hoto a cikin kalmomin addini, musamman ma a cikin maganganun Yazidis na adabin da ke tattare da su, amma yawancin tiyolojin ba na Islama bane. Tsarin sararin samaniya a bayyane yana da maki da yawa iri ɗaya da na tsoffin addinan Iran waɗanda suka haɗu da abubuwa na tsohuwar al'adun addinin Mesopotamia na zamanin Islama. Kamanceceniya tsakanin Yazidawa da Yaresan sun tabbata; wasu za a iya gano su zuwa ga wasu abubuwa na dadaddiyar imanin da wataƙila ta fi rinjaye tsakanin Yammacin Iraniyawa kuma ana kamanta su da ayyukan addinin Mithraic kafin Zoroastra. Marubutan farko sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana asalin Yazidi, ta fuskar magana gaba ɗaya, dangane da Islama, ko Farisanci, ko kuma wani lokacin ma har da arna addinai; duk da haka, binciken da aka buga tun daga 1990s ya nuna irin wannan hanyar don zama mai sauƙi. Wata ka'idar ta asalin Yazidi ta bayar ne daga malamin Ilimin Farisa Al-Shahrastani. A cewar Al-Shahrastani, Yazidis mabiyan Yezîd bn Unaisa ne, waɗanda suka riƙe abota da Muhakkamah na farko kafin Azariḳa. Na farko Muhakkamah na nuna jin daɗi ne da ake amfani da shi a kan yan uwa musulmai masu suna Al-Ḫawarij. Dangane da haka, yana iya zama alama cewa Yazidawa asalinsu aarijite ne ƙaramin mazhaba. Yezid bn Unaisa haka kuma, an ce ya kasance yana tausaya wa Ibadis, darikar da 'Abd-Allah Ibn Ibaḍ ya kafa. A cewar Ernest Leroux, da wuya a ce Yazidawa ragowar mutanen Babila ne wanda kuma za a iya samun tsafinsu a tsakanin Yazidawa.
Ainihi Ana lura da ayyukan al'adun Yazidi a cikin Kurmanji, wanda kusan dukkanin al'adun addinai na Yazidis da ake watsawa ta baki. Koyaya, Yazidawa a cikin Bashiqa da Bahzani suna magana da Larabci a matsayin yaren mahaifiyarsu. Kodayake Yazidawa suna magana da akasari a cikin Kurmanji, ainihin asalinsu lamari ne na takaddama a tsakanin malamai, hatta a tsakanin al’ummar da kanta da kuma tsakanin Kurdawa, ko Kurdawa na asali ko kuma suna da wata kabila ta daban. Yazidawa sun auri wasu Yazidawa ne kawai; wadanda suka auri wadanda ba Yazidawa ba an kore su daga danginsu kuma ba su da damar kiran kansu Yazidawa. Wasu Yazidawan zamani suna nuna cewa wani rukuni ne na jama'ar Kurdawa yayin da wasu kuma ke bayyanarsu a matsayin kungiyar ta kabilanci da addini daban. A cikin Armenia da Iraki, an yarda da Yazidis a matsayin ƙabilu daban. A cewar masanin halayyar ɗan Adam Armeniya, Levon Abrahamian, Yazidawa gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa Kurdawan Musulmi sun ci amanar Yazidanci ta hanyar shiga addinin Islama, yayin da Yazidawa suka kasance masu aminci ga addinin kakanninsu. Evliya Çelebi ya bayyana sojojin Abdal Khan na Bitlis a matsayin "Ƙurdawan Yezidi" kuma a karni na goma sha huɗu, bakwai daga cikin fitattun ƙabilun Ƙurdawa su ne Yazidi, kuma Yazidism addini ne na masarautar Ƙurdawa ta Jazira. Wasu tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Yazidis suna ba da labarin cewa Yazidis 'ya'yan Adam ne kawai ba na Hauwa ba, don haka suka rabu da sauran' yan Adam. A m Kurdistan yankin na kasar Iraki, Yazidis suna dauke kabilanci Kurdawa da kuma m yankin ya wadãtu da Yazidis ya zama "asali Ƙurdawa". 'Yar majalisar Yazidi daya tilo a majalisar Iraki Vian Dakhil ita ma ta bayyana adawa ga duk wani yunkuri na raba Yazidis da Kurdawa. Aziz Tamoyan shugaban Yezidi National Union ULE da sauran Yazidawa da yawa suna nuna cewa ana amfani da kalmar Yazidi ga wata al'umma kuma ana kiran yarensu da Ezdiki kuma addininsu shine Sharfadin. A cewar mai binciken Victoria Arakelova, Yazidism wani lamari ne na musamman, daya daga cikin manyan zane-zanen nuna bambancin kabila da addini, wanda ya danganci addinin da Yazidawa ke kira Sharfadin. Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Yazidis da Kurdawa rajista a matsayin ƙabilu daban-daban guda biyu na kidayar 1926, amma sun caccaka su biyun a matsayin ƙabilu daya a Ƙididdigar daga shekara ta 1931 zuwa shekara ta 1989. Sharaf Khan Bidlisi 's Sheref-nameh na shekarar 1597, wanda ya ambaci bakwai daga cikin kabilun Kurdawa a matsayin akalla Yazidi wani bangare ne, kuma kungiyoyin kabilun Kurdawa suna dauke da bangarorin Yazidi masu yawa. Akasin haka, yayin tafiye-tafiyen bincikensa a cikin shekara ta 1895, masanin halayyar ɗan adam Ernest Chantre ya ziyarci Yazidis a cikin Turkiya ta yau kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa Yazidis sun ce Kurdawa suna magana da yarensu ba akasin haka ba. A tarihance, an samu tsanantawa kan Yazidawa a hannun wasu kabilun Kurdawa. kuma wannan fitinar a lokuta da dama ta yi barazanar kasancewar Yazidis a matsayin rukuni na daban. Wasu kabilun Yazidi sun musulunta kuma sun rungumi asalin Kurdawa.
Addini Yazidism ne tauhidi addini dogara ne a kan imani da Allah daya, wanda ya halicci duniya, ya danƙa shi a cikin kula da wani Heptad na bakwai Mai Tsarki Halittar, sau da yawa da aka sani da Mala'iku ko heft sirr (da Bakwai abubuwan ban mamaki). Manya daga cikin wadannan shine Tawûsê Melek (wanda aka fi sani da "Melek Taus"), Mala'ikan Peacock. A al'adance, ana daukar Yazidawa wadanda suka auri wadanda ba Yazidawa ba sun koma addinin matansu.
Halittar jini Yazidis daga Arewacin Iraki na iya samun ci gaba mai ƙarfi game da asalin mutanen Mesopotamia. Mutanen Yazidi na arewacin Iraki an same su a tsakiyar ci gaba da ci gaba tsakanin Nean Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai.
Yawan jama'a A tarihi, Yazidis suna rayuwa ne a cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin Iraki, Turkiya, da Siriya ta yanzu kuma suna da adadi mai yawa a Armenia da Georgia. Koyaya, abubuwanda suka faru tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 sun haifar da canjin yanayin alƙaluma a cikin waɗannan yankuna da ƙaura mai yawa. Sakamakon haka, ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ba ta da tabbas a yankuna da yawa, kuma ƙididdigar girman yawan jama'a ya bambanta.
Iraq Mafi yawan jama'ar Yazidi suna zaune a Iraki, inda suke cikin mahimman Ƴan tsiraru. Kimanin girman waɗannan al'ummomin sun bambanta sosai, tsakanin 70,000 zuwa 500,000. Suna da yawa sosai a arewacin Iraq a cikin Nineveh Governorate. Manyan al'ummomin biyu suna cikin Shekhan, arewa maso gabashin Mosul da Sinjar, a iyakar Syria yamma da Mosul. A cikin Shekhan akwai hubbaren Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir a Lalish. A farkon 1900s yawancin mazaunan saharar Siriya sun kasance Yazidi. A cikin karni na 20, al'ummar Shekhan sun yi gwagwarmaya don mamayar tare da al'ummar Sinjar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Watakila bayanin martabar jama'a ya canza sosai tun farkon yakin Iraki a 2003 da faduwar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein. A al'adance, Yazidis a Iraki sun kasance cikin keɓe kuma suna da ƙauyukansu. Koyaya, da yawa daga ƙauyukansu gwamnatin Saddam ce ta rusa su. Ba'athists sun kirkiro kauyuka gama gari kuma sun tilastawa Yazidawa matsuguni daga garuruwansu na tarihi da za a rusa. A cewar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Yazidis suna ƙarƙashin tsarin Larabawa na Saddam Hussein tsakanin 1970 da 2003. A shekara ta 2009, wasu Yazidawa waɗanda a da suke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin Larabawa na Saddam Hussein sun koka game da dabarun siyasa na Yankin Kurdistan da ake son sanya Yazidawa su nuna kansu a matsayin Kurdawa. Wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch (HRW), a cikin 2009, ya bayyana cewa don haɗa yankuna masu rikici a arewacin Iraki musamman lardin Nineveh a cikin yankin Kurdawa, hukumomin KDP sun yi amfani da kayan siyasa da tattalin arziƙin KRG don sanya Yazidis su nuna kansu a matsayin Kurdawa. Rahoton na HRW kuma ya soki dabaru masu karfi. Siriya Yazidis a Siriya suna rayuwa ne musamman a cikin al'ummomi biyu, ɗaya a yankin Al-Jazira ɗayan kuma a Kurd-Dagh Adadin yawan jama'ar Yazidi na Siriya ba a san su ba. A shekarar 1963, an kiyasta jama'ar kusan 10,000, bisa ga ƙidayar ƙasa, amma ba a samu lambobi na shekarar 1987 ba. Akwai yuwuwar tsakanin Yazidawa kusan 12,000 zuwa 15,000 a Siriya a yau, koda yake fiye da rabin alumman na iya yin ƙaura daga Siriya tun daga 1980s. Kiyasi ya kara rikitarwa saboda isowar 'yan gudun hijirar Yazidi kusan dubu 50 daga Iraki a lokacin yakin Iraki.
Georgia Yawan Yazidi a Georgia yana raguwa tun daga 1990s, galibi saboda ƙaurawar tattalin arziki zuwa Rasha da Yammacin Turai. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da aka gudanar a 1989, akwai sama da Yazidis 30,000 a Georgia; bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2002, amma, kusan Yazidis 18,000 ne suka rage a Georgia. Koyaya, ta wasu ƙididdigar, jama'ar sun faɗi daga kusan mutane 30,000 zuwa ƙasa da 5,000 yayin shekarun 1990s. A yau yawansu bai kai 6,000 ba ta wasu kimantawa, gami da 'yan gudun hijira na kwanan nan daga Sinjar a Iraki, wadanda suka tsere zuwa Georgia sakamakon tsanantawar da kungiyar ISIL ke yi musu. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2015, Yazidis sun yi bikin bude gidan Sarki Ezid da kuma cibiyar al'adu, wanda aka sanya wa sunan Sultan Ezid a Varketili, wani yanki na Tbilisi Wannan ita ce irinta ta uku a cikin duniya bayan waɗanda ke Kurdistan na Iraki da Armenia Armeniya Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, akwai Yazidis 35,272 a Armenia, wanda ya sa suka zama mafi yawan tsirarun kabilun Armenia. Shekaru goma da suka gabata, a ƙidayar 2001, an yi wa Yazidis 40,620 rajista a Armeniya. Suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin lardin Armavir na Armenia. Kafofin watsa labarai sun kiyasta yawan Yazidawa a Armeniya tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 50,000. Mafi yawansu zuriyar 'yan gudun hijirar ne da suka tsere zuwa Armenia domin gujewa fitinar da suka sha a baya a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, gami da guguwar tsangwama da ta faru a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Armenia, lokacin da Armeniya da yawa suka sami mafaka a ƙauyukan Yazidi. Akwai gidan ibada na Yazidi da ake kira Ziarat a ƙauyen Aknalich a yankin Armavir. A watan Satumba na 2019, mafi girman gidan ibada na Yazidi a duniya da ake kira "Quba Mere Diwane", an buɗe shi a Aknalich, 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga haikalin Ziarat. Haikalin yana da kuɗi ta Mirza Sloian, wani ɗan kasuwar Yazidi wanda ke zaune a Moscow wanda asalinsa asalin yankin Armavir ne.
Turkiya A sizeable ɓangare na autochthonous Yazidi yawan Turkey tsere daga kasar domin ba-rana Armenia da Georgia fara daga marigayi 19th karni. Akwai ƙarin al'ummomi a cikin Rasha da Jamus saboda ƙaura kwanan nan. Yaungiyar Yazidi ta Turkiyya ta ƙi sauka a cikin ƙarni na 20. Yawancinsu sun yi ƙaura zuwa Turai, musamman Jamus; waɗanda suka rage suna zaune a ƙauyuka a cikin tsohuwar ƙauyukansu na Tur Abdin.
Yammacin Turai Wannan ƙaura ta ƙaura ta haifar da kafa manyan al'ummomin Yazidi mazauna ƙasashen waje. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine a cikin Jamus, wanda yanzu ke da jama'ar Yazidi fiye da 200,000 ke zaune musamman a Hannover, Bielefeld, Celle, Bremen, Bad Oeynhausen, Pforzheim da Oldenburg. Mafi yawansu daga Turkiya ne kuma, kwanan nan, Iraki kuma suna zaune a jihohin yammacin North Rhine-Westphalia da Lower Saxony. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, Sweden ta ga girman girma a cikin ƙaurarsa ta Yazidi, wanda ya kai kusan 4,000 a shekara ta 2010, kuma akwai ƙaramar al'umma a cikin Netherlands. Sauran kungiyoyin Yazidi da ke zaune a kasashen Belgium, Denmark, Faransa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Amurka, Canada da Australia; wadannan suna da yawan jama'a mai yiwuwa kasa da 5,000.
Amirka ta Arewa Wani yanki na Yazidis sun zauna a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka da Kanada. Yawancin Yazidis yanzu suna zaune a Lincoln, Nebraska da Houston, Texas. Ana tunanin cewa Nebraska yana da mafi yawan mazauna (an kiyasta adadin aƙalla 10,000) na Yazidis a cikin Amurka, tare da tarihin ƙaura zuwa jihar a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen sasantawa da aka fara a ƙarshen 1990s. Da yawa daga cikin mutanen sun kasance a matsayin masu fassara ga sojojin Amurka.
Manazarta
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39465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus%20Musa | Yunus Musa | Yunus Dimoara Musah (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 29, shekaratar alif dubu biyu da biyu(2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Valencia da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka An haife shine a Amurka, iyayensa yan asalin Ghana, ya girma galibi a Italiya da Ingila. Ya kasance matashin ɗan wasan kasa da kasa na Ingila kafia ya koma Amurka a shekarata 2021.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haifi Musah ne a birnin New York yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Ghana ce wanda ke hutu a Amurka. Mahaifinsa kuma ɗan kasar Ghana ne.Ya koma Italiya bayan haihuwarsa, yana zaune a Castelfranco Veneto kuma daga baya ya fara aikinsa a Giorgione Calcio 2000 .A shekarar 2012, yana da shekaru tara, ya koma London kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Arsenal Kocin Arsenal ƴan kasa da shekara 16 Trevor Bumstead ya bayyana cewa Musah ya yi rawar gani nan take; "A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa, ya kasance 'abin mamaki'. Yana da kyawawan halaye na zahiri da tuƙi da ƙudurin tafiya tare da hakan. Zai buga ko'ina don shiga cikin kungiyar amma abin da ya fi so shi ne a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari."
Valencia A lokacin rani a shekarar 2019, Musah ya shiga Valencia, yana da shekaru 16, kuma an sanya shi a cikin ajiyar Segunda División B. Ya fara halarta na farko tare da ƙungiyar B yana da shekaru 16 a kan Satumba 15,shekarar 2019, yana farawa a wasan 0-0 na gida da CF La Nucía Ya aura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 1 ga Maris, shekarar 2020, inda ya jefa kwallo daya tilo da kungiyarsa ta samu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a Gimnàstic de Tarragona Bayan zuwan sabon koci Javi Gracia a cikin tawagar farko ta Valencia, Musah ya shafe kafin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020 tare da manyan 'yan wasan. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 da watanni takwas, ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko-da La Liga halarta a karon a ranar 13 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, yana farawa a cikin nasarar gida da 4-2 da Levante UD A yin haka, ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da ya fara taka leda a kulob din. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 2020, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 338, Musah ya zira kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Getafe CF, ya zama matashin dan wasan da ba dan Spain ba da ya zura kwallo a Valencia, ya karya tarihin da Lee Kang-in ya yi a baya. shekaru 18 da kwanaki 219. A wata mai zuwa, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Valencia har zuwa 2026. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, a zagaye na farko na gasar Copa del Rey, ya zo ne da mintuna hudu saura wurin zuwa kulob din Tercera División Terrassa FC kuma ya zira kwallo a ragar da ya yi daidai da inda tawagarsa ta ci 4-2 bayan karin lokaci A 2021–22 Copa del Rey, Musah ya ci nasara a CD Utrillas da CD Arenteiro a farkon zagayen. A wasan karshe a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, ya maye gurbin Dimitri Foulquier bayan mintuna 100 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Real Betis kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya rasa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Tun yana matashi Musah ya cancanci buga wa Amurka da Ghana da Italiya da Ingila wasa.
Kungiyoyin matasan Ingila Musah ya fara buga wasan sa na farko a duniya tare da ƴan wasan Ingila na ƴan kasa da shekara 15 a shekarar 2016, sannan ya wakilci Ingila zuwa matakin ƴan kasa da shekara 18 An kuma kira shi zuwa tawagar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 19 a watan Oktoba shekarar 2020. Fenaretin da Musah ya ci ya baiwa 'yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 18 kunnen doki da 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na Brazil a ranar 8 ga Satumba, shekarar 2019, kuma ya ci gaba da zura wata muhimmiyar kwallo a ragar ƴan kasa da shekaru 18 na Austria a ranar 16 ga Oktoba,shekarar 2019, inda Ingila ta ci 3-2. A dunkule Musah ya buga wa Ingila wasa fiye da 30 a matakin matasa.
Tawagar maza ta Amurka Musah ya amince da kiran da aka yi wa manyan ‘yan wasan Amurka a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 2020, don buga wasan sada zumunci da Wales da Panama a karshen wannan watan. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun Turai waɗanda suka haɗa da zaɓin farko na 10 kuma yana da matsakaicin shekaru 22. Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ta tuntubi Musah ta hanyar Nico Estévez, mataimakiyar manajan Amurka wanda ke da alaƙa da Valencia CF wanda a baya ya jagoranci matasan su da ƙungiyoyin ajiya na tsawon shekaru takwas. Musah ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, inda ya fara wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Wales a filin wasa na Liberty da ke Swansea Daga nan ya fara nasara da ci 6–2 akan Panama a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. Duk da Musah ya buga wa kasar Amurka wasa a matakin manya, babban kocin Ingila Gareth Southgate ya yi yunkurin shawo kan Musah ya buga wa Ingila wasa, yana mai cewa: “Muna sa ido a kansa. Ya kasance tare da mu a cikin watanni biyun da suka gabata kuma muna matukar son makomarsa ta kasance tare da mu." Kociyan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 21 Aidy Boothroyd shi ma ya ce: "Ina fatan za mu gan shi a U21 a wani lokaci. Ban sani ba [idan ya yanke shawararsa]. Ina fatan bai samu ba domin ina ganin idan ya zo nan ya ga abin da muke ciki zai ji daɗinsa sosai.” A halin da ake ciki, hukumomin Amurka sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa da Musah bayan sansanin USMNT na Nuwamba, tare da mataimakin manajan Nico Estévez a tuntuɓar yau da kullun da kuma manajan Gregg Berhalter suna tattaunawa da Musah da danginsa. A karshen shekarar 2020, yayin da yake gab da cika shekaru 18 a duniya, Musah ya kasa tantance kan batun wace kasa ce zai wakilta ta dindindin. A ranar 15 ga Maris, shekarar 2021, duk da haka, a hukumance ya dage don wakiltar Amurka a duniya. Musah ya buga wa Amurka wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2022 a Qatar.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Amurka
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta CONCACAF 2019-20
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yunus Musah at BDFutbol
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Yan wasan kwallon kafa
Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Ghana
Haifaffun |
22382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Samun%20Wadatattun%20Sutura | Yancin Samun Wadatattun Sutura | Yancin samun wadatattun sutura, ko' yancin sanya tufafi, an amincewa da shi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wannan, tare da haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin zama, ɓangarori ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kamar yadda aka sani a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR). Hakanan an yarda da haƙƙin sutura a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR).
Masu cin gajiyar Hakkin sanya sutura wani bangare ne na 'yancin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, kuma don hakan, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata a tabbatar don hana mutane rayuwa a karkashin talauci. Lallai, sanya sutura alama ce ta talauci mai girma da Kuma arziki:
Don nuna yadda ake da damar samun suturar da ke akwai, Dakta Stephen James ya samar da jerin wasu wadatattun masu cin gajiyar hakkin mafi karancin sutura. Wadanda suka hada da wannan jerin mutanen sune wadanda suka fi fama da rashin sutura, kamar su: Masu karamin karfi, gami da marasa aikin yi, marasa karfi da aiki An fansho da sauransu sun dogara da tsaro na zamantakewa Marassa matsuguni da sauransu a cikin rashin matsuguni;
Waɗanda ke cikin masaukin gaggawa (alal misali, wuraren neman mata ko na hali ko masu zaman kansu (gami da masaukin sadaka);
Tsofaffi, ko kuma a cikin keɓaɓɓun gidaje ko hayar haya, ko na jiha, na kasuwanci ko na jinƙai gidajen kula da jinya, asibitoci da masu kula da asibiti;
Mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ta hankali ko na rashin ƙarfi na tunani ko na jiki (ko suna rayuwa a gida ba tare da kansu ba, tare da danginsu ko wasu, ko kuma a kungiyoyi Yanki na al'ummomi rabin-gida-gida, asibitoci na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyi);
Yara da matasa, musamman marayu da yara masu laifi a cikin kulawa, makarantun jihohi ko wuraren tsare mutane;
Marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a asibitoci (ko cibiyoyin gyarawa), gami da waɗanda ake kula da su saboda shaye-shaye da sauran masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi Fursunoni, a tsare ko akasin haka;
Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun haɗari (alal misali, masana'antar kera sinadarai da masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ko kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na matsi (misali, masu gumi waɗanda rayuwarsu ko lafiyarsu ta dogara da tufafin kariya (haɗe da masu aikin yara);
'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke rayuwa a cikin talauci;
'Yan Gudun Hijira, masu neman mafaka, da kuma ma'aikatan bakin haure (musamman wadanda ke aiki a kasuwannin bayan fage ba bisa ka'ida ba); kuma,
Wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i, rikice-rikicen cikin gida, yakin basasa da na duniya (gami da fursunonin yaƙi zalunci na kisan kare dangi da sauran ɓarna.
Ganewa Rashin tattaunawa a game da haƙƙin sutura ya haifar da rashin tabbas game da burin dama da kuma yawan tufafi da ake buƙata. Masani Matthew Craven ya lura cewa mafi ƙarancin matakin tufafi shine abin da ake buƙatar samarwa; yana da "mahimmin mahimmanci ba kadan ba saboda a mafi karancin matakan yana wakiltar batun rayuwa." Wannan abin da ake buƙata na "mafi ƙarancin" ko "isasshe" ana nuna shi a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin UNancin Haƙƙin Yara UN) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rahoto daga Consortium For Street Children, kazalika a matsayin yawan Janar Bayani daga Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) dangane da tsofaffi, nakasassu, da ma'aikata. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata alama game da abin da irin wannan mafi ƙarancin "ƙarancin" ko "isasshen" daidaiton ya ƙunsa: hakika, ba safai ba ne CESCR ya yi tambayar wata ƙungiya ta ICESCR game da aikinta game da haƙƙin sutura ko tufafi. An sami takaitaccen sharhin ilimi game da burin 'yancin sanya sutura dangane da' yan gudun hijira. James Hathaway ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata 'yan gudun hijirar su samu suturar da za ta dace da yanayin kuma ta wadatar da duk wani aiki ko wasu mukamai da suke fatan aiwatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bai kamata a tilasta su sanya kowane irin tufafin da zai haifar da ƙyamar jama'a ko nuna bambanci a matsayin baƙi ba. A gefe guda kuma, duk da haka, idan 'yan gudun hijirar suka zabi sanya tufafin da ke wakiltar al'adunsu, kasar da suka fito ko kuma al'ummarsu, suna da kariya a karkashin doka ta 27 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa don yin hakan. Kwamitin kan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya karkata zuwa ga amfani da fassarar takamaiman mahallin kan abin da ya isa daidaiton sutura; ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi la'akari da haƙƙi a cikin azancin sa gaba ɗaya a cikin sharhi na gaba ɗaya ba. Hakkin mallakar sutura ko tufafi an yarda dashi a cikin gida tsawon shekaru dubbai aƙalla sashi amma ya sami ƙarancin sanarwa a yanayin duniya saboda wasu dalilai. Ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun rashin ganewa ba; wani marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin bayani dalla-dalla ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin bukatun al'adu da bukatunsu. Koyaya, wannan bayanin an ɗauke shi a matsayin "ba mai yiwuwa ba ne": Dr James ya lura cewa "[c] bambancin al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki a cikin 'buƙatu da buƙatu' tabbas suna da alama game da gidaje, lafiya kamar yadda suke a ciki dangantaka da sutura, amma wannan bai hana ba da cikakken bayani ba game da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a cikin dokokin duniya. Masani Matthew Craven ya kammala a shekarata 1995 cewa:
Koyaya, Dr James ya sake cewa: babu wani daga cikinmu da zai yi sakaci cewa ba za mu tsinci kanmu cikin bukatar wadatattun sutura ba. Hakkin yana da mahimmancin amfani sosai. 'Yanci ne mai mahimmanci, ba ado ko wauta ba ta shari'a Ya kuma yi kira da a cigaba da tattaunawa da sharhin ilimi, yana jayayya da hakan:
Hulɗa tsakanin haƙƙin sutura da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam Kamar yadda haƙƙin tufafi ya shafi irin wannan mahimmin al'amari na ɗan'adam, a dabi'ance yana hulɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin wasu kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Hakkin rayuwa Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na uku na UDHR. Koyaya, idan mutane ba sa suturar da ta dace, sun fi kyau fuskantar yanayi. Ba tare da dumi tufafi, wani mutum zai iya da kyau mutu daga hypothermia a lokacin da wani sanyi da hunturu; suturar da ba ta dace ba, a gefe guda, na iya taimakawa ga zafin jiki, rashin ruwa da gajiya a lokacin bazara ko a yanayin zafi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rashin wadatattun tufafi na iya ƙara ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hasken ultraviolet kara rashin lafiyar jiki da yanayin fata; da kuma tsananta yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka kasance. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar zuwa wajen likita kamar yadda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 25 na UDHR da kuma Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ana iya hana ta ta hanyar rashin wadatattun kayan sawa, musamman idan ba a samun damar saye da suttura mai warkarwa ko takalmin ƙafa ko tsada.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Sanya tufafi ko fiye daidai, zaɓar waɗancan tufafi da za a sa shine, ga mutane da yawa, wani muhimmin bangare na bayyanawa kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UDHR. Mutanen da ke da babban nakasa na iya yin suturar da ba ta dace ba, suna musun maganganun da suke so. Bugu da ƙari, tilasta sanya sutura mai datti, yage, mara kyau da ma tsofaffin tufafi na iya kiran izgili da raini da kuma haifar da kunya. Wannan na iya zama gaskiya musamman ga yaran makaranta iyaye na iya yin jinkirin la’akari da tura yaro zuwa makaranta sakamakon gori da kunya da aka kawo ta tufafin da yaron ya sanya. Ya kamata a ke rarrabewa, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗanda aka tilasta musu sa rigunan da suka yage, marasa kyau ko tsofaffin kayan aiki da waɗanda suka sani sanye da sanya irin waɗannan tufafi a matsayin 'bayanin sanarwa'.
'Yanci daga wariya Tufafin da mutane suka zaɓi sanyawa na iya gano abubuwa da yawa game da mutum: alaƙar addini, ƙabila, asalin ƙasa ko siyasa, al'ada, ko launin fata. Za a iya gardama da shi, tufafin da matalauci yake sawa zai iya nuna talaucinsu. Wannan alamar talauci ko talaucin halin tattalin arziki na iya zama sanadin wariya da zagi. Ari akan haka, tufafi wanda yake da banbancin al'ada ko kuma yake nuna alaƙar addini na iya haifar da wariya kuma ya haifar da ƙin damar jama'a, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa da kasuwanci.
Hakki zuwa 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutum ko horo Akwai babbar dama ga "cin zarafin amana, don wulakanci da cin zarafi iri-iri a cikin likitanci da tsarin hukumomi, musamman dangane da mata da yara, nakasassu da tsofaffi." Idan aka hana mutum samun wadatattun sutura musamman tufafi masu mahimmanci, kamar su kayan ciki mai yiyuwa ne a sanya su cikin rauni ga danniya, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum ko hukunci a karkashin doka ta 5 ta UDHR. Irin wannan musun zai hada da karbar tufafi da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a mahallin tsarewa da gidajen yari: "[o] ne a zahiri ana iya barin shi tsirara a tsakiyar karfin mulki, wani mummunan yanayi da ake gani sau da yawa a gidajen yari, a cikin yaki da sansanonin tattara hankali. Misalan irin wannan cin zarafin a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da Guantanamo Bay sun gano sun haifar da cututtukan hankali, gami da rikicewar tashin hankali, sakamakon tilasta wa fursunoni yin tsirara da farati a gaban mata masu gadi, da kuma wadanda ake tsare da maza ana tilasta musu su sanya kayan mata.
Bayani [Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
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36693 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Kudi%20na%20Afirka%20%28AFC%29 | Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC) | Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC) wata cibiya ce ta cigaban harkokin hada-hadar kudi ce ta kasashen Afirka da dama da aka kafa a shekara ta 2007 da wasu kasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu don samar da mafita ta gaskiya ga gibin ababen more rayuwa na Afirka da kalubalen da ake fuskanta. Kamfanin yana cike gibin saka hannun jari na ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar samar da bashi da kuɗaɗen adalci, haɓaka ayyuka, hidimar ba da shawara da fasaha. Kudirin AFC shine zuba jari a wajen cigaban Afirka, tana mai da hankali kan zuba jari a duk fannonin zuba jari a sassa biyar; Wutar Lantarki, Sufuri da Dabaru, Albarkatun Kasa, Sadarwa da Manyan Masana'antu. AFC mafi rinjaye mallakin masu saka hannun jari ne na daga 'yan kasuwa wadanda mafi yawansu cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na Afirka ne, masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ne suka mallaki kashi 55.3% na kamfanin. Kashi 44.7% kuwa na babban bankin Najeriya ne. Baya ga masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu da ke da hannun jari, AFC ta ba da dama ga kasashen Afirka (ta hanyar bankunan tsakiya, asusun arziƙi, asusun fansho na jihohi ko kuma cibiyoyin makamantansu) su zama masu hannun jari da membobin kamfani. Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2020, AFC tana da ƙasashe ashirin da shida (26) a karkashinta. Su ne Najeriya (kasa mai masaukin baki), Benin, Cape Verde, Chadi, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Laberiya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Saliyo, Togo, Uganda, Zambia da Zimbabwe. Kamfanin hada-hadar kudi ta Afirka, ta kashe sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 6.6 wajen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, a fadin kasashen Afirka guda 28.
Tarihi
Ayyukan farko An kaddamar da Kamfanin hada-hadar kudin na Afrika (AFC) a watan Disamba, 2007, shugaban da ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa Mista Austine Ometoruwa, sannan shugaban bankin Citibank Africa Investment Bank da kuma shugaban da ya kafa bankin Chukwuma Soludo, gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya (CBN) na lokacin, da kudi Dalar Amurka biliyan biyu na babban hannun jari. A watan Yunin 2009 ne AFC ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba da kuɗaɗen tare da haɗin gwiwar masu saka hannun jari a cikin Babban Tsarin Cable na Dalar Amurka miliyan 240, 7,000 wajen sanya kebul na fiber optic a karkashin ruwa mai nisa kilomita wanda ya haɗa Afirka ta Yamma da Turai. A watan Yulin 2009, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ruwaito cewa AFC ta zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 180 a fannin man-fetur da gas, sadarwa, sufuri da jiragen sama musamman a Najeriya. A watan Satumban 2011, kamfanin ta hada gwiwa da Bankin shigo da kayayyaki na Afrika (Afreximbank) da Banque Internationale pour l' Afrique Occidentale Cote d'Ivoire (BIAO-CI) a cikin wata cibiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta dalar Amurka miliyan 320 don ba da rancen shigo da kayayyaki da sarrafawa da sarrafa su. tace danyen mai ta Societe Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR).
wutar lantarki A watan Yunin 2013, AFC ta bayyana goyon bayanta na mayar da bangaren wutar lantarkin Najeriya ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, inda ta samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 215 domin ba da tallafin kudade don siyan Ughelli Power plc ta Transcorp. A watan da ya gabata ta shiga cikin kamfanin Vigeo da ke Legas da Tata Power na Indiya a wata ƙungiya wadda ta yi nasarar ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 129 ga Kamfanin Rarraba Benin. A watan Agustan 2013, AFC ta ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 170 ga kamfanin Mainstream Energy Solutions Limited (MESL) na Najeriya a cikin nasarar da ta yi na samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 1,338 na Gidan Wuta na Kainji a jihar Neja ta Najeriya. Kakanan kuma, an gayyace ta don zama abokiya mai zaman kanta a cikin shirin 'Power Africa' na dalar Amurka biliyan 7 da hukumar USAID ta bayar ga shugaban Amurka Obama ya sanar a Cape Town. Tuni dai AFC ta zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 sannan ta kara zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1 a bangaren wutar lantarkin Ghana, Kenya da Najeriya. A watan Disambar 2014, AFC ta dauki hannun jarin kashi 23.2 cikin 100 wajen samar da wutar lantarki ta Mozambique Ncondezi Energy. Hakanan kuma a cikin watan Disamban 2014, AFC ta zama babbar mai saka hannun jari kuma mai jagora da dalar Amurka miliyan 900 ga Kpone Independent Power Project (Kpone IPP) da ke Ghana, wanda ya ƙunshi injin gas mai ƙarfin MW 350MW, wani tasha kuma wurin ajiyar mai. A watan Yulin 2015, kamfanin ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta hadin gwiwa da kamfanin aikin Ivoire Hydro Energy SA (IHE) na kasar Ivory Coast domin gina gidan wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 44 a Singrobo na kasar Cote d'Ivoire. A watan Yunin 2016, AFC da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi Harith General Partners sun hade kadarorinsu na bangaren wutar lantarki don samar da wata kungiya sabuwa da ta hada kadarorin samar da wutar lantarki da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba a Afirka.
Sanya Kudade AFC ta rattaba hannu kan lamunin farko dalar Amurka miliyan 50 tare da bankin Standard Bank a watan Yulin 2011. A shekara mai zuwa kuma Bankin Raya Afirka "African Development Bank" (AfDB) ta amince da tsarin bashi na dalar Amurka miliyan 200 ga AFC tare da wanzar da zuba jari da taimakawa wajen cike gibin ababen more rayuwa a Afirka. A cikin watan Oktoban 2013, AFC ta ƙaddamar da rancen haɗin gwiwa na farko yarjejeniyar dalar Amurka miliyan 250 tare da bankin Citibank, Bankin Rand Merchant, Bankin Standard, da Bankin Standard Chartered don tallafawa huldodin kasuwancisu. A cikin watan Yuni 2016, AFC ta ranci dalar Amurka miliyan 150 na shekaru 15 daga KfW, don ci gaba da ba da lamuni a fannonin wutar lantarki, sadarwa, sufuri da masana'antu masu nauyi.
Ayyuka
Wutar lantarki Cen Power Kpone IPP a Ghana
Gidan gonar Cabeolica a Cape Verde
450MW IPP A Jamhuriyar Benin
350MW IPP a Ghana
300MW IPP a Mozambique
Mai Ba Babban Bankin Nijeriya Shawara Kan Fasaha Akan Dalar Amurka Biliyan Biyu Da Biliyan 2 na Lantarki da Harkokin Jiragen Sama *Asusun (PAIF)
AFC/Harith Merger
Singrobo Hydro Power Plant
Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Kenya
Sufuri da dabaru Henri Konan Bedie Bridge a Cote d'Ivoire
Fadada Jirgin Jirgin Habasha
Titin Bakwena Toll a Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Filin Jirgin Sama na Ghana
Port d' Abidjan
Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi ga Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari ta Nijeriya (NSIA) akan gadar Neja ta Biyu
Olam Gabon Special Economic Zone (GSEZ)
Manyan Masana'antu ARM Cement (Tsohon Athi River Mining Limited)
Sadarwa Babban tsarin kebul na ɗaya
Samun SAIF, Afirka ta Kudu
Albarkatun Kasa Seven Energy
Megadrill Services Limited kasuwar
Société Nationale des Petroles du Congo, Jamhuriyar Kongo
Bonny Gas Transport
Glencore/Société des Hydrocarbures du Tchad
Kamfanin Vivo Energy
Shalina Resources Limited girma
Sabon Zamani (Makamashi na Duniya na Afirka)
Alufer Mining Limited
Carbon Holdings Limited
Aker Energy offshore project
Brahms Oil Refineries Limited
Eriteriya Collui Potash
Manazarta Kamfanoni da ke Jihar Legas
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
5532 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Radio%20International | China Radio International | Sin Radio International [da Turanci: China Radio International] (CRI) gidan rediyo ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC). A halin yanzu hedkwatarsa na a Babaoshan, wani subdistrict na Beijing. Da Radio Beijing, da kuma asali Radio Peking, da aka kafa a 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1941.
CRI adopts da PRC gwamnatin ta ra'ayi a kan siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi irin su siyasa matsayi na Taiwan da matsayi na Dalai Lama. CRI fitattu inganta m dangantakar tsakanin PRC da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda tare da wasu kasashe 'external gabatarda shirye shiryen kamar Muryar Amurka, BBC Radio kuma Australia, CRI taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin PRC ta taushi ikon dabarun.
Ya na 30 ofisoshin kasashen waje, da kuma watsa shirye 1.520 hours na shirye-shirye a kowace rana (24 hours a Turanci), ciki har da labarai, a halin yanzu harkokin, kuma fasali a kan siyasa, da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da fasaha.
Fiye da 50 gajeren zango na tashar watsa ake amfani da su rufe mafi yawansu duniya. an watsa shirye-shirye via internet da yawa da tauraron dan adam. da shirye-shiryen da ake rebroadcast da yawa na gida FM da kuma AM gidajen rediyo a duk duniya.
Tarihi
Radio aka fara gabatar a kasar Sin a cikin shekarar 1920s kuma 1930s. Duk da haka, 'yan gidaje da rediyo masu karba. Bayan 'yan birane da kasuwanci tashoshin. Mai of rediyo ta kasance a gare siyasa manufa, akai-akai a kan wani gida yankin matakin.
Kasar Sin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta farko amfani da rediyo a Yanan a watan Maris shekarar 1940 da watsawa shigo da daga Moscow. Xinhua na kasar Sin Sabuwar Radio (XNCR) ya tafi a kan iska daga Yanan a watan Disamba 30, shekarar 1940. XNCR daukar kwayar cutar zuwa fi girma Gwargwadon yankin bayan shekarar 1945, da kuma shirye-shirye zama mafi yau da kullum da kuma slavonic tare da watsa shirye-shiryen na labarai, hukuma sanar, yaki karanta labarai, da kuma gwaninta da wallafe-wallafen shirye-shirye.
Da Turanci sabis fara a ranar 11 Ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1947, yada a matsayin XNCR daga wani kogo a Shahe a cikin Taihang Mountains, a lokacin da kasar Sin shi ne a tsakiyar wani yakin basasa, in bãyar sabuwar nasara da yankunan da watsa shirye-shirye a kasar Sin siyasa da al'adu hangen zaman gaba ga duniya baki daya. A tashar koma daga Taihang Mountains zuwa babban birnin kasar, Peking, a lõkacin da ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin da aka kafa a shekarar 1949. Da sunan da aka canza zuwa Radio Peking a 10 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1950 kuma zuwa Radio Beijing a shekarar 1983. A 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1993 sunan tashar aka sake canza, wannan lokaci zuwa kasar Sin Radio International, domin kauce wa duk wani rikice da na gida Beijing rediyo watsa labarai.
M kalaman kasa da kasa watsa labarai
CRI watsa shirye via gajeren zango na tashar radio, tauraron dan adam da yanar-gizo a cikin harshen Turanci da kuma sauran harsuna da yawa (duba ƙasa). Haka kuma akwai m AM da FM relays.
Gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen a Turanci da ake niyya a Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific ta Kudu. CRI kula kai tsaye gajeren zango na tashar watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa raya, kafofin watsa labarai mai arzikin kasashen, a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, kamar yadda manyan yammacin gabatarda shirye shiryen (kamar BBC World Service, Muryar Amurka da kuma Radio Netherlands) rage ko yanke irin wannan watsa shirye-shiryen.
Shirye-shirye
Mandarin Channel
A farkon shekarar 1984, shi ya fara watsa shirye-shirye gida sabis na Beijing yankin a AM da FM mitoci. Da sabis daga baya fadada zuwa dama, manyan birane a fadin PRC, samar da sauraro a cikin PRC da labarai da rahotanni dace, music, weather, Turanci da kasar Sin koyo basira, kazalika da sauran ayyuka.
CRI News Radio (90.5 FM)
CRI News Radio (CRI da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2005, wanda ya riƙi amfani da CRI ta 'yan jarida daga ko ina cikin duniya, kuma bayar da rahoton kasa da kasa (da kuma partially gida) labarai, wasanni, nisha da kuma salon shirye-shirye domin cikin gida sauraro a Mandarin na kasar Sin. Da nufin yin CRI News Radio na farko-aji na kasa labarai rediyo iri da taken ne 'Na farko News, News Farko', 'A-da-Spot kasar Sin, Live Duniya' da dai sauransu. CRI News Radio za a iya ji online da kuma a birnin Beijing a radiyo a kan 90.5 FM; a Tianjin 90.6 FM; a Chongqing 91.7 FM; a Guangdong, Hong Kong, da kuma Macau 107.1 FM; a Shandong 89.8 FM; a Anhui 90,1 FM.
Sin kwasfan fayiloli
Da wadannan shirye-shirye da za a iya ji a Mandarin version daga cikin podcast daga World Radio Network:
News PinYin: Xin Wen jiè Mu), wanda ya zo daga kasar News Agency.
Tángrénjiē Turanci translation: "Chinatown"), a shirin game da kasashen waje na kasar Sin (China waje)
Hasashen yanayi a kusa da kasar Sin
Wasanni
Wannan watsa shirye-shirye da aka asali niyya a London a cikin United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006, suka kawar da "London" tunani, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na gabatarwar a matsayin "Ni Hao London. Sannu London Turanci Channel
CRI a Turanci (88.0 FM, 88,7 FM, 91,5 FM, 846 AM, 1008 AM)
Da CRI Hausa tashoshi da za a iya ji online su ne:
Round the Clock (Internet kawai)
News Centre(846 AM a birnin Beijing)
Hit FM (88.7 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 88.5 FM a Guangzhou (06: 00-21: 00 lokacin Beijing))
Easy FM (91.5 FM a birnin Beijing (24H duk rana), 87.9 FM a birnin Shanghai (Shanghai Edition) (24H duk rana), 98.5 FM a Lanzhou)
Language Studio (1008 AM a birnin Beijing) wani sa'a daya shirin da ya koyar da Turanci ga wanda ya san kawai Mandarin (ba za a gauraye da Chinese Studio). Shirin sauti kamar kindergarten Turanci darasi a Amurka ta yin amfani da mai sauqi qwarai sentences (misali Mary goes to the bank).
CRI 91.9 FM (Kenya 91.9 FM)
Chinese Studio ne mai 5 minti kashi cewa ya bi mafi CRI Hausa shirye-shirye
China Drive ne Turanci rediyo show game da rayuwa a cikin PRC
CRI FM 102 a Sri Lanka a Sinhala, Tamil, Turanci da kasar Sin (05: 30-19: 30 lokacin Sri Lanka)
CRIENGLISH.com yayi wani m kewayon abun ciki na bidiyo a kan ta video channel ciki har da da dama flagship nuna rufe music, fina-finai da kuma comedy. da cikin hannu na m shirin gaskiya style guntun wando focussing on al'ada da tafiya a cikin kasar Sin.
Turanci Taskar labarai
Da Turanci podcast daga World Radio Network hada da wadannan shirye-shirye, duk wanda aka taka leda a Easy FM, CRI 91.9 FM a Kenya, kuma a gidajen rediyo a ko'ina cikin duniya.
Hourly News
The Beijing Hour (maye gurbin weekday 'News Reports' tun farkon 2010)
News Reports
People in the Know
Press Clippings
Studio Plus
Today
China Drive
Realtime China
Africa Express
Chinese Studio (tallafa ta Bridge School)
Holiday watsa shirye-shiryen
A lokacin manyan Sin holidays (An Kwafa Golden Week), irin su kasar Sin Sabuwar Shekara, May Day, da kuma tsakiyar-Autumn Festival, kasar Sin Radio International yawanci watsa shirye na musamman shirye-shirye kamar:
Girma Up A kasar Sin (a lokacin May Day biki)
Mafi yawa daga shirye-shirye ba hali na watsa shirye-shirye a lokacin da wasu sassa na shekara. Da misalin shi ne kama da Kirsimeti music watsa shirye-shiryen, a Amirka.
Harsuna
Sin Radio International watsa shirye-shiryen da wadannan harsunan: Da Tibet, da Uygur da kuma Kazakh ayyuka suna watsa shirye-shirye cikin tarayya, da na gida rediyo (Tibet Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station kuma Xinjiang Jama'ar kasar Broadcasting Station).
Olympics Radio
A watan Yuli 2006, CRI ta kaddamar da wani sabon rediyo tashar da ake kira CRI Olympic Radio a 900 AM a birnin Beijing. Wannan na musamman watsa shirye-shirye da aka yi a Mandarin, Yaren mutanen Koriya, Turanci, Rasha, Faransa, Mutanen Espanya, Larabci, Japan da Jamus 24 hours a rana. Wannan sabis kare a marigayi 2008 da kuma a yanzu da mita 900 AM aka shagaltar da CRI News Radio (Beijing kawai).
References
External links
CRI Hausa
CRI English WCETV Free Online Stream
List of short-wave frequencies and sites currently on-air
Hawaii KHCM AM880 Beyond Beijing CRI News Radio Commentary about CRI in the US
SWDXER ¨The SWDXER¨ with general SWL information and radio antenna tips.
Mr Science segment from China Drive
The History of Culture and Mass Media in China
Radio86, Chinese news and culture in 10 European languages Kafofin watsa labarai a birnin |
51095 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Baffoe | Frank Baffoe | Frank Baffoe masanin tattalin arzikin Ghana ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Ya kasance karamin jakadan Ghana a Lesotho har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2016.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Baffoe a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun,shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da Uku1935 a Nkoranza a cikin Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana). Ya fara karatun sa na boko a makarantar Government Senior Boys' School, Accra, inda ya kammala firamare a shekara ta alif ɗari tara1950. Ya shiga makarantar Accra a wannan shekarar don karatun sakandare, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1952. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya sami Koyarwar Sadarwa tare da Kwalejin Wolsey Hall, Ingila daga shekarun 1958 zuwa 1960. A 1964, ya sami admission don yin karatu a Jami'ar Hamburg, Jamus (Yammacin Jamus Ya yi karatu a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya koma Jami'ar Munich, Jamus (Jamus ta Yamma), inda ya kammala a 1970 tare da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya sami digirinsa na uku PhD a fannin kasuwanci daga jami'ar Knightsbridge da ke Landan.
Sana'a Baffoe ya fara ne a matsayin mai koyan printing da zanen hoto a Gidan Jarida na Gwamnati, Accra, daga 1953 zuwa 1956. Daga shekarun 1956 zuwa 1958, an yi masa technician na kamfani ɗaya. A shekarar 1958, ya sami aiki a Guinea Press, Accra, inda aka nada shi mataimakin shugaban zane-zane. Ya yi aiki a Guinea Press tsawon shekaru biyu. Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a, ya zama karamin jami'in binciken tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta IFO a Munich. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya zama abokin bincike a Jami'ar Makerere, Kampala kuma malami mai nazarin ka'idar tattalin arziki a 1973. An nada shi babban malami a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho a 1975. Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1985, ya kasance Babban Malami a Jami'ar Botswana, Lesotho da Swaziland (UBLS), Jami'ar Swaziland, da Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho. Baffoe ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Nazarin zamantakewa ta Makerere, memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Kwamitin Bincike da Kwamitin Lantarki, memba na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Aikin Noma ta Gabashin Afirka, mai jarrabawar Cibiyar Nazarin Gabashin Afirka ta Gabas don Tattalin Arziki A-Level, Wakilin matasa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ƙasashen Duniya daga shekarun 1971 zuwa 1972, memba na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Aikin Gona ta Gabashin Afirka a shekarar 1974, kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa na Afirka a shekarar 1975.
Kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan A shekarar 1985, Baffoe ya bar makarantar kimiyya don yin kasuwanci. Ya kafa five family da suka haɗa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa doka kuma ya zama shugaba da Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na dukkan kamfanoni. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaba da mai hannun jari na BR Mining Africa, wanda aka haɗa a Ghana a shekarar 2012. Karkashin Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a masu zaman kansu, ya kasance mai gudanarwa na kuɗi da fasaha na gwamnatocin Afirka. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Daraktoci na Babban Bankin Lesotho, Maluti Mountain Brewery, Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation da kuma Kamfanin Raya Filaye da Gidaje na Lesotho. A cikin gwamnati, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikatun gwamnatoci daban-daban na Lesotho a fannonin kudi, kasuwanci da masana'antu, noma da raya karkara. Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2005, ya kasance memba kuma Shugaban Hukumar Tattaunawar Ma'adinai ta Lesotho. Ya kasance memba kuma memba na Yarjejeniya ta Rotary Club na Maloti, Maseru, da kuma Hakimin Rotary International daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2011. Shi ne kuma Coordinator Area Coordinator na Rotary District 9370 har mutuwarsa a shekarar 2016. Baffoe ya yi aiki a matsayin karamin jakadan Ghana har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2016. Dokta Yaw Nyameche Gyasi-Agei ne ya gaje shi.
Labarai Baffoe ya wallafa takardun bincike da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da;
Abubuwan da suka shafi kasuwancin waje na ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka (Mujallar ci gaban Afirka, 1973);
Abubuwan da aka yi na Taron Bita kan Doka da Yawan Jama'a (Nairobi, 1975);
Dokta Kwame Nkrumah akan Hadin kan Afirka (Mai barin Makaranta Juzu'i na 1, No 12, Kampala, 1975);
Ma'aikata, da Aiki a Kudancin Afirka tare da Magana na Musamman ga Botswana, Lesotho da Swaziland (Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Duniya, Geneva, 1977);
Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙaurawar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Afirka ta Kudu: Abubuwan da ke faruwa ga Baƙi Ƙasashen Masu Ba da kayayyaki (Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Duniya, Geneva, 1981);
Against Apartheid: Taimakon Ci Gaban SIDA zuwa Lesotho, 1966-93 (wanda aka rubuta tare da Tyrell Duncan da Karin Metell, Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden, Stockholm, 1994).
Rayuwa ta sirri Baffoe ya yi aure a Ghana kuma yana da diya Grace. Bayan kashe auren, ya auri Elfi Dahlmann, wanda yake da ɗa ɗaya, marubuci Kojo Baffoe. Bayan rasuwar Elfi Baffoe, ya auri Mokone Tlale. Tare sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya kafin su sake aure a tsakiyar 1980s. Daga baya ya auri Mrs. Emelia Baffoe. Baffoe ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba 2016 kuma ya bar matarsa Emelia a lokacin da 'ya'yansa biyar, ciki har da marubuci kuma mawaki Kojo Baffoe (wanda aka fi sani da Frank Kojo Baffoe Jr). Baffoe ya rubuta kuma ya iya magana da Jamusanci sosai. Ya kuma sami ilimin aiki a cikin harshen Faransanci. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tafiya, sauraron kiɗa, tattaunawa, rawa, da rubutu.
Manazarta Haihuwan |
38931 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20National%20League | Nigeria National League | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da National Division 1 ita ce mataki na biyu a fagen kwallon kafa a Najeriya.
Tarihi Daga 1997-2011, an raba gasar zuwa 1A na kungiyoyin Arewa da 1B na kungiyoyin kudu. Biyu da ke kan gaba a kowanne fanni suna zuwa gasar Premier ta Najeriya a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Banbancin shine lokacin 2005-06 da 2006-07 inda akwai ƙungiyoyi huɗu na ƙungiyoyi takwas kowanne, tare da kowane mai nasara na yin nasara. Har zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu a kowane rukuni ana sake komawa kowace kakar zuwa rukunin farko na Amateur. An sake sunan gasar ranar 19 ga Yuni 2008. A cikin 2012 gasar ta faɗaɗa daga kungiyoyi 32 zuwa 36 tare da karin ƙungiyoyi 2. Gasar ta yi amfani da tsarin 2006, tare da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na ƙungiyoyi tara kowannensu, tare da masu cin nasara na rukuni suna karɓar talla ta atomatik. A 2012-13, ya koma kashi biyu na goma sha shida. Domin kakar 2015, ya yi amfani da sassa huɗu na ƙungiyoyi takwas.
Kakar 2020-21 A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2020, kwamitin shirya gasar ya amince da ci gaba da tsarin yanki hudu na Arewa da Kudu na kakar 2021. Ranar farawa zai kasance makonni uku bayan an dawo babban rabon NPFL. Ana sa ran za a fara gasar a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2021 bayan an yi nasara a fafatawar da aka yi a Majalisar da aka yi ranar Juma’a 15 ga Janairu a Jihar Ebonyi A ranar Asabar 30 ga Janairu, 2021, an gudanar da taron gaggawa a jihar Ebonyi inda aka sauya ranar da za a fara gasar zuwa ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2021. Kungiyoyi 21 ne suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da ranar 13 ga Fabrairu yayin da kungiyoyi 4 suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da ranar 6 ga Fabrairu Group A1
Aklosendi International, Lafia
EFCC FC, Abuja
El-Kanemi Warriors F.C., Maiduguri
Gombe United F.C.
Green Berets of Zaria
Mighty Jets of Jos
NAF FC
Oyah Sports International, Minna
Rarara FC, Katsina
Sokoto United F.C.
FC Taraba
Group A2
ABS F.C., Ilorin
DMD Borno
Federal Road Safety FC
G&K Shekarau FC, Kano
Kebbi United
Kogi United
Malumfashi United
Niger Tornadoes, Minna
Yobe Desert Stars F.C.
Zamfara United
Group B1
Calabar Rovers
Delta Force F.C.
Dynamite Force FC, Benin Ekiti United
Giant Brillars, Enugu
Go Round F.C., Omoku
Nilàyo FC, Abeokuta
Nnewi United
Osun United F.C.
3SC, Ibadan
Stationery Stores F.C., Lagos
Vandrezzer FC, Lagos
Group B2
Abia Comets F.C.
Apex Krane FC, Delta State
Bayelsa United
Bendel Insurance
Crown F.C. Gateway United F.C.
Godosky FC, Anambra
Holy Arrows FC, Oleh
Ibom Youth, Uyo
J'Atete FC, Ughelli
Joy Cometh FC, Lagos
FC One Rocket, Ikot Ekpene
Remo Stars F.C.
Filin Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Najeriya 2020-21
Kakar 2019-20 An fara kakar wasa a watan Nuwamba 2019. An mayar da ƙungiyoyi 42 zuwa rukuni na huɗu.
Gasar ta tafi hutun Disamba, kuma ba ta dawo ba. Daga baya an soke gasar saboda barkewar cutar annobar Covid-19 a Najeriya. Babu wata ƙungiya da ta ƙara zuwa gasar Premier bayan da aka dakatar da ayyukan kwallon kafa saboda illar Covid-19. Group A1
ABS F.C.
Aklosendi Int'l
DMD Borno
Federal Road Safety FC Green Beret Kada City F.C.
Kebbi United Kogi United
NAF FC Malumfashi FC Oyah Sports FC Zamfara
Group A2
EFCC F.C. El-Kanemi Warriors Gombe United
Kwara United
Mighty Jets Rarara FC Sokoto United
Niger Tornadoes
Yobe Desert Stars
Group B1
Abia Comets Apex Krane FC, Delta State Ibom Youth
Dynamite FC Ekiti United
Gateway United F.C.
Giant Brillars Go Round F.C. Nilàyo FC Osun United F.C.
Shooting Stars S.C.
Group B2
Bayelsa United Bendel Insurance
Calabar Rovers
Crown F.C. J'Atete FC Joy Cometh FC Lamray United Remo Stars F.C.
Stationery Stores F.C.
Vandrezzer FC
Masu nasara na can baya Gasar ta kasance tebur guda har zuwa 1998. Tsakanin 1998-2011 waɗanda suka yi nasara a sassan Arewa da na Kudu sun buga wasan zagaye na biyu domin tantance gwarzon Division. 2011-2017 zakaran ya kasance ta hanyar Super Four mini-league tsakanin kungiyoyi hudu da aka ci gaba. A cikin 2018 ya kasance Super takwas don zaɓar ƙungiyoyi huɗu.
Duba kuma Jerin Kungiyoyin Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
2006-07 season on rsssf
2009-10 final 1-A table (JUTH FC site)
Two clubs opt out of NNL
National League hits TV
Nigeria National League holds Seminar 2012 league |
49207 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilk | Bilk | Bilk wani yanki ne (Stadtteil a Düsseldorf. Tare da Oberbilk, Unterbilk, Hamm, Flehe da Volmerswerth sun ƙunshi gundumomi/yanki guda uku 3, wanda shine yanki mafi yawan jama'a na Düsseldorf. Bilk yana da girman da 41,150 mazauna (2020). Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine tana cikin garin Bilk.
Tarihi A farkon ambaton Bilk shine shekara ta 799. Tsohon Cocin ya tsufa kuma yana da alama ya kasance daga kusan 700 AD, wanda Saint Suitbert ya ba da shi, amma wuta ta lalata shi kusan 900, kuma an ambaci shi a cikin 1019 a karon farko. A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, an sake gina cocin akai-akai, musamman a ƙarni na goma sha biyu 12 da na goma sha bakwai 17.
Har zuwa shekara ta 1206 yankin kamun kifi dusseldorp, wanda ke Arewacin Bilk, ya kasance na Ikklesiya Bilk. Bayan ranar sha hudu 14 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 1288 Yakin Worringen Düsseldorf ya sami Haƙƙin Birni, Tsohon Bilk Church ya zama cocin birni. A cikin shekara ta 1380 gundumar /yanjun Berg ta zama Duchy na Berg, Düsseldorf babban birnin duchy. A cikin shekara ta 1384 ƙauyen Bilk (kudancin Tsohon Cocin Bilk, wanda mallakar Düsseldorf ne tun daga farko) ya zama wani yanki na birnin Düsseldorf.
Tun daga shekara ta 1852 a Kudancin Düsseldorf an sami bunƙasa masana'antu a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu Düsseldorf ya girma zuwa kudu kuma cibiyoyin masana'antu na birni na al'ada suna nan har yanzu. A cikin shejarar ta 1893 Hammer Eisenbahnbrücke gadar jirgin kasa a kan kogin Rhine an gama. Bilk ta samu tashar jirgin kasa ta kanta, wacce a yau tashar jiragen kasa ce kawai ta yankin. An kafa Bilk Observatory a cikin shekara ta 1843 kuma an lalata shi ta hanyar bam a shekara ta 1943. A cikin shekara ta 1852 an sami asteroids 24 a wurin, wanda ake kira 24 Düsseldorf planets An gina sabon tashar jiragen ruwa na Düsseldorf tsakanin sheakara ta 1890 zuwa shekara ta 1896, amma bayan da wata masana'anta ta karafa ta rufe aikinta, tashar ta rasa muhimmancinta. A cikin shekara ta 1990 an rufe babban sashi kuma an cika shi. Masana'antar watsa labarai ta zauna a wannan ƙasa kuma cibiyar al'adu ta girma. A cikin shekara ta 1999 gine-ginen Gehry sun kammala sabon taron.
Kayan aiki Tashar Düsseldorf-Bilk yanzu tana aiki ne kawai ta Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn (jiragen jiragen ƙasa masu sannu a hankali) kuma ana haɗa su ta layin S 8, S 11 da S 28 zuwa Neuss, Mönchengladbach, Kaarst, Wuppertal, Hagen, Erkrath, Mettmann, Dormagen, Cologne da sauran sassan Düsseldorf Tashar Tsakiya, Düsseldorf-Gerresheim Layukan Tram suna haɗa Bilk tare da gundumar/yankin tsakiyar Düsseldorf da sauran gundumomi da yawa, musamman tare da kudancin birnin, Neuss, Ratingen, da jami'a. Haka kuma, layukan bas suna haɗa Bilk da sauran sassan birnin da garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su.
Gine-gine da abubuwan jan hankali Alte Bilker Kirche (Tsohon Saint Martin Church), gini mafi tsufa a Düsseldorf
Bilker Kirche (Cikin Saint Martin)
Polizeipräsidium (1929-1932) da Oberfinanzdirektion (1929-1939)
Rheinturm (mai tsayi 240.5 m)
Düsseldorfer Stadttor (ya lashe wasu lambobin yabo na gine-gine)
K21 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen
Lambun Botanic Düsseldorf
Gine-ginen Gehry a cikin Harbour
Shahararrun mutanen da suka zauna a Bilk Johann Friedrich Benzenberg an haifeshi a shekara ta (1777-1846), masanin ilmin taurari
Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810-1876)
Maria Melos an haifeshi a shekara ta (1820-1888)
Ferdinand Lassalle an haifeshi a shekara ta (1825-1864), daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Jamus.
Heinrich Spoerl an haifeshi a shekara ta (1887-1955), marubuci kuma ɗansa Alexander Spoerl an haifeshi a shekara ta (1917-1978), marubuci.
Jakob Salentin von Zuccalmaglio an haifeshi a shekara ta (1775-1838), masanin shari'a
Heino an haifeshi a shekara ta (1938)
Adabi Udo Achten (Hrsg. Düsseldorf zu Fuß, 17 Stadtteilrundgänge durch die Geschichte und Gegenwart 1. Aufl., VSA-Verlag, Hamburg 1989
Karl Endmann: Düsseldorf und seine Eisenbahnen a cikin Vergangenheit da Gegenwart 2. Aufl., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1987
Oswald Gerhard da Wilhelm Kleeblatt (Hrsg. Düsseldorfer Sagen aus Stadt und Land Werkgetreue Neuausgabe von 1926, Verlag der Goethe-Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1982
Karl Emerich Krämer: Durchs Düsseltal nach Düsseldorf 1. Aufl., Mercator-Verlag Gert Wohlfahrt, Duisburg/München 1968
Sonja Schürmann: Düsseldorf, Eine moderne Landeshauptstadt mit 700jähriger Geschichte und Kultur 1. Aufl., DuMont Kunst-Reiseführer, Köln 1988
Hermann Smeets: Villa Bilici. Düsseldorf-Bilk früher und heute 1. Aufl., Herausgegeben von der Stadt-Sparkasse Düsseldorf, Triltsch Druck und Verlag, Düsseldorf 1983
Hugo Weidenhaupt: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Düsseldorf 4. Aufl., Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1968
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Go-Bilk Yanar Gizo daga Bilk a Duesselgo.de Bilker Heimatfreunde Stadtteilinfos Katholische Pfarrgemeinde St. Martin Bilk-Friedrichstadt Evangelische Friedens-Kirchengemeinde Bilk-Unterbilk-Friedrichstadt K21 tarin |
8900 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20II | Elizabeth II | Sarauniya Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) An haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin da shida 1926, zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2022. Ita ce Sarauniyar United Kingdom da wasu ƙasashen Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Elizabeth dai an haife ta ne a birnin London, ita ce ɗiyar farko daga gidan Duke na York da matarsa Duchess na York, wanda daga bisani ya zama Sarki George VI matarsa kuma Mahaifiyar Sarauniya Elizabeth II, sarauniyar ta samu karatun tane daga cikin gidan iyayenta a matsayin ta na ƴar gidan sarauta. Mahaifinta yakaiga karagar mulki bayan ƙwace sarautar da akayi daga hannun Sarki Edward VIII wanda ɗan uwanta a ne a shekara ta alif 1936, wanda tun daga nan ne ta zama mai jiran gado. Tafara yin ayyukan al'umma musamman aikin soja a yayin yaƙin duniya na II, inda tayi aiki a ƙarƙashin Auxiliary Territorial Service. A shekarata alif 1947, Ta auri Philip, Duke na Edinburgh, tsohon Yariman ƙasar Greece da Denmark, wanda suke da yara huɗu dashi: Charles, Yariman Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Andrew, Duke na York; da Edward, Earl na Wessex.
Bayan rasuwar mahaifin ta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1952, tazama shugaban Commonwealth kuma queen regnant na ƙasashe bakwai (7) dake cikin Commonwealth: United Kingdom, Kanada, Australiya, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Dominion of Pakistan, da Ceylon. Tayi mulki da kawo sauyin dokokin ƙasashe kamar devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, da kuma decolonisation of Africa. A tsakanin shekarar alif 1956 da shekarar alif 1992, adadin yawan ƙasashen da Elizabeth ta II ke mulka sun sauya kasantuwar wasu yankuna sun samu ƴancin cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙasa kamar Africa ta kudu, Pakistan, da Ceylon (wanda aka canja wa suna zuwa Sri Lanka), wasu kuma sun zama republics. Daga cikin ziyarce ziyarcen ta na tarihi da huɗɗoɗinta akwai state visit to the Republic of Ireland da kuma ziyararta ga ko ziyartan Pope Roma biyar. Manyan biki a Rayuwarta akwai coronation in 1953 da murnar cikarta shekara ashirin da biyar a karagar mulki Silver, Da na shekara hamsin Golden, Da kuma Diamond Jubilees a shekara ta alif 1977, 2002, da 2012 dasuka gabata. A shekarar 2017, tazama sarauniyar Biritaniya ta farko da takai Sapphire Jubilee. Kuma ita ce mafi tsawon shekaru akan Sarautar Biritaniya har wayau ita ce tsohuwar sarauniyar data daɗe akan karagar mulki kuma mace shugaba da tafi daɗewa a duniya, kuma mafi tsawon shekaru akan karagar mulki cikin shugabannin duniya dake raye a yanzu.
Elizabeth ta fuskanci suka daga ƴan republican sentiments da na ƴan jarida royal family, musamman bayan rabe-raben auren ƴa yanta her annus horribilis a shekarar 1992 da rasuwar death in 1997 wadda tsohuwar sarakuwarta ce Diana, Sarauniyar Wales. Duk da yake samun goyon bayan masarautar ya cigaba da ƙaruwa, hakama cigaba da karɓuwarta da ƙarin farin jinin ta..
Farkon Rayuwarta An haifi Elizabeth a daidai ƙarfe 02:40 (GMT) ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1926, A lokacin mulkin kakanta namiji, King George V. Mahaifinta Duke din York (wanda yazama King George VI), shine ɗa na biyun Sarkin. Mahaifiyarta, Duchess din York (wadda tazama Queen Elizabeth), Itace ƴar autan Scottish aristocrat wato Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. An haife ta a Caesarean section gidan iyayen kakanta dake London: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Anyimata baptised daga Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, a cocin Buckingham Palace a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu,efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt). An raɗa mata suna Elizabeth daga sunan mahaifiyarta, Alexandra kuma bayan George V's mother, wanda yarasu wata shida kafin a haife ta, Mary kuma daga her paternal grandmother. ƴan uwanta nakusa nakiranta da "Lilibet" akan abinda ta kira kanta dashi ne da farko, mahaifin mahaifinta na matuƙar sonta wato George V, A lokacin tsakanin ciwonsa a 1929, ziyarar data riƙa kai masa yasamu tagomashi a jaridu da kuma tarihai, tareda taimaka masa wurin samun sauƙi.
Ƴar uwar Elizabeth ɗaya, itace Princess Margaret, an haife ta a shekarar 1930. Sunyi karatunsu a gidan mahaifinsu a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsu da kuma maikula dasu wato, Marion Crawford. Karatunsu yafi mayarda hankaline akan tarihi, Harshe, literature da Waƙa. Crawford ya wallafa tarihin Elizabeth da yarintar Margaret, wanda akaiwa laƙabi da The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. Littafi ya fayyace son da Elizabeth kewa Dokuna da Karnuka, yadda takeda tsari, da halayyarta na ɗaukan nauyin abunda ke ƙarƙashin ta. Wasu kuma sun yi na'am da irin waɗannan abubuwan: Winston Churchill ya kwatanta Elizabeth lokacin da take da shekaru biyu a matsayin "halayya. Tana da iska mai iko da tunani mai ban mamaki a cikin jariri." amma mai hankali da kiyaye".[2].
Hotuna
Manazarta Sarauniyar |
30119 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20da%20suka%20shafi%20muhalli%20a%20Vietnam | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sakamakon yakin Vietnam, haka kuma saboda saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu na Vietnam bayan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki a shekarata 1986 da aka fi sani da Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. A hukumance, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (MONRE) na Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam ta lissafa batutuwan muhalli da suka haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, ilimin ƙasa da ma'adanai, tekuna da tsibirai, da sauransu.
A cewar State of Environment a shekarar 2001 da gwamnati ta buga, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Vietnam sune lalacewar ƙasa, lalata gandun daji, asarar nau'ikan halittu, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen iska da kuma sarrafa shara Koyaya, batutuwan da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya shafi wasu lokuta suna faɗuwa a waje da waɗannan rukunin hukuma. Misali, a cewar wani bincike na Bankin Duniya a shekara ta 2007, sauyin yanayi ya zama babban abin damuwa saboda ana sa ran Vietnam za ta yi tasiri sosai sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Dangane da alhakin gudanar da al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, a ƙarƙashin MONRE da aka ambata, Firayim Minista ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Vietnam (VEA) akan 30 Satumba shekarata 2008. VEA tana kula da lamuran muhalli a Vietnam a matakin ƙasa. Kuma A matakin lardin, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (DONRE) ne ke da alhakin. Don kaucewa rudani, MONRE da VEA ne ke kula da al'amuran da suka shafi yanayin yanayin Vietnam, yayin da al'amurran da suka shafi gine-ginen Vietnam ke daukar nauyin ma'aikatar tsare-tsare da zuba jari.
Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Vietnam (VCP) da jam'iyyar-jahar Vietnam ba su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba dangane da batun muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na asali da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, shi ma babban ɗan wasa ne. A cikin wannan shigarwa, sannan kuma za a bincika tarihin rawar da motsin muhalli a Vietnam ya taka wajen tasiri yadda al'amuran muhalli suka faru kuma gwamnati da al'umma suka fahimta.
Tarihi Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, lokacin da Vietnam ta sake hadewa a karkashin jagorancin VCP, masu sharhi sau da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwar jama'a ta ragu a ƙarƙashin kulawar jihohi. Koyaya, ra'ayi na yau da kullun na Vietnam a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kwaminisanci inda ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na al'umma ba su da yawa ko kuma ba su da tasiri sosai kan gwamnati ko yanke shawara na siyasa an nuna ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ba haka lamarin yake ba cewa duk wani yanayi na tsayin daka ko rashin amincewa ana saduwa da su ta hanyar ka'ida tare da dabarun danniya ta jam'iyyar Vietnam. Misali, Benedict Kerkvliet ya rubuta sau da yawa na sukar da 'yan kasar suka yi kan zargin hakuri da hukumomi suka yi a lokacin da ake batun tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na bauxite, wadanda a kalla hukumomi suka amince da su. Yayin da Kerkvliet ya tsara motsi na anti-bauxite dangane da ra'ayin Sinawa, ana iya tsara shi a matsayin alamar haɓakar adawar zamantakewa da siyasa, Kuma kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya yi (duba sashe a kan "shekarata 2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi" a kasa) Kafin Doi Moi da Yaƙin Vietnam, ba haka ba ne cewa akwai cikakken rashin fahimtar muhalli a Vietnam. A gaskiya ma, tarihin al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam ya koma baya kamar aƙalla shekarun 1950. Misali, batutuwan muhalli sun bayyana a yanayin ayyukan masana'antu da tattalin arziki, kamar illar muhalli na masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai kadan ta hanyar shaida cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da aka tsara a kan hanyar muhalli sun kasance musamman fasalin rayuwar al'ummar Vietnamese a lokacin. Wani ɓangare na dalilin rashin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin mahalli a baya na iya kasancewa ne saboda girman ikon da VCP ke amfani da shi a fagen farar hula na ƙasar. Duk da haka, baya ga ikirarin da ke dogara ga ikon jam'iyyar-jihar don bayyana rashin motsin muhalli a Vietnam a baya, an kuma lura cewa tun zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s, wani muhimmin kashi na yawan al'ummar kasar har yanzu. ya ci gaba da samun kasa da samun kudin shiga fiye da matakin talauci na dalar Amurka 1.90 a kowace rana, kuma bisa la'akari da wadannan yanayi, an fahimci cewa al'amuran muhalli ba su yi fice sosai a cikin jerin abubuwan da mutanen Vietnam suka fi ba da fifiko ba. An zubar da tawada da yawa a ƙoƙarin fahimtar tasirin yaƙin Indochina na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Vietnam, kan ci gaban tarihi na al'amuran muhalli a Vietnam, musamman bayan yaƙin ya ƙare a shekarata 1975. Yawancin waɗannan sharhohin sun zauna a kan mummunan tasirin aikin soja a kan shimfidar wuri da muhallin Vietnam, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan sojan Amurka. Misali, an yi bincike sosai cewa tsakanin shekarun 1961 da 1971, sojojin Amurka sun tarwatsa fiye da galan miliyan 19 na maganin herbicidal a Jamhuriyar Vietnam, ciki har da fiye da galan miliyan 12 na gurɓataccen dioxin wanda aka fi sani da Agent Orange Kamar yadda waɗannan lambobi suka yi girma, al'amuran muhalli waɗanda abubuwan da suka haifar da gurɓataccen abu suka haifar, ko da yake suna da mahimmanci, an nuna cewa suna da iyakacin sakamakon da ya biyo baya, kamar sakamakon dasa amfanin gona a filin noma da ake da shi, bisa ga Duniya. Bayanan banki har zuwa shekarata 2009. Mayar da hankali kan sharhi kan matakin sojan Amurka mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da dalilai biyu. Na farko, ma'aunin ayyukan Amurka, bisa ga ikon tattalin arzikinsu da na soja, an aiwatar da su ne bisa tsari daban-daban na girma da na Arewacin Vietnam. Na biyu, tushe na farko, kamar na hotuna da bayanan tarihi waɗanda suka rubuta ɓangaren abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka, ana samun su cikin sauƙi. Kuma Da aka ce, sauran malamai sun yi kokarin fadada fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli wadanda suka taso sakamakon yakin. Misali, David Biggs ya yi karin haske a tarihin muhallinsa na tsakiyar Vietnam cewa tasirin yakin da ya bar a kan shimfidar wuri (abin da ya kira "sawun ƙafa" ba kawai halakarwa ba ne, amma kuma yana da ma'ana mai ma'ana ko ƙirƙira.
Wane irin motsi na muhalli, idan akwai, ya fito don magance lalacewar muhalli da Yaƙin ya haifar? Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Yaƙin Vietnam, ba kamar sauran batutuwan muhalli waɗanda za a yi bayani dalla-dalla daga baya ba, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a ne suka jagoranci yunƙuri irin su lalata da farko ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na jama'a waɗanda suka samo asali daga Amurka, kamar USAID da Ford Foundation. Ko a halin da ake ciki yanzu, bayan shafe shekaru hamsin na tsaftar muhalli, kasashen waje ne kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, maimakon na cikin gida, Duk wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar harkar muhalli don gyara tabo na tarihin soja a Vietnam. yanayin yanayi.
Doi Moi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin muhalli Dangane da batun lokacin da yunkurin muhalli a Vietnam ya tashi da gaske, masana tarihi sun yi nuni da kwanakin farawa daban-daban, ciki har da shekarata 1950s kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin yanayin O'Rourke, har zuwa farkon shekarar 1990s, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin. Abubuwan lura da Kerkvliet game da rashin jin daɗin ɗan ƙasa da masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke bayyanawa. Duk da haka, akwai babban yarjejeniya cewa batutuwan muhalli sun fara yin fice sosai a cikin al'ummar Vietnam bayan gyare-gyaren Doi Moi wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1986 zuwa gaba ta sabon ƙarni na manyan shugabannin siyasar Vietnam masu ci gaba. A zahiri, bayanan ayyukan motsin muhalli kamar zanga-zangar neman magance matsalolin muhalli sun nuna cewa galibin waɗannan sun faru ne tare da mitoci masu yawa waɗanda ke farawa daga manyan misalai (misali ƙungiyoyi ko fafitikar da suka shafi kiyaye wurin Hanoi's Reunification Park, kamar yadda aka faɗa). Andrew Wells-Dang, da kuma abin da ya shafi rigimar bauxite kamar yadda Jason Morris-Jung ya ba da labari) ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa gabaɗaya, wanda Stephan Ortmann ya yi jayayya daga kusan a shekarata 2010 zuwa gaba, inda aka sami akalla 13 manyan muhalli. zanga-zangar da ta shafi daruruwan, idan ba dubbai ba, na masu zanga-zangar.
A wani mataki, an ƙirƙiri sabbin nau'ikan batutuwan muhalli a matsayin sakamakon sabbin ayyuka da haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, ganin cewa babban makasudin yin gyare-gyare shi ne haɓaka haɓakar kasuwanci a ƙoƙarin kawar da talauci. Misali, yayin da sauye-sauyen harkokin kasuwanci da noma suka haifar da samar da sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sama da 30,000 tare da rage yawan al’ummar Vietnam da ke rayuwa a karkashin talauci daga kusan kashi 50 zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari, sakamakon muhalli na wannan ci gaban ya ruwaito. a cikin littafin shekarata 2003 da MONRE suka fitar tare da Ma’aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara da Ma’aikatar Kamun kifi shi ne rikicin da aka samu tsakanin bukatu na bunkasa filaye da tsare-tsare a daya bangaren, da kuma tsare-tsare na kiyaye yankuna a daya bangaren. Ta yaya gyare-gyaren Doi Moi, waɗanda suka kasance na farko na tattalin arziki, ya shafi ci gaban 11 na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gami da motsin muhalli, a Vietnam? Wannan lamari ne na wasu muhawarar tarihi, tare da tashe-tashen hankula da ke jan hankali a wurare da yawa. Gaba daya, jam’iyyar-jihar ta yi nuni da muhimmancin shiga cikin gida a matakin farko a cikin al’amuran zamantakewa da suka hada da muhalli. Wannan da aka ce, cikas ga yin aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin motsin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ci gaba da dawwama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance koyaushe a Vietnam, Kuma yayin da wasu, abin mamaki, sakamako ne na sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Misali, wasu masana tarihi sun jaddada tsayin daka na tsarin Lenin wanda ya sa ya zama mai wahala ga ayyukan kasa-kasa su sami wani tasiri na gaske, yayin da suke nuna tsayin daka na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na tattalin arziki wadanda kasuwancinsu ba zai ci gajiyar tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli ba. waɗannan su zo gaskiya a matsayin samfur na ƙarin wayar da kan al'amuran muhalli da cin nasarar gwagwarmaya15. Sannan An kuma jaddada rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da masu ba da agajin kasashen waje ke takawa, wanda aka fi sani da suna taimakon ci gaban hukuma ko ODA, wajen yin matsin lamba don shigar da karin mutane da masu fada a ji a cikin harkar muhalli.
Ko za a iya ɗaukar motsin muhalli a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a kansa ba a sani ba. Wannan shi ne saboda ya zuwa yanzu yana da nasarori masu gauraya da kasawa wajen kawo sauye-sauye don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam. Yayin da za a ci gaba da yin cikakken bayani game da takaddamar bauxite a cikin sashe na gaba, ya isa a lura a nan cewa za a iya amfani da batun gwagwarmayar anti-bauxite don nuna iyakar matsin lamba na kasa daga masu kare muhalli. Duk da haka, an sami wasu nasarori, kamar shigar da ƙungiyoyin mahalli wajen yunƙurin kafa dokar kare muhalli da ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2015, da faɗaɗa sararin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya mamayewa ta hanyar halatta shigar ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin muhalli. al'amura. Bugu da ari, batun motsin muhalli wanda ya bi a matsayin burinsa na kiyaye wurin shakatawa na Reunification a Hanoi zai iya nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun cigaba a cikin yanayin Vietnamese.
Ba kowa ba ne zai yarda cewa Dokar Kare Muhalli tana da mahimmanci ga motsin muhalli ko don magance matsalolin muhalli a Vietnam kamar yadda aka tsara. Wani ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana iƙirarin cewa bin sabuwar dokar kawai ya ɗauki nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin muhalli na hukumomin tattalin arziki kamar ma'aikatar gine-gine18. Haka nan an samu rarrabuwar kawuna da tashe-tashen hankula a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, kamar tsakanin hukumomin tsakiya da na larduna. Kuma Duk da haka, na ƙididdiga ko akasin haka, akwai alamun shaida, aƙalla zuwa iyakacin iyaka, na lokuta a Vietnam inda ƙa'idodin muhalli, da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin, suka kasance masu kwazo saboda gunaguni ko buƙatun al'umma. Masana tarihi suna yin la'akari da wannan al'amari a matsayin ƙa'ida ta al'umma, tare da babban misali shine ayyukan da Sashen Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli (DOSTEs) na lardin suka ɗauka a cikin a shekarata 1990s. Yadda matsin lamba na al'umma ko adawar jama'a suka zo kan hukunce-hukunce da ayyukan hukuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000 da 2010. Bayan batutuwan muhalli kawai, duk da haka, an fahimci motsin muhalli kamar yadda ke taka rawar gani ga faffadan fafutukar jin dadin jama'a a cikin mahallin kungiyoyin farar hula na Vietnam. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin mahalli irin su Green Group Hanoi suna tsara kamfen ɗin su ta hanyar daidaita batutuwan kiyayewa da dorewa a cikin harshen gwamnati mai alhaki da riƙon amana. Kuma A cikin tayar da hankali don samar da kyakkyawan shugabanci, motsi ya wuce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli zuwa wani sabon filin takara na siyasa.
2007 anti-bauxite muhalli motsi Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an fahimci motsin muhalli na anti-bauxite a Vietnam a cikin shekarar 2007 ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da misali na mutanen Vietnam suna magana game da batun muhalli da suka damu da shi a cikin mahallin mulkin gurguzu, da kuma misali inda ƙasa zuwa sama. matsin lamba na al'umma yana da ƙarancin nasara wajen magance halin da ake ciki. Wata hanyar da aka ba da ma'ana ita ce a matsayin sabon salon gwagwarmayar siyasa da sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin muhalli da jam'iyyar-jahar. Ko da yake masana tarihi gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami nasara sosai ba wajen dakatar da hakar ma'adinan bauxite a tsaunukan Tsakiya da hana hako ma'adinan bauxite a cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya, amma ta yi nasarar hana yunƙurin murƙushe maganganun jama'a game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na anti-bauxite sun nuna ƙididdiga na ayyukan zamantakewa, wanda ya zo don kwatanta yadda yawancin sauran batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Vietnamese na yau da kullum. Musamman, yin amfani da koke-koke kan layi yayin rigimar bauxite ya zama yanayin gwagwarmaya. Kuma Muhimmancin wannan batu na muhalli ya fito fili daga bayanin Morris-Jung na siyasar bayan-bauxite a Vietnam.
2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i A cikin Afrilu shekarata2016, wani muhimmin batu na muhalli a Vietnam ya bayyana saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba na zubar da sharar masana'antu mai guba a cikin tekun kusa da bakin tekun na Vietnam ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsire-tsire mai tsayi Formosa Ha Tinh Steel mallakar wani kamfani na Taiwan Formosa Plastics wanda ya shafi lardunan Hà Tĩnh, Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên-Huế An ba da rahoton cewa gawawwakin kifin sun wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na lardin Hà Tĩnh daga akalla 6 ga Afrilu shekarata 2016. Daga baya, an sami adadin matattun kifin a bakin tekun Hà Tĩnh da wasu larduna uku (Quảng Bình, Quảng Tri da Thừa Thiên–Huế) har zuwa 18 ga Afrilu shekarar 2016. Sakamakon gurɓacewar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata rayuwar ruwa kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutanen Vietnam waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara da lafiyar yanayin muhalli. Ko da yake Formosa ya musanta cewa yana da alhakin, zanga-zangar a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 2016 da talakawa 'yan ƙasar Vietnam suka yi, ba dukansu ba ne kai tsaye ko kuma da kansu bala'in ya shafa, sun yi nasara wajen tursasa hukumomi don ɗaukar hukunci bayan an gano kamfanin. don zama alhakin a kan Yuni 30, shekarar 2016, kuma an biya diyya ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa daidai da haka.
Wasu batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam A tsawon tarihin motsin muhalli a Vietnam, nau'o'in batutuwa daban-daban sun zo kan gaba a lokaci ɗaya ko wani:
Kiyaye kogon Hang Sơn Đoòng Kamar yadda aka adana wurin shakatawa na Hanoi's Reunification Park da aka ambata a baya, ƙungiyar muhalli a Vietnam ta fito don nuna adawa da shirin da aka tsara na kera motar kebul, a farashin tsakanin $112 da $211 miliyan, ta cikin kogon., wanda yake a cikin Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, kuma yayi la'akari da kogon mafi girma a duniya (ta girma). Gurbacewar iska: Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan masana'antu, ƙona mai mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin tsara birane, gurɓataccen iska, musamman lokacin da aka auna shi ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin PM2.5 a cikin iska, yana zama batun muhalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babban. Garuruwa irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh City, wadanda a yanzu suna cikin manyan biranen da suka gurbata a Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. Hanya daya da za a iya magance wannan matsalar muhalli ita ce ta samar da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska wadanda ke da damar rage gurbatar iska. Samun dama ga ruwa mai tsabta. Jama'ar Vietnam gabaɗaya suna da manyan matakan samun ruwa mai daɗi, ko da yake akwai ɗan bambanci tsakanin manya da ƙanana, da tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara. Ruwan famfo shine samar da ruwa mai sauƙi a cikin manyan biranen kamar Ho Chi Minh City da Hanoi Duk da haka, a yankunan karkara, rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu sun kasance mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa saboda 39% -44% har yanzu suna dogara da shi. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara ne ake ba su ruwan famfo. Kamar gurbacewar iska, matakan gurɓacewar ruwa kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda karuwar ayyukan masana'antu, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta A cikin yankin da yawancin mutane suka dogara da ruwan saman kogin, wannan batu na muhalli yana da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kamar yawan zawo. Gabaɗaya a Vietnam, adadin cututtukan da aka ruwaito sun kai 296000 a cikin duka a cikin shekarata 2009. Sauran misalan cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a Vietnam sun haɗa da kwalara, zazzabin typhoid, dysentery, da hepatitis A An bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara har yanzu tana da yawa sosai. Sakamakon ruwan sha da kwayoyin cuta suka gurbata, adadin kwalara da aka ruwaito ya haura 500, ya kai 1900 a 2007, da 600 a 2010. Koyaya, adadin cutar kwalara ya kusan kusan 0% tun daga 1999. Ƙasar dausayi: Ƙasar dausayi a Vietnam, tare da bambancin halittunsu, sun ragu sosai. Dangane da yankunan dajin mangrove a cikin Mekong Delta, waɗannan sun ragu da kashi 80 cikin ɗari tsakanin 1943 da 2000. Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa sun haɗa da gina gine-gine. Don magance wannan batu na muhalli, ya kamata shirin raya ƙasa ya yi la'akari da farashi, fa'idodi da tasiri a wuraren dausayi. Misali, sake fasalin tsarin kula da ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da aka samu a halin da ake ciki na lalata dausayi. Dazuzzuka: Mutuncin gandun daji na Vietnam yana da ƙasa kaɗan; a kan shekarata 2018 Forest Landscape Index Index, Vietnman ya kasance 104th a duniya a cikin kasashe 172, tare da ma'auni na 5.35 10. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da suka shafi ciniki cikin 'yanci: Vietnam ta himmatu ga yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori daban-daban, gami da na sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu, gami da yarjejeniyar ciniki ta 'yanci ta EU-Vietnam da Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Zuba Jari. Don yin aiki da waɗannan alkawuran, Vietnam na buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙa'idodi da tilasta aiwatar da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ba a ba da rahoto ba, don baiwa Vietnam damar samun cikakkiyar fa'ida daga kasuwancin "kyauta".
Duba wasu abubuwan Yanke daji a Vietnam
Tasirin muhalli na yaki
Operation Ranch Hand
2016 Vietnam marine muhalli bala'i
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26517 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batun%20%C6%B3ancin%20Adam%20da%20ke%20da%20Ala%C6%99a%20da%20Korona | Batun Ƴancin Adam da ke da Alaƙa da Korona | A yayin barkewar COVID-19(Corona), an ba da rahoton take hakkin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da takunkumi, nuna wariya, tsare (Lockdown) ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da ƙyamar baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta mayar da martani da cewa "take hakkin dan adam na hana, maimakon sauƙaƙewa, martani ga abubuwan gaggawa na lafiyar jama'a tare da lalata ingancin su." Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a ba da amsar zaman-gida-gida don rage barkewar cutar ba ta hanyar kare hakkin dan adam. An ba da ƙarin damuwa game da tasirin matakan ɗaukar matakan COVID-19 akan haƙƙin ɗan adam, dimokiraɗiyya da shugabanci.
Masana da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa batutuwa daban -daban suna ratsawa, kuma yanzu ba batun batu ɗaya ba ne.
'Yancin magana da faɗin albarkacin baki Dangane da rahoton Freedom House, aƙalla ƙasashe 91 sun fuskanci ƙuntatawa kan kafofin watsa labarai a zaman wani ɓangare na martanin su ga cutar ta COVID-19, tare da waɗannan ƙuntatawa da ke faruwa a cikin kashi 62% na 'Ƙasashe Masu' Yanci 'da 67% na' Ba Kasashe Masu 'Yanci Bugu da ƙari kuma, sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa an sanya ƙarin takunkumin gwamnati kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin aƙalla ƙasashe 72.
Azerbaijan Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa an tsare a kalla masu fafutuka 6 da 'yan jaridu masu goyon bayan adawa bayan sukar matakan da gwamnatoci ke dauka kan cutar, tare da zargin su da yin amfani da takunkumin don rufe bakin adawar siyasa.
Bangladesh An zargi Gwamnatin Bangladesh da amfani da kwayar cutar a matsayin hanyar murkushe masu sukar gwamnati. A cikin Mayu 2020, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane 11, ciki har da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, masu zane -zane da 'yan jarida, an kama su saboda rahoton cutar.
China Gwamnatin China ta tilasta yin kutse da wuri don murkushe bayanai game da COVID-19 da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a. Akwai suka da ke cewa an ba da damar barkewar annobar na makwanni kafin a fara kokarin shawo kan cutar. Li Wenliang, likitan kasar Sin wanda ya fadakar da abokan aikinsa game da COVID-19 an tursasa shi sannan aka tsare shi saboda "yada jita-jita ta karya". Daga baya ya kamu da cutar bayan wani mara lafiya ya kamu da ita. Amnesty International ta soki matakin da China ta kai wa hukumar ta WHO ya hada da rage tsananin barkewar cutar.
<i id="mwOA">Plague Inc.</i>, wasan tafi -da -gidanka wanda ke mai da hankali kan kwaikwayon cututtukan duniya, Hukumar Cyberspace ta China ta hana ta saboda tana da "abubuwan da ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an cire shi nan take daga duk shagunan dijital na China. Ndemic Creations, mai haɓaka wasan, ya ce babu tabbas ko wannan yana da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19, amma sun yi shirin yin aiki tukuru don dawo da wasan su cikin hannun 'yan wasan China.
Isra'ila A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2020, dubunnan Isra’ilawa sun fito kan tituna a cikin ɗaruruwan yankuna a duk faɗin Isra’ila, a cikin kulle-kullen COVID-19, don yin zanga-zangar biyo bayan amincewar majalisar ga sabuwar dokar da ta hana zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. An hana mutane gudanar da irin wannan zanga -zangar fiye da 1 km daga gidajensu, a karkashin sabuwar doka, wacce ta tilasta tsauraran dokoki na nesantawar jama'a. Masu suka sun kira shi da tursasawa 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Zanga -zangar ta sabawa dokar, yayin da ta ci gaba da matsin lamba kan Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu kan yadda ya magance cutar da zargin cin hanci da rashawa.
Poland An kori wata gogaggen ungozoma da ke aiki yayin barkewar cutar a wani asibiti na Poland bayan ta buga rahoto a Facebook ranar 18 ga Maris game da yanayin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da asibitin dangane da cutar. Rahotanni sun fito daga baya cewa an hana likitoci bayar da bayanai ga manema labarai. A ranar 25 ga Maris 2020, Ombudsman na Poland Adam Bodnar ya sanar da Ministan Lafiya cewa an ba da tabbacin 'yancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na magana da haƙƙin jama'a na sani a ƙarƙashin Labarai na 2, 54 da 61 na Tsarin Mulkin Poland da kuma korar likitoci ko hukunta su saboda sanar da jama'a. yayin bala'in na iya zama cin zarafin "ƙa'idodin wajibi". A ranar 26 ga Maris, sakataren gwamnatin Poland na Ma’aikatar Lafiya, ta buga rubutacciyar sanarwa ta hana masu ba da shawara na kiwon lafiya na voivodeship yin kalamai da suka shafi COVID-19 sai dai idan sun fara tuntubar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ko (GIS, hukumar lafiya ta ƙasa). A likitoci 'kungiyar, Porozumieniu Chirurgów SKALPEL, ya bayyana domin kamar yadda ci da ceto, kuma ya ce da shi kasai bala'i.
Turkiya Hukumomin tilasta bin doka sun tsare masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta 19 wadanda sakonnin su ba su da tushe kuma suna tsokana”, abin da ya haifar da fargaba da fargaba a cewar jami’an. Wasu jaridu sun ɗauki waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin takunkumi Tun daga ranar 6 ga Afrilu, a kalla 'yan jarida bakwai, kowannensu na ba da rahoto ga kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida, an tsare su saboda yadda suka ba da labarin barkewar cutar, kuma hukumar sa ido kan kafafen yada labarai ta jihar ta ci a kalla tashoshi uku don ba da labarin barkewar cutar, gami da babban tashar Habertürk, wanda aka hukunta bayan ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya ya bayyana cewa ƙarancin gwajin da yawan kamuwa da cutar yana nufin akwai lokuta da yawa da ba a gano su ba, wanda ya zarce alkaluman da gwamnati ta tabbatar.
Sakamakon barkewar cutar COVID-19, majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta amince da daftarin doka wanda zai iya ba da damar sakin fursunoni kusan 100,000, gami da mutanen da ke da alhakin mutuwa. Koyaya, dokar ta ware fursunonin siyasa kusan dubu hamsin na Turkiyya, ciki har da 'yan jarida da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, waɗanda aka ce za su ci gaba da zama a gidan yari duk da cunkoso da yanayin rayuwa mara tsafta wanda tuni ke haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiya.
Turkmenistan Gwamnatin Turkmenistan ta haramta kalmar "coronavirus" a kafofin watsa labarai.
Cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a Hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa daban-daban sun yi amfani da matakan hana spam don abubuwan da aka buga game da SARS-CoV-2 da cutar. Facebook ana zarginsa da toshe bayanan da ke bayani game da kwayar cutar. A cewar masu amfani, an toshe posts game da COVID-19 daga ingantattun kafofin watsa labarai kuma an ɓoye su ga sauran masu amfani. Facebook ya yi ikirarin cewa kwaro ne ke da alhakin wannan, amma makirce -makirce suna yawo cewa da gangan aka yi hakan don murkushe bayanai.
YouTube ya lalata bidiyon da yawa inda aka yi amfani da kalmar "corona". An kawo alamar aljanu a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin abun ciki mai mahimmanci.
Hakkin lafiya
China A China, dole ne a juya marasa lafiya da yawa daga asibitoci bayan sa'o'i da yawa a layi saboda yawan marasa lafiya. An bayar da rahoton karancin gwaji da magani.
Italiya Saboda yawaitar shigar masu haƙuri a Italiya, likitoci sun tilasta yanke shawara kan ko za a kula da tsofaffi, ko a bar su su mutu. An yada hoton wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ta fadi saboda yawan aiki a wani asibitin Italiya a matsayin alamar tsarin da ya cika.
Libya A Libiya, halin rashin lafiya yana taɓarɓarewa yayin yaƙin da ke gudana, inda ake kai hare -hare kan asibitoci koyaushe. A cikin watan Afrilu 2020, mai kula da ayyukan jin kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Libya, Yacoub El Hillo ya tabbatar da cewa cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 27 sun lalace kuma 14 na kusa cikin makonni biyar. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, sojojin da ke samun goyon bayan Hadaddiyar Daular Khalifa Haftar sun kai hari da makamin roka kan Grad kan Babban Asibitin Al-Khadra tare da lalata ginin gadaje 400, inda ake kula da marasa lafiya 300, ciki har da marasa lafiya biyu na COVID-19. Yacoub El Hillo yayi Allah wadai da harin a matsayin cin zarafin dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa.
Tarayyar Rasha An canja asibitoci na musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan numfashi. Wannan ya kara tsananta samuwar kulawar likita ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da munanan cututtuka. A cewar tawagar kwararru, wannan ya haifar da karuwar mace -macen da ya ninka adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu.
'Yanci daga nuna bambanci
Wariyar launin fata da kyamar baki An sami karuwar rahotannin wariyar launin fata kan mutanen Asiya, musamman kan mutanen China a Turai da Amurka. Kwamitin Gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke ba da shawara ga dukkan kasashe da su tuna da "ka'idojin Mataki na 3 na IHR Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya wanda WHO ta ce ta yi taka tsantsan da "ayyukan da ke inganta kyama ko nuna bambanci., "lokacin gudanar da matakan mayar da martani na kasa game da barkewar cutar.
Wani mai daukar hoton ma’aikatan Washington Post ya dauki hoton hoton jawabin shugaban Amurka Donald Trump wanda a ciki ya tsallake kalmar “coronavirus” ya maye gurbinsa da kalmomin “cutar China.” Trump ya kira COVID-19 a matsayin "kwayar cutar Sinawa" a cikin jawabansa yayin ci gaba da zanga-zangar nuna wariyar launin fata daga bangarori daban-daban. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa bai yarda maganganun nasa na nuna wariyar launin fata ba saboda kwayar cutar ta samo asali ne daga wurin, kuma ya kuma bayyana cewa yana da niyyar magance farfagandar China wacce ke ikirarin cewa asalin sojojin Amurka ne suka kawo cutar a China.
Indiya ta ga mutane da yawa daga sassan arewa maso gabas da ake kira 'coronavirus' saboda kamanceceniyar launin fatarsu ga mutanen China, ƙasar da cutar ta samo asali. Wannan yana cikin matsalolin matsalolin wariyar launin fata da mutane daga waɗannan yankuna ke ci gaba da fuskanta. Karamar ministar harkokin marasa rinjaye ta gwamnatin Indiya, Kiren Rijiju ta yi bayani kan karuwar maganganun wariyar launin fata kan mutanen Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya.
A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2020, hukumomin Malaysia sun tattara tare da tsare kusan bakin haure 586 da ba su da takardun aiki a wani samamen da aka gudanar a Kuala Lumpur Bakin hauren da aka tsare sun hada da yara kanana da kuma 'yan kabilar Rohingya' yan gudun hijira daga Myanmar, a yayin da ake samun karuwar kyamar baki. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da matakin, wanda ya bukaci Malaysia da ta guji irin wannan tsarewar da kuma sakin yaran, tana mai gargadin cewa cibiyoyin da ke cike da cunkoso za su kasance masu matukar rauni yayin bala'in COVID-19.
A cikin watan Yuni 2020, a rahoton a United Kingdom alama cewa kabilanci 'yan tsiraru ne a wata mafi girma hadarin rasa rayukansu saboda COVID-19. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Hukumar Daidaitawa da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (EHRC) ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da binciken doka kan rashin daidaiton launin fata, wanda aka fallasa yayin yawan shari'o'in COVID-19 a Burtaniya. Binciken mai sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam shi ne bayar da bayanan da ke da tushe, wadanda aka tilasta su daga sassan gwamnati da kungiyoyi.
A ranar 30 ga Yuni, wata kasida daga Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta bayyana cewa adadin asibitoci da mutuwa a Amurka da ke da alaƙa da Covid-19 an lura sun fi girma ga ƙungiyoyin da ba fararen fata ba ko da bayan daidaitawa ga dalilai kamar shekaru da yanayin ƙasa. A cikin wani rahoto da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka suka fitar suna nazarin COVID -19 asibiti a tsakanin yaran Amurkawa, an gano cewa 40% na binciken yaran da aka kwantar da asibiti Hispanic ne kuma 33% Baƙaƙe ne. Binciken ya kammala da cewa al'ummomin marasa rinjaye sun fi fuskantar hadari saboda rashin daidaiton zamantakewar al'umma, kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da matsayin inshora.
Cin mutunci Mutane sun ba da rahoton fuskantar ƙuntatawar zamantakewa bayan sun murmure daga rashin lafiya. Wasu ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ke kula da mutanen da ke da COVID-19 suma sun ba da rahoton fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda fargabar cin mutuncin danginsu da al'ummarsu.
Cocin Shincheonji na Yesu, ƙungiyar marasa rinjaye na addini da ke Koriya ta Kudu, da membobinta da ke da alaƙa sun fuskanci wariya da cin zarafi akan layi da layi saboda hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa farkon barkewar COVID-19 a Daegu, Koriya ta Kudu. Membobin sun ba da rahoton hare-haren tashin hankali, cin zarafin kan layi, lalacewar kasuwanci, da cin zarafi a wuraren aiki da makarantu sakamakon ƙin Shincheonji da ya tashi tun daga watan Fabrairu 2020.
A cikin Nuwamba 2020, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Koriya da Cibiyar Bincike ta Koriya ta Koriya sun ba da rahoton cewa akwai kararraki 86,451 na kalaman kiyayya ta yanar gizo da aka yi niyya ga Shincheonji, tsakanin Fabrairu 2020 da Mayu 2020, a kan dandamali daban -daban na kafofin watsa labarun, allon al'umma na kan layi, da shafukan yanar gizo, suna zargin Shincheonji da yaduwar COVID-19. Akwai lamura guda biyu na mata da aka tura su kashe kansu sakamakon zargin COVID-19 da nuna wariya ga membobin Shincheonji. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, an ba da rahoton cewa wata mace 'yar Shincheonji ta samu hari daga mijinta wanda ke kokarin tilasta mata barin Shincheonji, kuma ta mutu bayan ta fado daga bene na bakwai. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, wata 'yar'uwar Shincheonji' yar shekara 42, wacce aka ci zarafin ma'aurata da ake zargi saboda alakarta da Shincheonji, ta mutu bayan ta fado daga gidan bene na 11.
Rashin nuna bambanci A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2020, Babban Kwamishinan OSCE a kan Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙasa ya ba da wata takarda da ake kira "Ƙarfafa bambancin: Matakan COVID-19 waɗanda ke tallafawa haɗin kan jama'a". Daftarin ya haɗa da shawarwari ga ƙasashe masu shiga cikin OSCE an haɗa su akan yadda martanin gwamnati ga COVID-19 zai iya tabbatar da haɗin kai da kuma kula da bambancin zamantakewa. Manyan ka'idoji sun haɗa da: kiyaye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, kasancewa tare da kula da buƙatun harshe, da kuma kiyaye rashin haƙuri ga nuna bambanci da ƙyamar baƙi.
'Yancin bayanai
Danne bayanai Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin China ta tozarta labarai da dama da suka shafi cutar ta COVID-19 a China. Nicholas Bequelin, Daraktan Yankin na Amnesty International ya soki cewa "hukumomin China suna haɗarin hana bayanan da zasu iya taimaka wa ƙungiyar likitocin magance coronavirus da taimakawa mutane kare kansu daga kamuwa da ita".
Twitter ya toshe raba wani sako, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Brazil ta buga a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2021, wanda ya bukaci mutane da su nemi magani da wuri don kamuwa da COVID-19. Sanarwar ta Ma'aikatar ta ba da shawarar: "Don yaƙar Covid-19, ƙa'idar ba ta jira ba. Da zarar an fara magani, mafi girman damar samun lafiya. Don haka, zauna a hankali! Lokacin nuna alamun Covid-19, Kada ku Dakata, je Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ku nemi magani da wuri. A cikin toshe tweet din, Twitter ya ce: "Wannan Tweet ɗin ya keta Dokokin Twitter game da yada ɓarna da yiwuwar cutarwa da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19."
'Yanci daga kamawa ba tare da izini ba Masu fafutuka da ke musayar bayanai game da yanayin annobar COVID-19 a China sun firgita kuma an tursasa su. A cikin Amurka, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta isa Majalisa don ikon tambayar manyan alkalai su tsare mutane har abada ba tare da fitina ba yayin bala'i-wani ɓangare na tura sabbin madafun iko wanda ya zo yayin da COVID-19 da farko ya bazu ko'ina cikin Amurka.
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Michelle Bachelet ya yi gargadin cewa wasu gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da karfin ikon gaggawa da kulle-kullen da aka sanya a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19. Ta yin amfani da halin da ake ciki, gwamnatocin da aka ambata suna yunƙurin rufe bakin masu adawa da kuma hana abokan adawar siyasa, masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yan jarida. Ta kuma bayyana cewa yakamata a mayar da martanin rikicin "da hujjojin kimiyya", maimakon siyasa ko tattalin arziki.
A cikin rahoton su na 'Dimokradiyya a ƙarƙashin kullewa', binciken Freedom House ya sami shaidar cin zarafin 'yan sanda kan fararen hula aƙalla ƙasashe 59, da tsarewa da kamun da ke da alaƙa da martanin cutar a cikin ƙasashe akalla 66. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da Kenya, wacce ake tuhumar 'yan sandan ta da duka da hawaye a kan mutane yayin da suke kan hanyarsu ta komawa gida daga aiki, da Zimbabwe, wanda Amnesty International ta zargi gwamnatin ta da amfani da cutar a matsayin hujjar murƙushe masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Tsare bakin haure, 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka Kasashe da dama sun tsare 'yan ci-rani,' yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda hakan ya sabawa dokar kasa da kasa da 'yancin dan adam. Amnesty International ta soki gwamnatocin Amurka, Mexico, Kanada, Curaçao, da Trinidad da Tobago don ci gaba da “tare tare da tsare dubunnan manya, iyalai, da yara a wuraren tsare bakin haure” a tsakanin COVID-19.
'Yancin motsi
Sarrafa iyaka da keɓewa
Turkmenistan Sabis na kan iyaka na Turkmenistan ya sami horo kan layi akan "kula da wuraren ƙetare iyaka (BCP) a cikin yanayin yaƙin duniya da cutar ta COVID-19". Cibiyar OSCE da ke Ashgabat ce ta shirya taron tare da Ofishin Hukumar WHO na Turkmenistan, Ofishin Yankin WHO na Turai, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya, da Masana'antar Likitancin Turkmenistan.
Ostiraliya Gwamnatin Ostireliya ta tura daruruwan Australiya da aka kwashe daga Wuhan a watan Fabrairu 2020 zuwa cibiyar tsare bakin haure a Tsibirin Kirsimeti inda kungiyar likitocin Ostiraliya ta bayyana yanayin a matsayin "rashin mutunci". Wadanda aka kora daga baya sun ba da rahoton cewa yayin da suke cikin damuwa game da jinyar da za su yi kafin su isa Tsibirin Kirsimeti, sun bayyana shirye -shiryen lokacinsu na keɓewa a cibiyar da kyau.
A cikin Oktoba 2020 Human Rights Watch ya bayyana cewa tsananin rufe iyakokin cikin gida da Gwamnatin Yammacin Ostiraliya ta sanya "yana haifar da wahala ga iyalai". Kungiyar ta ba da shawarar cewa "yakamata gwamnati ta kara yin banbanci ga lamuran jin kai, da fifikon haduwar dangi, samar da karin haske game da tsarin amincewa, da bayar da cikakkun bayanai ga mutanen da aka hana izinin komawa jihar su ta asali".
Malaman ilimi Jane McAdam da Ben Saul sun nuna damuwa a cikin Disamba 2020 cewa ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan adadin mutanen Australiya waɗanda suka sami damar shiga ƙasar da kuma yadda aka keɓe wuraren keɓewa na otal ɗin otal na iya zama take hakkin ɗan adam.
Argentina A Argentina, dokar ta -baci ta taƙaita haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki ('yancin kan mutum, yancin motsi, 'yancin yin taro), da sararin soji na jama'a. Ba a san ƙalubalen doka kan matakan ba. Kotun koli ta Argentina ta tsawaita hutun aikinta na shekara -shekara, tare da takaita samun damar yin adalci.
'Yancin taro Ƙuntatawa akan motsi, gami da kulle -kulle, ya yi tasiri ga bayyana 'yancin yin taro ta hanyar sanya iyakan mutanen da za su iya haɗuwa a kowane taro, ko hana duk wani taro kai tsaye.
'Yancin addini Ƙuntatawa na kullewa a wasu ƙasashe ya sanya iyakance masu yin aikin ibada.
Hukumomi a wasu ƙasashe sun ba da damar a saurari kiran sallar musulmi daga minarets a cikin Ramadan A Austria, Poland, Faransa da wasu Europeanan wasu ƙasashen Turai, jami'ai sun sanya rufe fuska a matsayin matakin kariya, yayin da fewan shekarun da suka gabata suka hana haƙƙin rufe fuskar mata Musulmai waɗanda ke son yin hakan a zaman wani ɓangare na rigunan addini.
Dama na sirri Gwamnatoci a ƙasashe da yawa suna gudanar da sa ido kan jama'a domin gudanar da binciken gano cutar da yaɗuwarta. A China, gwamnati ta sanya CCTV a ƙofar mutanen da aka keɓe don tabbatar da cewa ba su fita ba. An sanya wasu mazauna Hong Kong su sanya guntun wuyan hannu da ke da alaƙa da app na wayar salula don faɗakar da hukuma idan mutumin ya keɓe keɓe. A wasu sassan Indiya, an hatimci fasinjoji da tawada da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba, ranar har sai mutum ya ci gaba da keɓewa.
A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa aikace-aikacen sa ido na wayar tafi-da-gidanka da gwamnatoci a duniya ke amfani da su don magance rikicin COVID-19, yana haifar da haɗarin haƙƙin ɗan adam. A hakkokin kungiyar zargin cewa mai amfani na irin wannan shirye-shirye da aka har yanzu m, kuma tare da sauki damar zuwa mai amfani da geopolitical wuri da kuma kusanci bayanai, disproportionate kula iya barazana da su na sirri tsare sirri. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2020, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Scotland ta rubuta wasika ga Kwamitin Adalci na Holyrood da ke nuna mummunan yanayin da ke cikin gidajen yarin Scotland a yayin barkewar cutar. A cikin wasikar ta, hukumar ta bayar da hujjar cewa matsayin da ake da shi a halin yanzu na iya haifar da cin zarafin fursunoni, wanda hakan ya saba wa kasida ta 3 na yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Turai “Wataƙila mutanen da ke cikin kurkuku za su fi fuskantar haɗarin da tasirin COVID-19. Rufewar yanayin tsarewa yana sanya nisantar zamantakewa kusan ba zai yiwu ba; fursunoni da yawa a halin yanzu suna zaune tare a cikin sel da aka tsara don mutum ɗaya; kuma fursunoni suna yin karin lokaci a cikin dakunan su ba tare da yiwuwar samun ziyara daga dangin su ba, ”in ji Judith Robertson, shugaban hukumar.
A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da Hukumar ASEAN ta Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (AICHR) sun aike da wata budaddiyar wasika ga gwamnatin Indonesiya don fitar da doka kan kokarin ta na tuntubar COVID-19, gami da bayanan da aka tattara da kuma yadda yakamata bayanan su a bi da su don kare sirrin mutane.
Cin zarafi a gidajen yari A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020, hoton da Amnesty International ta raba ya nuna cewa wadanda ake tsare da su a cikin gidan yarin Cambodia suna rayuwa cikin "yanayin rashin tausayi." Tare da aƙalla fursunoni 25 suna kwance a ƙasa na ƙaramin ɗaki guda ɗaya, ana zargin gidan yarin yana cike da cunkoso kuma ya keta buƙatun nesanta jiki. An kira ta da "bam na ɗan lokaci, musamman lokacin barkewar cutar coronavirus."
Matakan keɓewa a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 sun yanke yanayin a cikin marasa tsabta da cibiyoyin cunkoso na Latin Amurka Rashin abinci, wanda yawanci dangin fursunonin ke bayarwa, ya haifar da sabon tashin hankali a cikin gidan yarin Venezuela, a cikin gidan yarin Los Llanos (CEPELLA) a Guanare Rikicin da ya barke a cikin gidan yarin ya kashe a kalla fursunoni 46 tare da jikkata sama da 70, ciki har da jami’in tsaron kasa da kuma wani mai gadin gidan. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da Amnesty International, sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike tare da yin nazari kan martanin da hukumomi suka mayar.
A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2020, ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam 20 sun aika wa Shugaban Tanzania John Magufuli wasika suna neman ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don magance halin COVID-19 a cikin gidajen yarin da ke cike da cunkoso sannan kuma sun buƙaci tabbatar da cewa fursunoni da fursunoni suna da damar isa ga lauya. Kungiyoyin da suka aiko da wasikar sun hada da, Cibiyar Shari'a da 'Yancin Dan Adam a Dar es Salaam, Amnesty International, da Human Rights Watch.
A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta yi kira ga hukumomi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da su dauki matakin gaggawa na tabbatar da tsaron fursunoni a kalla cibiyoyin tsare mutane 3 a yayin barkewar COVID-19 Dangin fursunonin a kurkukun al-Wathba, kurkukun al-Awir, da sabon cibiyar tsarewar al-Barsha, sun sanar da HRW cewa wasu daga cikin fursunonin da aka gwada lafiyarsu tare da COVID-19 kuma da yawa daga cikin fursunonin da ke fama da rashin lafiya an hana su dacewa. taimakon likita. Gidajen kurkukun sun cika makil kuma hukumomi ba su kula da tsabtar muhalli da tsaftar muhalli ba, lamarin da ke kara tsananta yaduwar cutar.
A ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton gidajen yarin Masar suna fuskantar shari'o'i masu yawa tare da COVID-19 kuma sun kashe aƙalla fursuna 14. Hukumomi suna neman dakile labaran cutar da ke yaduwa a cikin gidajen yari tare da kame ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya, ‘yan jarida, da masu sukar da suka tayar da murya dangane da damuwar gwamnati kan yadda cutar ke yaduwa.
Dangane da rahoton wata ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta cikin gida, wasiƙar da aka fallasa daga gidajen yari 2 da binciken Human Rights Watch, ya zuwa 15 ga Yuli 2020 aƙalla wuraren tsare mutane 10 a Masar sun kamu da Covid-19 kuma kusan fursunoni 14 sun mutu bayan kamuwa da cutar. cutar. Wadanda ake tsare da su suna da karancin damar zuwa kula da lafiya kuma ba su da damar yin gwajin Covid-19.
Duk da gargadin Human Rights Watch game da haɗarin yanayin gidan yari mara tsafta a Amurka, yawan kamuwa da cutar fursunoni ya ninka sau 5.5 fiye da na yawan jama'a. Sakamakon haka, yawan mace -macen da ake samu a gidajen yari ya yi yawa idan aka kwatanta da wajen gidajen yarin.
A watan Disambar 2020, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa Saudi Arabiya tana tsare dubban bakin haure 'yan Afirka a cikin kazanta a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su. Wadanda aka tsare, wadanda aka yi hira da su, sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Saudiya ba su dauki matakan dakile yaduwar COVID-19 a cikin gidan yarin ba, duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu a cikin gidan sun nuna alamun COVID-19 Rahoton da Amnesty International ta fitar ya yi nuni da azabtarwa da zaluntar da aka yi wa fursunonin lamiri a fursunonin Masar. Rahoton, Me ya dame ni idan kun mutu?" Sakaci da hana kula da lafiya a gidajen yarin Masar ”an sake shi ne a bikin cika shekaru 10 da tayar da kayar Masar. 2011 a Masar Bayan azabtar da maza da mata da aka kama saboda neman adalci na zamantakewa da siyasa, rahoton na Amnesty ya kuma ba da haske kan sakacin matakan kula da lafiya don kare fursunoni daga cutar ta COVID-19 Philip Luther, Daraktan Bincike da Advocacy na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka na Amnesty International ya fada cewa hukumomin gidan yarin sun bar fursunonin su dogara da danginsu don abinci, magunguna, da kayan yau da kullun kamar sabulu, kuma sun hana su kula da lafiya ko kuma canja wurin su zuwa asibiti a kan lokaci.
A watan Yunin 2021, fitaccen mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Bahrain, Husain Barakat (48) ya mutu a gidan yarin Jau na kasar bayan ya yi kwangilar Covid-19. An yi masa allurar riga -kafi a cikin Maris 2021. Lamarin da ya haifar da zanga -zangar da ba kasafai ake yi a kasar ba, inda daruruwan mutane suka taru don gudanar da zanga -zangar da ke da alhakin kashe Sarki Baraktu Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa saboda rashin kulawa da bai dace ba. Da yawa daga cikin masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi sun kira shi "sakacin likitanci na yau da kullun", inda aka zargi gwamnatin Bahrain da yin watsi da girman matsalar. Duk da yawan allurar rigakafin, Bahrain tana fuskantar babban tiyata a cikin shari'o'in Covid-19. Kasar ta dogara da allurar rigakafin Sinopharm ta China, BBIBP-CorV, wacce ba ta da ikon samar da isassun garkuwar jiki don kariya daga cutar.
Hakkokin marasa rinjaye
Amurka A Amurka, yawancin ƙabilu da ƙabilun da ba su dace ba COVID-19 ya shafa.
'Yan Filifin-Amurkawa sun sha bamban da COVID-19. Yawancin Amurkawa 'yan Filifin suna aiki a matsayin masu jinya a cikin ICU inda ake kula da marasa lafiya na COVID, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba a ba su PPE ba. 'Yan Filifin Ba'amurke suna da adadin mace -mace mafi girma, wanda aka danganta da abincinsu wanda ya haifar da yawan kamuwa da kiba, hawan jini da cututtukan zuciya. A wasu masana'antu a Utah tsakanin Maris da Yuni, an gano cewa ma'aikatan Hispanic da wadanda ba farare ba sun kasance kashi 73% na kamuwa da cutar a wuraren aiki. Har ila yau, 'yan Hispanic suna da tasirin kuɗi, suna fuskantar ƙimar rashin aikin yi mafi girma fiye da na ƙasa.
'Yancin girmama rayuwar masu zaman kansu da ta iyali
Faransa A cikin Strasbourg da Lyon, kotunan gudanarwa sun soke ko iyakance dokokin gida waɗanda ke ba da umarnin rufe abin rufe fuska, amma Majalisar Faransa, babbar kotun gudanarwa ta Faransa, ta tabbatar da ƙa'idodin.
Jamus An gabatar da kararrakin umarnin da yawa kan dokokin jihar da ke tsara matakan hana yaduwar SARS-2 ga kotun tsarin mulkin Jamus a shekarar 2020, amma duk an ki amincewa da su ko a cikin tsari ko abun ciki. A mafi yawan lokuta, an gabatar da masu shigar da kara zuwa kotunan gudanarwa na yau da kullun.
Daga cikin abubuwan da aka kalubalanci akwai:
Gwajin tilas na COVID-19 na mutanen da ke zuwa daga ƙasashen da ke da haɗarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar SARS-2, an ƙalubalance su a kan amincin jiki da kuma kula da yara. Nesantar da ɗaliban makaranta a Bavaria, wanda aka ƙalubalance shi bisa dalilan haƙƙin ilimi, da haƙƙin haɓaka halayyar mutum kyauta, da ƙa'idar daidaitawa. An ƙalubalanci nesantawar jama'a (ƙuntatawa lamba), bin diddigin tuntuɓar juna, da tilasta amfani da abin rufe fuska a kan ƙima Keɓe keɓe ga mutanen da ke shiga ko dawowa Jamus daga ƙasashen da ba na Turai ba, an ƙalubalance su bisa dalilan yancin yin shari'ar gaskiya.
Duba kuma Jerin manyan abubuwan da annobar COVID-19 ta shafa
Tasirin cutar COVID-19 akan wasanni
Tasirin cutar COVID-19 akan addini
Tasirin cutar COVID-19 akan ilimi
Tasirin cutar COVID-19 akan sinima
Hanyoyin waje Human Rights Watch akan COVID-19
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42870 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moumouni%20Adamou%20Djermakoye | Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye | Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye (Mayu 22, 1939) ɗan siyasar Nijar ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP-Zaman Lahiya). Ya kasance minista mai muhimmanci a lokacin mulkin Seyni Kountché sannan ya zama jakadan Nijar a Amurka daga 1988 zuwa 1991; daga baya, bayan kafa jam’iyyar ANDP, ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Nijar daga 1993 zuwa 1994. Shi ne ɗan takarar jam’iyyar ANDP a zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa guda huɗu, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1993; Ya kuma kasance mataimaki a majalisar dokokin ƙasar daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2009 da kuma shugaban babbar kotun shari'a daga 2005 zuwa 2009.
Asali Sunayen danginsa, Moumouni Djermakoye, hakan ya nuna cewa shi ɗan dangi ne amma ba magaji ba a daular Djerma mai mulki, ta Djermakoy na Dosso na farko tsakanin sarakunan Djerma kuma gidan da aka fifita a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Djermakoye ya shiga soja ne tun yana matashin hafsa, kuma ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin Seyni Kountché na Afrilu 1974 wanda ya hamɓarar da shugaba Hamani Diori. Ya zama babban memba na majalisa mai mulki, kuma ya haɓaka tushen ikon kansa a Dosso.
Hidima a matsayin minista da diflomasiyya a lokacin mulkin soja (1974 1991) Bayan juyin mulkin 1974, Djermakoye ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin kai daga Afrilu 22, 1974 zuwa Satumba 10, 1979. A kwanakin baya, an naɗa shi Ministan Matasa, Wasanni, da Al’adu, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi Ministan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a da Harkokin Jama’a a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1981. Ya kasance a matsayi na ƙarshe har zuwa 24 ga Janairu, 1983. A watan Mayu 1988 an naɗa shi jakada a Amurka kuma wakilin dindindin a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1988, yana aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa tsakiyar 1991.
Takarar shugabancin MNSD, kafa jam’iyyar ANDP, zaɓukan jam’iyyu da yawa (1991 1996) A cikin 1991, Tandja Mamadou ya doke Djermakoye a yunƙurinsa na zama shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Wannan gwagwarmayar ta kasance alamar tambaya ta ƙabilanci: Djermakoye, wanda ɗan ƙabilar da ke da rinjaye a jam'iyyar (Djerma), ya sha kashi a hannun Tandja, wanda ba haka ba. Bayan ya sha kaye, ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Club of Moumouni Adamou Djermokoye's Friends (CAMAD), wadda daga baya ta zama ANDP.
A watan Fabrairun 1993, Djermakoye ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zagayen farko na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1993 kuma ya zo na huɗu da kashi 15.24% na ƙuri'un i'un da aka kaɗa. A wani ɓangare na ƙawancen da ake kira Alliance of the Forces of Change, Djermakoye ya goyi bayan Mahamane Ousmane na jam'iyyar Democrat da Social Convention (CDS) a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen da Tandja na MNSD ya yi, kuma Ousmane ya yi nasara. A zaɓen 'yan majalisu na watan Fabrairun 1993, jam'iyyar ANDP ta lashe kujeru 11 cikin 83 na majalisar dokokin ƙasar, ta yi kyau a tsakanin Zarma;Djermakoye da kansa an zaɓe shi a majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a mazaɓar Dosso. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1993, aka zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Jam'iyyar MNSD ta yi adawa da ƙuri'ar da aka zaɓi Djermakoye a cikinta, tana mai cewa hakan bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, kuma ta ƙi shiga cikinta. Bayan ɗaukaka ƙarar da 'yan adawa suka yi, Kotun Ƙoli ta soke zaɓen Djermakoye a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, amma Majalisar ta sake zaɓen Djermakoye a watan Mayu 1993. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekarar 1994, lokacin da majalisar ta rusa gabanin wani sabon zaɓen majalisar.
Ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mainassara da mulkin soja na riƙon ƙwarya (1996 1999) Bayan da sojoji ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Baré Mainassara suka ƙwace mulki a watan Janairun 1996, an gudanar da sabon zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Yulin 1996, inda Djermakoye ya zo na biyar da kashi 4.77% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A rana ta biyu na zaɓen, wanda Mainassara ya lashe, an tsare Djermakoye a gidan kaso tare da wasu 'yan takara uku na 'yan adawa, kuma ya kasance a gidan kaso na tsawon makonni biyu. Bayan nasarar Mainassara, Djermakoye da ANDP sun gane shi kuma suka goyi bayansa, amma a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1998 ya sanar da cewa ANDP ta wargaje da Maïnassara's Rally for Democracy and Progress, yana mai zargin Mainassara ya "ƙasƙantar da shi kuma ya ware" ƙungiyar ANDP.
Bayan wani juyin mulki a watan Afrilun 1999, Djermakoye ya zama shugaban majalisar tuntuɓa ta ƙasa a lokacin riƙon ƙwarya kafin sabon zaɓe. A watan Agustan 1999, jam'iyyar ANDP ta zaɓe shi don sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Oktoba na 1999. A zaɓen Djermakoye ya samu matsayi na biyar da kashi 7.73% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga Mahamadou Issoufou, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar dimokuraɗiyya da gurguzu ta Nijar, a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen. Issoufou ya sha kashi a zagaye na biyu a hannun Tandja. An zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa a zaɓen ‘yan majalisar dokoki na watan Nuwamba 1999 daga mazaɓar Dosso; ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu na ANDP da suka lashe kujeru a zaɓen.
Ayyuka a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta Biyar (1999 2009) A watan Yulin 2002, ANDP ta shiga jam'iyyar Alliance of Democratic Forces ƙarƙashin jagorancin MNSD, gamayyar jam'iyya mai mulki, inda ta fice daga jam'iyyar adawa ta Coordination of Democratic Forces wadda ta kasance a baya. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2002, an nada Djermakoye a matsayin ƙaramin minista na haɗin gwiwar Afirka da sabon ƙawance na shirye-shiryen raya Afirka ya yi wannan muƙamin har sai da ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a watan Nuwambar 2004 saboda halartar zaɓukan da ake shirin gudanarwa. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2004, an sake zaben shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ANDP; Ya ce a wannan karon bai yi niyyar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2009 ba. A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Nuwamba 2004, ya sake zama matsayi na biyar da kashi 6.07% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. Jim kaɗan gabanin zagayen farko na zaɓen, Djermakoye ya ce zai goyi bayan Tandja a zagaye na biyu. A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na Disamba 2004, an sake zaɓar Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa daga mazaɓar ar Dosso. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2005, an zaɓi Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban babbar kotun shari'a, ƙungiyar shari'a ta musamman da ta ƙunshi wakilai na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa. Mahamane Ousmane ya sha kaye Djermakoye a zaɓen shugaban ƙungiyar raya tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2006, inda ya samu ƙuri'u 37 yayin da Ousmane ya samu ƙuri'u 58.
Da yake mayar da martani kan yunƙurin shugaba Tandja mai cike da cece-kuce na kiran ƙuri'ar raba gardama kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da zai bashi damar sake tsayawa takara ƙoƙarin da jam'iyyun adawa da mambobin ƙawancen masu rinjaye na shugaban ƙasa suka yi adawa da shi Djermakoye ya nuna rashin amincewarsa, yana mai cewa al'ummar ƙasar za ta iya. a "raba gida biyu" ta shirye-shiryen zaɓen raba gardama na Tandja. Bayan da kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta yanke hukunci kan Tandja a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2009, nan take Tandja ta rusa majalisar kasa a ranar 26 ga Mayu. Masu lura da al’amura sun lura cewa, a yin hakan ya ƙaucewa yiwuwar gurfanar da shi gaban kotu bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa a babbar kotun shari’a, inda Djermakoye ke shugabanta.
Djermakoye ya kamu da rashin lafiya, sakamakon zafin rana, a wani gangamin ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 2009 a Yamai, yana nuna rashin amincewa da kudurin zaben raba gardama na Shugaba Tandja; ya fadi jim kadan kafin a sa ran zai yi jawabi ga masu zanga-zangar. Djermakoye, wanda aka ruwaito a baya yana fama da ciwon zuciya, ya mutu a wani asibitin Yamai bayan mintuna talatin. An gudanar da wani biki a hukumance da karramawar soja ga Djermakoye a Yamai a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, tare da halartar shugaba Tandja. Hakazalika an yi jana'izar sa a Dosso a wannan rana, a cikin dimbin jama'a.
Manazarta Mutuwan 2009
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15027 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefi%20Atta | Sefi Atta | Sefi Atta (an haife ta ne a watan Janairun shekarar 1964) ita ce ta lashe kyauta marubuciya ce Ba'amurken Najeriyar, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuciyan allo. An fassara littattafanta zuwa yarurruka da yawa, rediyon BBC ya watsa su, kuma an buga wasannin kwaikwayo a ƙasashen duniya. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da na 2006 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa da kuma 2009 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Sefi Atta a Legas, Najeriya, a cikin Janairu 1964, ga dangin 'ya'ya biyar. Mahaifinta Abdul-Aziz Atta shi ne Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma Shugaban Ma’aikatan Gwamnati har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1972, kuma mahaifiyarta Iyabo Atta ce ta yi rainon ta.
Ta halarci Queen's College, Legas, da Makarantar Millfield a Ingila. A shekarar 1985, ta kammala karatun ta na digiri na farko a jami’ar B.A. digiri daga Jami'ar Birmingham. Ta cancanci a matsayin akawun haya a Ingila da kuma CPA a Amurka, inda ta yi ƙaura a 1994. Ta sami MFA daga Jami'ar Antioch a 2001.
Tana auren Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, wani likita, kuma dan Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, kuma suna da diya guda, Temi.
Kamfanin samar da kayan abinci na Atta da ke Legas Atta Girl na tallafawa Care to Read, shirin da ta kirkiro don samun kudade ga halastattun kungiyoyin agaji ta hanyar karatun karatu.
A yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Najeriya, Ingila da Amurka.
Rubutawa Atta ta kammala karatun shirye-shiryen kirkirar rubutu a Jami'ar Antioch a Los Angeles. Gajerun labaran ta sun bayyana a cikin mujallolin adabi kamar The Los Angeles Review, Mississippi Review da World Literature Today. Labarinta a kan Lagos da Najeriya sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe kamar su Time and Libération. An fassara littattafanta zuwa yare da yawa. Littafinta na farko, Everything Good Will Come, ya lashe Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.
Labari
2005: Everything Good Will Come, Interlink Books, 2010: Swallow, Interlink Books,
2013: A Bit of Difference, Interlink Books, 2019: The Bead Collector, Interlink Books, Takaitattun labarai
2010: News from Home, Interlink Books,
Littattafan yara
2018: Drama Queen, Mango Books, Nigeria,
Kunna tarin
2019: Sefi Atta; Selected Plays, Interlink Books,
Wasannin farko
2005: The Engagement, MUSON Centre, Legas
2011: The Cost of Living, Lagos Heritage Festival
2011: Hagel auf Zamfara, Theatre Krefeld, Jamus
2012: The Naming Ceremony, New World Nigeria, Theatre Royal Stratford East, London
2012: An Ordinary Legacy, The MUSON Festival, MUSON Centre, Legas
2014: Last Stand, Terra Kulture, Legas
2018: Renovation, The Jos Festival of Theatre
2019: The Death Road, The Jos Festival of Theatre
Wasan radiyo
2002: The Engagement, BBC Radio
2004: Makinwa's Miracle, BBC Radio
2007: A Free Day, BBC Radio
Nunin allo
2009: Leaving on Your Mind, wasan kusa da na karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition
2019: Valid, karshe ga WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices Lab
2019: Valid, karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition
Zaɓaɓɓun kyaututtuka da yabo 2002: Macmillan Writers Prize For Africa, jerin sunayen
2002: BBC African Performance, Kyauta ta 2
2002: Zoetrope Short Fiction Contest, Kyauta ta 3
2003: Red Hen Press Short Story Award, Kyauta ta 1
2003: Glimmer Train′s Very Short Fiction Award, na karshe
2004: BBC African Performance, Kyauta ta 2
2005: PEN International David TK Wong Prize, Kyauta ta 1
2006: Caine Prize for African Writing, jerin sunayen
2006: Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa
2009: Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
Marubuci Ziyarci
2006: Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi
2008: Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma
2010: Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
Atta ta kasance a cikin juri na 2010 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, kuma alkali ne na 2019 Caine Prize for African Writing.
Nazari mai mahimmanci game da ayyukanta, Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illustates African Culture and Tradition, editan Farfesa Walter P. Collins, III, wanda Cambria Press ta buga a 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sefi Atta's website
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40765 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel%20Kant | Immanuel Kant | Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/, US: nt/, German: l kant] a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724 zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin falsafar Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da ƙayatarwa sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani. A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin transcendental, Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da lokaci ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, ya rubuta Critique of Pure Reason a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na farko zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami fifikon sanin waɗannan abubuwan. Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma kyawawan dabi'u sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da ƙayatarwa na zamani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa. Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na tarihin duniya. Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin Allah zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga addinin Kirista na gargajiya. Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch (1795). Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Duniya (1755), Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki (1788), Ƙididdigar Shari'a (1790), Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili (1793), da Metaphysics of Morals (1797).
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta (1724) a cikin dangin Prussian Jamus na bangaskiyar Lutheran Protestant a Königsberg, Gabashin Prussia tun a shekara ta (1946) birnin Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Rasha). Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Regina Reuter (1697 zuwa 1737), an haife shi a Königsberg ubansa a Nuremberg yake. Sunanta wani lokacin kuskure ana ba shi azaman Porter. Mahaifin Kant, Johann Georg Kant (1682 zuwa 1746), ɗan Jamus ne mai kera kayan aiki daga Memel, a lokacin birni mafi arewa maso gabashin Prussia (yanzu Klaipėda, Lithuania). Kant ya yi imanin cewa kakan mahaifinsa Hans Kant dan asalin Scotland ne. Yayin da masana rayuwar Kant suka daɗe suna yarda da wannan iƙirari, ƙwarewar zamani ta ƙalubalanci shi. Yana yiwuwa Kants sun sami suna daga ƙauyen Kantvainiai (Jamus: Kantwaggen-a yau wani ɓangare na Priekulė) kuma sun fito ne daga asalin Kursenieki. Kant shi ne na hudu a cikin yara tara (shida daga cikinsu sun girma). Ya yi Baftisma Emanuel, daga baya ya canza harafin sunansa zuwa Immanuel bayan ya koyi Ibrananci. An rene shi a gidan yan Bidi’a da suka nanata ibada, tawali’u, da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na zahiri. mai tsauri, hukunci da ladabtarwa, kuma ya mai da hankali kan koyarwar Latin da addini akan lissafi da kimiyya. A cikin Groundwork na Metaphysic of Morals, ya bayyana imani ga rashin mutuwa a matsayin yanayin da ya dace na tsarin ɗan adam zuwa mafi girman halin kirki mai yiwuwa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Kant ya kasance mai shakka game da wasu hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a gabaninsa don kare ilimin tauhidi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa fahimtar mutum yana da iyaka kuma ba zai iya samun ilimi game da Allah ko rai ba, masu sharhi daban-daban sun lakafta shi a matsayin agnostic na falsafa, ko da yake an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Kant yana nufin wasu mutane su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai tunani mai tsabta", wanda Kant da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya gane wahayi amma ya tabbatar. cewa saninsa da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin gaske ba wajibi ne ga addini ba. Ga alama Kant ya yi rayuwa mai tsauri da tarbiyya; an ce makwabci za su saita agogon su ta hanyar tafiya ta yau da kullun. Bai taɓa yin aure ba, amma da alama yana da rayuwar zamantakewa mai lada— shi mashahurin malami ne, haka kuma marubuci mai cike da kunya tun ma kafin ya fara kan manyan ayyukansa na falsafa. Yana da da'irar abokai waɗanda yake yawan saduwa da su—daga cikinsu akwai Joseph Green, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ingila a Königsberg, wanda aka ruwaito ya fara magana da shi a cikin jayayya a cikin 1763 ko kafin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, Kant yana yawo a cikin Dänhofscher Garten, sai ya ga daya daga cikin abokansa yana magana da wasu mutanen da bai sani ba. Ya shiga tattaunawar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a duniya. Batun rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka ya taso. Kant ya ɗauki gefen Amirkawa, kuma wannan ya tayar da Green. Ya kalubalanci Kant da fada. An ruwaito Kant ya bayyana cewa kishin kasa bai shiga cikin ra'ayinsa ba, kuma duk wani dan kasa na duniya zai iya daukar matsayinsa idan ya rike ka'idojin siyasar Kant, wanda Kant ya bayyana wa Green. Green ya yi mamakin yadda Kant ya iya bayyana ra'ayinsa, har Green ya ba da damar yin abota da Kant, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa gidansa da yamma. Tsakanin shekarar (1750 da kuma 1754) Kant ya yi aiki a matsayin malami (Hauslehrer) a ƙauyen Lithuania na Jučiai (Jamus: Judtschen; kusan 20 km gabas da Königsberg, kuma a cikin Groß-Arnsdorf (yanzu Jarnołtowo kusa da Morąg (Jamus: Mohrungen), Poland), kusan 145 km gabas da Königsberg.
Tatsuniyoyi da yawa sun taso game da halin Kant na sirri; an jera waɗannan, an bayyana, kuma an karyata su a cikin gabatarwar Goldthwait zuwa fassararsa na Abubuwan Lura akan Jin Kyawun Kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka.
Manazarta 'Yan falsafan Jamus
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specioza%20Kazibwe | Specioza Kazibwe | Speciosa Naigaga Wandira Kazibwe (an haifi 1 Yuli 1954), ƴar siyasan Uganda ce kuma mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugabar kasa a Afirka.[1] Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kasar Uganda ta shida daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2003, inda ta zama mace ta farko a nahiyar Afirka da ta taba rike mukamin mataimakiyar shugabar wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Dr. Speciosa Kazibwe kuma likitan fiɗa ce 'yar Uganda. Ana kuma kiranta da “Nnalongo”, saboda tagwayenta[2]. A watan Agustan 2013, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-Moon ya nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan cutar kanjamau a Afirka[3].
Tarihi da ilimi An haifi Speciosa Kazibwe a gundumar Iganga a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1954. Ta halarci Makarantar Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga, babbar makarantar sakandaren kwana ta mata duka da ke da alaƙa da cocin Katolika, wanda ke kan babbar titin Kampala-Jinja, kusa da garin Lugazi A shekarar 1974 ta shiga Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta Jami'ar Makerere, inda ta karanci likitancin dan Adam, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin likitanci da digiri na farko a fannin tiyata a shekarar 1979. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci, kuma daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, ta kware a aikin tiyata A cikin 2009, an ba ta digiri na Doctor of Science (SD), ta Harvard School of Public Health, Sashen Yawan Jama'a da Lafiya ta Duniya.
Gwarewar aiki Kazibwe ta fara aikinta na siyasa ne a matsayin Shugabar Shugabannin Zauren Mazauna Jami'ar Makerere Kampala (1975-76) kwatankwacin Shugabar Guild na Jami'a, wanda Shugaba Idi Amin Dada ya soke. Daga baya ta zama memba na matasa da mata na jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Uganda Ta ci zabenta na farko a matsayin shugabar kauye, akan tikitin National Resistance Movement (NRM) a 1987. Daga baya aka zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar mata a gundumar Kampala kuma ta zama shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara kan yakin neman zaben Museveni Ta fara hidimar gwamnatin Yoweri Museveni a shekarar 1989, lokacin da aka nada ta mataimakiyar ministar masana'antu, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa shekarar 1991. Daga 1991 zuwa 1994, ta yi minista mai kula da jinsi da ci gaban al'umma. Ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Tsarin Mulki wadda ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda a 1994. A 1996, an zabe ta ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Kigulu ta kudu a gundumar Iganga Daga 1994 har zuwa 2003, Speciosa Kazibwe ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Uganda kuma a matsayin Ministan Noma, Masana'antar Dabbobi da Kamun Kifi.
Kazibwe ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga mata a matsayinsu a Afirka Tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka da hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kafa kwamitin kula da zaman lafiya da ci gaban mata na Afirka (AWCPD) a shekarar 1998; kungiyar da ta shugabanta. Manufar AWCPD ita ce ta taimaka wajen ba mata damar shiga cikin harkokin zaman lafiya da ci gaba a nahiyar. Dr. Kazibwe kuma ya kasance shugaba ko memba na kungiyoyi masu fa'ida na kasa daban-daban, ciki har da:
Kungiyar Manyan Mata Masu Shawara Kan Muhalli
The Uganda Women Entrepreneur Association Limited
Kungiyar likitocin mata ta Uganda
Agri-Energy Roundtable Uganda (AER/U)
Kazibwe ya jagoranci taron farko na AER/Uganda a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1991 a Kampala Sheraton sannan kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin karramawar Agri-Energy Roundtable (AER) na tsawon shekaru da dama, inda ya samu karbuwa sosai. A cikin 1998, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma FAO ta ba ta lambar yabo ta "Ceres Medal" saboda "gudumar da ta bayar don samar da abinci da kawar da talauci".
Bayanan sirri A cikin Afrilu 2002, Kazibwe ta shigar da ƙarar saki daga mijinta, tana mai cewa ta ƙi a ci gaba da cin zarafinta Auren mace fiye da daya da mata ya zama ruwan dare a Uganda, amma kisan aure ba kasafai ba ne. Mijin nata ya ki amincewa da sakin auren, yana mai cewa addininsa na Katolika ne, kuma ya ce matarsa ta dawo gida a makare ba tare da bayar da cikakken bayani ba, kuma ta shiga tare da wasu ’yan siyasa da ba ya so. Da yake samun wahalar aiwatar da ayyukanta na siyasa da kuma magance matsalar kisan aure da ke kara ruruwa, a ranar Laraba, 21 ga Mayu, 2003, Kazibwe ta sauka daga mukaminta na gwamnati, inda ta nemi a ba ta damar ci gaba da karatu. Ta kammala digiri na uku a Jami'ar Harvard Tana da ‘ya’ya hudu ciki har da tagwaye daga aurenta na farko kuma ta dauki wasu da dama.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Game da Cin Zarafin Cikin Gida a Uganda Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
32380 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Yiadom | Andy Yiadom | Andrew Kyere Yiadom (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama ko kuma na dama a kulab ɗin Reading EFL Championship da kuma tawagar ƙasar Ghana.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Farkon aiki An haifi Yiadom a Holloway, London. Ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Watford amma ba a ba shi kwangilar ƙwararru ba a ƙarshen karatunsa. Ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Premier Hayes & Yeading United a lokacin rani na 2010. Ya zauna na kakar wasa daya kawai a Hayes kafin ya ci gaba zuwa sabon kulob din Braintree Town da aka inganta a watan Agustan 2011, bayan gwaji a kulob din Bristol Rovers League Two. Yiadom ya ci kwallaye bakwai a watan Janairun 2012.
Barnet Kungiyar Barnet ta League Two ta sanya hannu a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2012. Ya fara wasansa na farko ga Kudan zuma a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2012 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a Shrewsbury Town, ya zo a madadin Mark Hughes. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 10 ga Maris yayin da ya zo a madadinsa a wasan da suka doke Port Vale da ci 2-1. Yiadom ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin Barnet na 2012–13. An fi saninsa a matsayin winger na gefen dama a cikin tsarin Edgar Davids '4–5–1, tare da Ricky Holmes a kishiyar reshe. Yiadom ya samu karbuwa a wajen magoya bayansa saboda gudun da yake yi, wanda ya yi amfani da shi wajen yin tasiri mai kyau a reshe, inda ya yi barazana ga kungiyoyin adawa da dama. Hakazalika da Mark Byrne, Yiadom an yi amfani dashi a wasu lokuta a matsayin mai maye gurbin dama bayan raunin da kuma dakatarwa zuwa zabi na farko Barry Fuller. Ya fara wasan karshe a filin wasa na Underhill da Wycombe Wanderers, yana taimaka wa Bees zuwa nasara 1-0. Ayyukansa mai ban sha'awa ya ba shi wuri a cikin Barnet line-up a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Northampton Town, ko da yake a matsayinsa na baya na dama, tare da sabon sa hannu Keanu Marsh-Brown ya fi son farawa a gefen dama. Yiadom ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni 31 a kakar wasa ta 2012–13.
Barnsley Yiadom ya koma Barnsley a watan Mayu 2016 a canja wuri kyauta, kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya buga wa Barnsley wasanni 32 a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya taimaka musu su ci gaba da rike matsayin Gasar Zakarun gasar mai ban sha'awa a baya. Barnsley ta ba shi sabuwar yarjejeniya a ranar 30 Yuli 2017, wanda ya ƙi. A 10 Agusta 2017, bayan kin amincewa da tayin biyu daga kulob din Premier League Huddersfield Town, Barnsley ya amince da farashi tare da Huddersfield (an yi imani yana kusan 3). miliyan) don sanya hannu tare da dan wasan don yin gwajin lafiya a kammala tafiyar, Duk da haka, a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2017, motsi ya rushe kuma Yiadom ya koma Barnsley. A ranar ƙarshe na canja wurin 31 Agusta 2017, Yiadom ya amince ya shiga kungiyar Swansea City ta Premier, Duk da haka, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, an bayyana cewa ba a karɓi takardun canja wurin ba kafin lokacin canja wurin taga na 23: 00 BST, kuma don haka an soke matakin, wanda ya tilasta Yiadom komawa Barnsley. An nada shi kyaftin na Barnsley a lokacin kakar 2017–18.
Reading A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2018, Yiadom ya amince ya shiga Reading a ƙarshen kwantiraginsa, tare da shiga Royals a ranar 1 ga Yuli bayan sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu.
Ayyukan kasa An haifi Yiadom a Ingila iyayensa'yan Ghana ne. An kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar C ta ƙasa ta Ingila, kuma an ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan su na shekara a 2015. A watan Nuwamba 2016 an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Ghana. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Ghana a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da Masar ta yi 1-0 2017. Ya kasance yana cikin tawagar Ghana a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2021 da aka fitar a matakin rukuni na gasar.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Barnet
Babban Taro 2014-15 Mutum
Karatu Dan Wasan Lokacin 2021–22
Manazarta 27 January 2022.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Reading FC
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29235 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde%20Bakare | Tunde Bakare | Tunde Bakare limamin Coci ne. An sanar cewa an kama shi ne a watan Maris na shekarar 2002 bayan da ya yi wa’azin sukar shugaban kasa na lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo. Ya kasance abokin takarar shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari a takarar shugaban kasar Najeriya na shekarar 2011 Ya taba zama Fasto a Cocin Deeper Life Bible kafin ya tafi ya shiga Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God wanda ba da jimawa ba ya tafi ya kafa nasa.
Jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Bakare a matsayin daya daga cikin fastoci masu fada aji a siyasancin a Najeriya.
Kuruciya Bakare ya ce haifaffen Musulmi ne, amma ya koma Kiristanci a 1974. Bakare ya halarci makarantar firamare ta All Saints, Kemta, Abeokuta, daga nan kuma ya halarci makarantar Lisabi Grammar School, Abeokuta, inda ya karanta fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Legas tsakanin 1977 zuwa 1980. An kira shi Lauyan a 1981 kuma ya bi NYSC, ya yi aikin lauya tare da Gani Fawehinmi Chambers, Rotimi Williams Co da Burke Co, Solicitors. Ya kafa nasa kamfanin lauyoyi Tunde Bakare Co (El-Shaddai Chambers) a cikin Oktoban shekara ta 1984. A cikin watan Mayu 1988, a ƙarshen aikinsa na shari'a an kira shi hidima kuma ya kafa The Latter Rain Assembly (Cocin Ƙarshen Lokaci) wanda yanzu ake kira The Citadel Global Community Church (CGCC) a ranar 1 Afrilu 1989 kuma a halin yanzu shine Mai Kula da Hidima. na coci. Yana shugabantar Global Apostolic Impact Network (GAIN) cibiyar sadarwa na majami'u, ma'aikatu da kasuwancin masarauta da suka himmatu wajen ciyar da Mulkin Allah gaba a duniya. Dr. Bakare kuma shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Latter Rain Ministries, Inc. (Cibiyar Ci gaban Ikilisiya) a Atlanta, GA, Amurka, ma'aikatar da ta himmatu don maido da cocin yau zuwa ga tsarin nassi. Jami’ar Kirista ta Indiana ta ba shi digirin digirgir na ‘Doctor of Ministry’ a qarqashin jagorancin jagoransa, Dokta Lester Sumrall a shekarar 1996.
Ra'ayi Bakare ya caccaki kungiyar Miyetti Allah, yana mai cewa Fulani makiyaya gungun ‘yan ta’adda ne masu fyade, kashe-kashe, da garkuwa da mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba. Malaman addinin Fulani da dama sun soki kalaman Bakare na Fulani makiyaya da cewa na kyamar Musulunci. A baya Bakare ya ce Fulani makiyaya ne ke so su jawo yakin basasa a Najeriya. Bayan zaben Najeriya na 2019 Bakare ya bayyana cewa zai tsaya takarar shugaban kasa bayan karewar wa'adin mulkin Muhammadu Buhari na biyu a 2023. Bakare mai goyon bayan Siyasar Pan-Nigerianism. A shekarar 2018 ne Bakare ya bayyana cewa zai fara yunkurinsa na siyasa mai taken "New Nigeria Progressive Movement". Bakare ya yi ikirarin cewa fastoci da yawa a Najeriya suna karyar “annabce-annabce na karya” domin mabiyansu ba sa daukar alhakinsu. Duk da haka an soki Bakare da ikirarin a cikin wa'azi a 2006, cewa Muhammadu Buhari zai zama shugaba mara kyau ga Najeriya, duk da haka ya amince da tayin zama dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa Buhari a zaben 2011. Tunde Bakare ya yi niyyar zama shugaban Najeriya na gaba ga mabiya coci a 2019 inda ya ce “Zan gaji Buhari a matsayin shugaban Najeriya, babu abin da zai canza ta. Ni ne lamba 16, Buhari na 15. Ban taba ce maka ba a baya. Ina fada yanzu kuma babu abin da zai iya canza shi. A cikin sunan Yesu shi (Buhari) shine lamba 15. Ni ne lamba 16. Don wannan ne aka haife ni, domin wannan kuma na zo duniya. Na shirya muku wannan fiye da shekaru 30”. Wannan ya haifar da martani daban-daban daga wasu ‘yan siyasa kamar Ikechukwu Amaechi wanda ya yi ikirarin faston ya fito da wani annabci a baya yana cewa Olusegun Obasanjo ba zai zama shugaban kasa ba a 2003 amma duk da haka abin ya kasance akasin hakan.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1954
Tsaffin Daliban Jami'ar Lagos
Fastocin Najeriya
Mutane daga |
52100 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbadebo%20Rhodes-Vivour | Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour | Articles with hCards
Gbadebo Chinedu Patrick Rhodes-Vivour, wanda kuma aka fi sani da GRV, (an haife shi a ranar 8 watan Maris shekarar 1983) ɗan Najeriya ne mai zane-zane, mai fafutuka kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Labour a jihar Legas a zaben gwamna na shekarar 2023 wanda ya zo na biyu, inda ya sha kaye a hannun gundumar gwamna mai ci, Babajide Sanwo-Olu Ya kasance dan takarar sanata na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party a Legas ta yamma a zaben majalisar dattawan 2019 Tarihi da ilimi An haifi Rhodes-Vivour a tsibirin Legas Ya girma a Ikeja Ya halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Chrisland har zuwa JSS3, sannan ya wuce Paris don halartar École Active Bilingue, inda ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare. Yana da digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Nottingham sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ya shiga aikin yi wa kasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 2008 bayan kammala digirinsa na farko kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2009. Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a daga Jami'ar Legas (UNILAG). Rhodes-Vivour daga dangin lauyoyi ne. Shi da ne ga Barista Olawale da Mrs. Nkechi Rhodes-Vivour. Gunduman Tsohon alkalin kotun kolin Najeriya, Bode Rhodes-Vivour, kawunsa ne, yayin da marigayi Alkali Akinwunmi Rhodes-Vivour kakansa ne. Shi ne jikan Steven Bankole Rhodes, alkali na biyu da aka taba nada a Najeriya.
Ayyukan aiki Rhodes-Vivour ita ce mai kiran ƙungiyoyin farar hula, makarantar Nigerians Against GMO, wata ƙungiya mai fafutukar yaƙi da yaduwar abinci ta Genetically Modified a Najeriya. Zanga-zangar tasu ta karu a shekarar 2016, biyo bayan ikirarin da Monsanto ya yi na cewa GMOs ba su da gundumar lafiya, inda suke tunkarar Ministan Noma na Najeriya, Akinwumi Adesina, da kuma kamfanin na kasa da kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2017, shi tare da Nnimmo Bassey, ya jagoranci wani tattaki na mutum 2,000 zuwa Majalisar Dattawa don ba da murya kan yaki da lalata muhalli Yana kuma fafutukar ganin an shigar da tarihi a gwagwalada matsayin darasi a cikin manhajar karatu a makarantun Najeriya. A shekarar 2022, Rhodes-Vivour ta hada kai da WellaHealth don samar da duba lafiya da inshora kyauta ga mutane miliyan 1 a Legas ogodowo wadanda ke da katin zabe, domin tunawa da ranar zazzabin cizon sauro ta duniya da kuma karfafa gwiwar mutane su samu katin zabe domin su kada kuri'a a zabe mai zuwa. Sana'a Ya yi aiki tare da Franklin Ellis Architects lokacin da yake gundumar Burtaniya. Da ya dawo Najeriya, ya yi aiki da SISA, Cliff Consulting da ake kira Building Partnership CCP da Patrick Wayi, kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa.
Sana'ar siyasa Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara cin gajiyar dokar Not Too Young to Run Law. A shekarar 2017, Rhodes-Vivour ya tsaya yangarin takarar shugaban karamar hukumar Ikeja a karkashin jam’iyyar KOWA. Da yake nuni da cewa rashin bin ubangida a jam’iyyar ne ya sanya ya tsaya takara a karkashin dandalin. Ya sha kaye a hannun dan takarar jam’iyyar APC mai mulki. A shekarar 2019, ya tsaya takarar sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta yamma a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP. Abubuwan yakin neman zabensa sun hada da gyara ababen more rayuwa a cikin gundumar tare da fitar da dan takarar da ya kira "Sanata da ba ya nan yana kashe makudan kudade wane neman takarar gwamna a jihar Ogun, maimakon mayar da hankali kan Legas ta yamma da ta riga ta ba shi. wajibcin su". Ya zo na biyu a zaben karshe, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata mai ci kuma dan takara a tsohuwar jam’iyyar APC mai mulki, Solomon Adeola, da kuri’u 243,516 inda Adeola ya samu 323,817. Adeola ya samu kashi 41.38% na kuri'un, yayin da Rhodes-Vivour ya samu kashi 39.40%. Ya fafata da sakamakon a gaban kotu, inda ya bayyana tashe-tashen gamaiyar hankula da tashe-tashen hankula a zaben a matsayin dalilan da suka sa sakamakon bai dace ba. Sai dai kotun ta ga hakan bai wadatar ba kuma ta amince da zaben abokin hamayyarsa. Ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Labour a zaben gwamnan jihar Legas a 2023, inda ya sha kaye a hannun gwamna mai ci, Babajide Sanwo-Olu Tun da farko dai yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka zaba da ke shirin tsayawa takara a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, amma ya janye tun kafin a gudanar da zaben fidda gwani Ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar Labour, inda ya fafata a lokacin zaben maye gurbin da za a zabi dan takarar jam’iyyar, kuma ya yi nasara, ya samu kuri’u 111, inda ya doke tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Moshood Salvador, wanda ya samu kuri’u 102. Rayuwa ta sirri Ya auri Dr. Ify Rhodes-Vivour (née Aniebo), masanin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sana'a, 'yar tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a jihohin Kogi da Borno, Augustine Aniebo Manazarta Haihuwan 1983
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olubunmi%20Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1982) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne a (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya) bayan an zabe shi a watan Maris na 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da BTO a Oyin Akoko, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ansarudeen, Oyin Akoko daga 1987 zuwa 1990 da Hakda International School a Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kafin ya kammala firamare a Universal Primary School, Akure a 1993. Daga nan sai ya wuce makarantar sakandire ta FUTA staff, Akure inda ya yi karatun sakandire kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin babban shugaban dalibai a shekarar 1998.
A 1999, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) don karanta Injiniya da Lantarki. A shekarar 2002, a lokacin da yake shekara ta uku a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya wuce Jami’ar North London (yanzu Jami’ar London Metropolitan inda ya karanta Electronics da Communication Engineering kuma ya kammala a 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwar Dijital (Digital Communication and Networking) daga wannan cibiyar a shekarar 2006. Yana da takaddun shaida a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru goma sha takwas a ICT ciki har da babban lakabi na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin rukunin farko na masu satar da'a daga Royal Britannia IT Training Academy a Burtaniya kafin ya cika shekaru 24.
Sana'a Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya kasance kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa tare da samun bunkasuwa a fannin ICT, inda ya zama shugaban wani babban kamfani mai ba da shawara na ICT a Najeriya, Matrix IT Solutions Limited, yana da shekaru 24. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren, yana riƙe da takaddun shaida a cikin Hacking Ethical da kuma Counter Measures. Shi ma ƙwararren injiniya ne na CompTIA Network Plus da kuma mai riƙe da takaddun shaida na Hardware A+ na Britannia.
A Najeriya, ya tuntubi Bankin Duniya da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da Asusun Bunkasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF), Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da JAMB, Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo (NFVCB), Hukumar Bunkasa Abubuwan Ciki da Kulawa ta Najeriya (NCDMB National Health Insurance Scheme, Abuja (NHIS), Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), Kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya, Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya, Hukumar Kula da Karatun Jama'a, Manya da Marasa Lafiya. Ilimin gama gari da sauransu.
Siyasa A 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan rantsar da shi, ya tara wasu ‘yan majalisa 246 domin marawa burin shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, a karkashin dandalin ‘yan majalisar dokoki na farko, wanda shi ke jagoranta. Bayan wasu watanni, sai shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). Ya jagoranci kwamitin majalisar wakilai wajen binciki zargin badakalar sama da Naira biliyan 80 a hukumar, wanda hakan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gudanar da bincike kan harkokin kudi na hukumar ta NDDC cikin sama da shekaru ashirin da kafuwa. A watan Maris na 2021, kudirin da ya gabatar na soke dokar NDDC wanda zai sa ba za a iya cin zarafin ofis ba, kudirin da ya tsallake karatu na farko. Tunji-Ojo kuma mamba ne a kwamitocin majalisar wakilai mai kula da harkokin tsaro da leken asiri, abubuwan cikin gida, albarkatun iskar gas, hukumar raya arewa maso gabas (NEDC), gidaje, majalisar karamar hukumar FCT da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi ma'adanai da alhazai.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, 2021, Jami’ar Joseph Ayo Babalola (JABU) Ikeji Arakeji, Jihar Osun ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir kan harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Sir Ahmadu Bello Platinum Leadership da kuma Kwame Nkrumah Leadership Award a matsayin Jakada na Matasan Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya auri Abimbola Tunji-Ojo wanda shi ma dan jihar Ondo ne kuma suna da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Digiri na Daraja a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a Jami'ar Joseph Ayo Babalola Kyautar Jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah "Jakadan Matasan Afirka" na Kungiyar Daliban Afirka (AASU)
Memba, Majalisar Sarauta ta Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, United Kingdom
Memba, Majalisar Kasuwancin E-commerce
Memba, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Fasahar Kwamfuta
Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Gudanarwa
Memba, British Society of Instrumentation and Control, United Kingdom
Memba, Electronic Consultancy Society, United Kingdom
Memba, Digital Communication Network, United Kingdom
Manazarta Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar |
60431 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba | Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba | Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba STP sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su.
A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s).
Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%.
Ma'anoni A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982:
Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 101.325 kPa) Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 C, 77 F da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba.
Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki
Amfanin da ya gabata Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a.
Amfani na yanzu Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m). Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban.
Matsayin Duniya A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku.
Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman.
Molar ƙarar gas Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani.
Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:
Vm 8.3145 273.15 101.325 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm 8.3145 273.15 100.000 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa
Vm 8.3145 288.15 101.325 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm 8.3145 298.15 101.325 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa
Vm 8.3145 298.15 100.000 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa
Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.696 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole)
Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.730 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi
Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s R m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas.
Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai Duba kuma Environmental chamber
ISO 1 standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications
Reference atmospheric model
Room temperature
Standard sea-level conditions
Standard state
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8843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiji | Namiji | Dude yaren Amurka ne na Turanci don mutum, galibi namiji. Daga shekarun 1870 zuwa shekara ta 1960, dude da farko ana nufin mutumin da ya yi ado irin na zamani (dandy ko kuma wani fitaccen mutum da ya ziyarci ƙauye, "mai birge gari A cikin shekaru ta alib 1960, dude ya samo asali zuwa ma’anar kowane namiji, ma’anar da ta shigo cikin yaren Amurkawa a cikin 1970s. Kalaman yanzu suna riƙe da aƙalla amfani da dukkan waɗannan ma'anoni guda uku.
Tarihi Kalmar "dude" wataƙila ma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar ƙarni na 18 "doodle", kamar yadda yake a "Yankee Doodle Dandy". A cikin sanannun latsawa na 1880s da 1890s, "dude" sabuwar kalma ce ta dandy wani "maɗaukakiyar sutturar namiji", mutum ne wanda ya ba da mahimmanci ga yadda ya bayyana. Theungiyar cafe da Abubuwan Youngaramar Matasa na ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s an mamaye su tare da lalata. Samari na lokacin hutu don nuna kayan tufafin su. Mafi shaharar wannan nau'in shine watakila Evander Berry Wall, wanda aka yiwa laƙabi da "Sarki na Dude" a cikin 1880s New York kuma ya ci gaba da zama sanannen mai martaba a duk rayuwarsa. Wannan sigar kalmar har yanzu ana amfani da ita a wasu lokutan a cikin yaren Amurka, kamar a cikin kalmar "duk an lalata" don sanya tufafi masu kyau. An yi amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga mutanen Gabas kuma an ambaci wani mutum da "tufafin da aka sayi kantin sayar da". Maza da mata sun yi amfani da kalmar don amfani da ita don ma'anar mazauna birni. Bambancin wannan shine "mutumin da ke sanye da suttura wanda bai san rayuwa a wajen babban birni ba". A cikin The Home da Farm Manual (1883), marubucin Jonathan Periam ya yi amfani da kalmar "dude" sau da yawa don nuna rashin ɗabi'a da jahilci, amma mai son birni, mutumin birni.
Ma'anar mutumin da bai san bukatun rayuwa ba a wajen biranen birni ya haifar da ma'anar dude a matsayin "mai birge birni ko kuma "ɗan Gabas a Yammacin [Amurka]". Don haka "dude" aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana mawadata na faɗaɗa Amurka a cikin ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar baƙi-da-gida-gida-gida na Westasar Amurka ta Yamma Ana amfani da wannan amfani a cikin randa, gidan baƙunci wanda ke ba da abinci ga mazauna birane don neman ƙwarewar ƙauyuka. Dude ranches sun fara bayyana a Yammacin Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 20, don wadatattun Easternan Gabas waɗanda suka zo don fuskantar rayuwar kaboyi Bambancin bayyananne yana tare da waɗancan mutanen da suka saba da iyakar da aka ba su, aikin gona, hakar ma'adanai, ko wasu wuraren karkara. Wannan amfani da "dude" har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin shekarun 1950 a Amurka, a matsayin kalma ga masu yawon buɗe ido-na kowane jinsi-waɗanda ke ƙoƙari su sanya tufafi irin na al'ada amma suka kasa. Sabanin waɗannan amfani da "dude" zai zama kalmar redneck haɗin kai na Amurka wanda yake magana akan manoma matalauta da marasa ilimi, wanda shi kansa ya zama mai farin jini, kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi. Yayin da kalmar ta sami karbuwa har ta kai ga gabar Amurka kuma tayi tafiya tsakanin kan iyaka, sai bambancin lafazin ya fara fitowa kamar na mace na dudette da dudines duk da haka, sun daɗe da rayuwa saboda dude kuma suna samun mahimmancin ma'anar jinsi kuma wasu masana ilimin harshe suna ganin sigogin mata sun fi ƙanƙantar da hankali. Slaarfafawa a ƙarshe ya ragu da amfani har zuwa farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 lokacin da wasu ƙananan al'adun Amurka suka fara amfani da shi akai-akai yayin da suke sake samu daga nau'in suturar kuma daga karshe ta yi amfani da shi azaman mai bayyanawa ga maza na gama gari kuma wani lokacin mata mata. Daga karshe, daganan makarantu masu haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun ba da izinin yada kalmar zuwa kusan dukkanin al'adu kuma daga ƙarshe ya hau kan tsani ya zama ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka Daga ƙarshen 20 zuwa farkon karni na 21, dude ya sami ikon amfani dashi ta hanyar magana, ko hakan ya kasance abin cizon yatsa, farin ciki, ko soyayya kuma hakan ya faɗaɗa don iya komawa zuwa kowane mutum na gaba ba tare da jinsi, jinsi, ko al'ada ba Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar azaman "bayanin aiki", kamar "bush hook dude" a matsayin matsayi a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1880s. Misali, duba Ramin Stampede A farkon 1960s, dude ya zama sananne a cikin al'adun surfer a matsayin ma'anar mutum ko fella Mace daidai take "dudette" ko "dudess". amma waɗannan duka sun faɗo cikin rashin amfani kuma "dude" yanzu ana amfani dashi azaman kalmar unisex. Wannan mahimmancin ma'anar "dude" ya fara rarrafe zuwa cikin al'ada a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s. "Dude", musamman a cikin surfer da al'adun "bro is gabaɗaya an yi amfani da shi ba da izini ba don magance wani ("Dude, Na yi farin ciki da a ƙarshe kuka kira") ko koma zuwa ga wani mutum ("Na taɓa ganin irin wannan mutumin a nan"). Daya daga cikin farkon ambaton kalmar a fim din Amurka shine a cikin fim din 1969 mai suna Easy Rider inda Wyatt (wanda Peter Fonda ya zana) ya bayyana wa lauyan da ke tare da shi (wanda Jack Nicholson ya nuna ma'anar "dude": "Dude na nufin mutumin kirki Dude na nufin mutum na yau da kullun. Amfani da kalmar da ma'anar mutum mai sanyi ya kara yaduwa a cikin fina-finan Amurka na shekarun 1980 da 1990 kamar Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Fast Times a Ridgemont High, Bill da Ted's Excellent Adventure, Wayne's World, and Clerks Fim din The Big Lebowski na 1998 ya fito da Jeff Bridges a matsayin "The Dude", wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "malalacin mutuwa". Yanayin ya sami karbuwa sosai daga mai fafutuka da furodusa Jeff Dowd wanda ake kira "Dude" tun suna yara. Matsayi na tsakiya na fim ɗin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Dudeism, sabon addini Fim na 2000 na Dude, Ina Mota Ta? yayi amfani da kalmar a taken.
A cikin 2008, Bud Light ya nuna wani kamfen na talla wanda tattaunawar ta ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na maganganun "Dude!" kuma baya ambaci samfurin da suna. Bi ne ga kamfen ɗin su na kusa-kusa kuma mafi sanannun kamfen ɗin "Whassup?" A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin, 2019 Boris Johnson ya yadu da kalmar "dude" azaman gajeriyar kalma ta kamfen din shugabancin jam'iyyar Conservative A cikin jawabinsa na jagoranci ya bayyana shi kamar yadda yake magana game da Isar da Brexit Haɗa kan ƙasar Kayar da Jeremy Corbyn Enarfafa ƙasar.
Kara karantawa Dude By Kiesling, Scott F., Published in American Speech, Vol. 79, No. 3, Fall 2004, pp. 281–305
Dude, Where's My Dude? Dudelicious Dissection, From Sontag to Spicoli, The New York Observer
Words@random: "dude"
Material for the Study of Dude The etymological origin of the word "dude" by Barry Popik, David Shulman, and Gerald Cohen. Originally published in Comments on Etymology, October 1993, Vol. 23, No. 1
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
20716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim%20Amir%20Ali | Hashim Amir Ali | Hashim Amir Ali Urdu (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta alif 1903 ya mutu a shekara ta alib 1987), malamin addinin Musuluncine kuma marubuci ne. Ya kasance dan Ahmed Ali Khan da Fatima Bagum, dan asalin Hyderabad ne, cikin Andhra Pradesh, a kasar India Tarihin Rayuwa Ya girma a cikin Salar Jung Ya sami karatunsa na farko a ƙasarsa ta asali a Madrasa-i-Aliya wacce ke da alaƙa da Makarantar Hyderabad (Noble School) don kafa Kwalejin Nizam Ya kuma kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Bombay, sannan ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Chicago a fannin Ilimi da Ilimin zamantakewar dan adam a matakin digiri na biyu (1927–28) kuma galibi a Jami’ar Cornell, inda ya samu digirin digirgir. a cikin ilimin ilimin karkara na karkara (1929), rubutunsa shi ne: "Canjin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin jihar Hyderabad a Indiya kamar yadda tasirin al'adun yamma ya shafa."
A cikin shekara ta 1938 Ali ya kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin Mirza Abul Fazl, wanda ya tayar masa da sha'awa da girmama Alƙur'ani Ya kasance malami mai zurfin fahimta da hangen nesa, kuma an bashi baiwar fahimtar Alkur'ani mai girma. Ya dukufa sama da shekaru talatin wajen fassara Kur'ani zuwa harshen Turanci na waƙa don sake maido da kyan sa da kuma yanayin sa. Yana sane da mahimmancin tsarin lokacin saukarwar Alƙur'ani kuma ya tsara shi bisa tsarin tsarin lokacin. Fassarar tasa ta fito a shekara ta 1974 da take, Sakon Kur'ani: An gabatar da shi ta mahangar Ali ya kasance mai ilmantarwa kuma mai himma a gwagwarmayar sake fasalin kalanda na kimanin shekaru goma. Ya kasance babban jagoran musulmai kan lamuran kalanda. Ya fara aiki ne a Hyderabad don daidaita ranakun watannin Fasli tare da kalandar Miladiyya, kuma a karshe ya yi nasara, a shekara ta 1946, wajen jan hankalin Nizam ya ba da izinin sake fasalin. Nasarar da ya samu a wannan bita mai nisa ta kara masa kwarin gwiwa, a matsayinsa na Muslem mai sassaucin ra'ayi, don nazarin matsalar gabatar da Kalandar Duniya yadda ya kamata a masarautar Crescent. Ya dawo Amurka a shekara ta 1953 a karkashin wata zumunci daga Fulbright da Ford Foundation Game da kalandar, Ali ya ci gaba da cewa Kalanda na Hindu sun kusanci kusanci da ainihin kayan masarufin abubuwan falaki da ke tafiyar da rayuwa a duniyarmu.
Ali ya jagoranci aiki iri-iri a fannonin ilimi da na gwamnati, gami da haɗuwa da shekaru uku tare da mai lambar yabo ta Nobel Rabindranath Tagore Ya kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Karkara, Jamia Millia Islamia (1960-65). Ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Babban Ministan na Hyderabad, Rt. Honarabul Sir Akbar Hydari, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Amintaccen wasu daga cikin HEH na Sirrin Nizam da Amintattun Addini (1967) wanda mai mulkin gado na ƙarshe na Hyderabad ya kafa. Ya kasance shugaban aikin gona a Jami'ar Osmania, Hyderabad, Deccan, Indiya. Tsakanin shekara ta 1926 da shekara ta 1969, ya yi balaguro zuwa USA Australia, Egypt, Tehran, Baghdad, Beirut, Istanbul da Japan.
Ya yi rubutu kan batutuwan zamantakewa da na addinin Musulunci. A duk tsawon rayuwarsa ya kalubalanci akidun karya da suka dade da dadewa ko dai ta hanyar koyarwar zamanin da ko kuma wanda ya shiga addinin Musulunci.
Matarsa Soghra Amir-Ali (b. 3 Mayu 1911) ta goyi bayan ayyukansa sosai.
Hashim Amir-Ali ya mutu a shekara ta 1987 a Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, ya bar 'ya mace da maza biyu. 'Ya'yansa Hyder Amir-Ali da Asad Amir-Ali da' yarsa Naveed Jehan Reza yanzu suna zaune a Kasar Amurka
Littattafai Binciken Karkara a Tagrin's Sriniketon (1934)
Alqur'anin Dalibin Gabatarwa (1961)
Yankin Tagore Sannan da Yanzu (1961)
Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyi Littafin rubutu (1947)
Mees na Mewat; tsofaffin maƙwabta na New Delhi (1970)
Sakon Alqur'ani An gabatar dashi a Hangen nesa (1974)
Faɗakarwa zuwa streamasa Sake ginin Tarihin Musulunci (1978)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sakon Alkur'ani (Fitowa ta Farko), Tokyo, 1974.
"Shekaru Uku Tare Da Tagore"
"Meos na Mewat; tsoffin maƙwabta na New Delhi" (1970)
https://www.google.com/search?q=hashim+amir+ali&sxsrf=ALeKk02YErutvSXfHDk91w-ZVJODJkUd9g:1618870653672&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN9f6Rq4vwAhWnF1kFHd9YAR4Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1869&bih=935#imgrc=zB4h7iZ5zZsHEM
Musulman Indiya
Mutanen Indiya
Haidarabad
Masana Ilimi
Marubuta
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22399 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Kianni | Sophia Kianni | Sophia Kianni (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta 2001) wata Ba'amurkiya ce mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi wacce ta kware a fannin yada labarai da dabaru. Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na Cardinal Climate, wata ƙungiyar ba da agaji ta matasa da ke jagorantar fassarar bayanai game da canjin yanayi zuwa sama da harsuna sama da 100. Tana wakiltar Amurka ne a matsayinta na ƙarami memba a Advisungiyar Shawarar Matasa ta Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayinta na mai tsara dabarun kasa don ranakun Juma'a don Gabatarwa, mai magana da yawun kasa da kasa na Rikicin Kashewa, da kuma mai kula da hadin gwiwar kasa na Wannan shine Zero Hour.
Kunnawa Kianni ta fara sha'awar gwagwarmayar yanayi ne yayin da take makarantar sakandare a Tehran, lokacin da wani dare ya rufe taurari da hayaki, kuma "alama ce ta cewa duniyarmu tana zafafa cikin yanayi mai ban tsoro". Daga baya kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Greta Thunberg, Juma'a don Gabatarwa, kuma za ta ɗauki hutu daga aji don tallafawa aiki kan canjin yanayi. Ta taimaka ta shirya yajin aikin sauyin yanayi na ranar Juma'a na shekara ta 2019. Zuwa shekara ta 2019 ta kasance mai tsara dabarun kasa don Juma'a don Makoma, kuma mai kula da kawancen kasa na Zero Hour, wata kungiyar kare muhalli.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, Kianni ta tsallake makaranta don shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu zanga-zangar da Extan Tawayen suka shirya waɗanda ke da niyyar yin yajin aikin yunwa na tsawon mako guda da zama a Washington, DC, ofishin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Nancy Pelosi, suna neman ta yi magana tare dasu tsawon awa daya akan kyamara game da canjin yanayi A cikin gida, akwai kusan mahalarta goma sha biyu; yana da shekaru 17, Kianni ita ce ƙarami, kuma ɗayan mata biyu. Kianni ba memba ne na XR ba, kuma kawai ya shiga ranar farko ta zama, amma ya ba da jawabi da tambayoyi ga manema labarai, kuma ya ci gaba da yajin yunwa a nesa. Kianni ta rubuta game da shiga cikin zanga-zangar don Teen Vogue A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020, an nada Kianni a matsayin kakakin Tawayen Tawaye A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2020, Kianni ta jiki fafatukar aka rage ta makaranta rufe da zamantakewa distancing bukatun na COVID-19 cutar AIDS, da kuma ta shirya biya magana alkawari a kolejoji ciki har da Stanford University, Princeton University da Jami'ar Duke da aka jinkirta. Kianni ta sami damar ci gaba da gwagwarmayarta nesa da jawabinta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan Bugu da kari, Kianni ya yanke shawarar hanzarta bunkasa wani shafin yanar gizon da aka tsara, Cardinal Climate, wanda zai fassara bayanan canjin yanayi zuwa harsuna daban-daban. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya sanya sunan Kianni a cikin sabuwar kungiyar sa ta matasa ta Shawara kan Sauyin Yanayi, gungun wasu matasa shugabannin yanayi 7 da za su ba shi shawara kan matakin shawo kan matsalar ta yanayi Kianni shine ƙarami a cikin ƙungiyar, wanda ya fara daga 18 zuwa 28 shekaru. Ita kaɗai ke wakiltar Amurka, sannan kuma ita kaɗai ke wakiltar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Iran. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2020, an zabi Kianni daya daga cikin <i id="mwZg">Mataimakin</i> Mujallar ta Motherboard 20 Mutum 20 na shekara ta 2020, saboda kasancewa wakilin Amurka na Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da kuma fara Cardinal Climate.
Cardinal na Yanayi Cardinal Climate wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa wacce Kianni ta kafa don samarda bayanai game da canjin yanayi a cikin kowane yare. An ba shi suna ne don kadinal na arewa, tsuntsayen jihar Virginia, da kuma ishara don bayanin da ke yawo a duniya. Kianni ta sami karfafuwa ne daga shekarun da ta kwashe tana fassara labaran sauyin yanayi na harshen Ingilishi zuwa harshen Farisanci ga dangin Iran din, saboda da kyar kafofin yada labaran Iran din ke magana kan batun. Ta ce ta lura da bayanan bayani game da canjin yanayi ko dai a Turanci kawai ake samar da su, ko kuma mafi kyau a cikin Sinanci da Sifaniyanci, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya samun damar masu magana da wasu yarukan ba. An ƙaddamar da Cardinal Climate a cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2020, kuma tana da masu sa kai na 1100 da suka yi rajista don zama masu fassara a ranar farko. Sun kuma yi aiki tare da Rediyo Javan, wani rediyo na harshen Iran tare da mabiya sama da miliyan 10, don raba zane-zane da fassarori ga Iraniyawa. Kungiyar Cardinal Climate ta theungiyar Studentungiyar Muhalli ta Studentasashen Duniya ta tallafa wa 501 (c) (3) ba da agaji, wanda ke ba ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin fassararta damar samun awanni na sabis na al'umma don aikinsu, ko dai cika bukatun makaranta ko inganta aikace-aikacen kwaleji. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2020, kungiyar tana da masu sa kai sama da 5,000, da matsakaicin shekaru na shekaru 16. Zuwa watan Disamban shekara ta 2020, tana da masu sa kai 8,000 da kawance tare da UNICEF da Masu Fassara Ba tare da Iyaka ba UjAikin jarida Kianni ta rubuta labarin shekara ta 2019 don Teen Vogue game da yajin yunwa a ofishin Pelosi. A shekara ta 2020, ta yi rubuce-rubuce guda biyu game da illar kwayar cutar, don mujallar Cosmopolitan ta Gabas ta Tsakiya game da illar da dangin ta suka yi na bikin Nowruz, da wani na Refinery29 game da illolin da ke tattare da jadawalin ta na yau da kullun a matsayin yanayi. mai gwagwarmaya, wanda aka yada shi sosai. Ta rubuta wata kasida don MTV News don bikin cika shekaru 50 na Ranar Duniya, wanda ta taimaka wajen daidaitawa.
Rayuwar mutum Kianni zaune tare da ta mahaifiyarka, mahaifinka, ƙaramin 'yar'uwa, da kuma biyu Pet lovebirds, a McLean, Virginia Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Midiya ta Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, inda ƙungiyarta ta ci babbar gasar Kimiyyar Olympiad a duk faɗin jihar, da kuma Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, inda ta kasance semwararren Scholarshipwararren Scholarshipwararren Scholarshipasa na semasa. Kianni ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a matsayin misali na matashi da ke ba da amsa game da matakan nisantar da zamantakewar jama'a da suka shafi annobar COVID-19 CNN, mujallar Time, da Washington Post sun rubuta game da yadda ita da ƙawayenta ke motsa hulɗa ta sirri har ma da soke jiki da aka yi. babban matsayi don Zuƙowa na bidiyo na Zuƙowa, da bidiyo na TikTok.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
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42359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Mulumbu | Yusuf Mulumbu | Youssouf Mulumbu (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kwango wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Mulumbu ya zo ne ta hanyar makarantar matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain B a shekara ta, 2004 kuma an kara masa girma zuwa kungiyar farko a shekarar, 2006. An aika shi a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni guda biyu zuwa Amiens da West Bromwich Albion, bi da bi, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da na karshen. Ya buga wasa a can shekaru da yawa, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kulob na shekara ta, 2011. A cikin shekarar, 2015, ya koma sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Norwich City, kuma ya taka leda a kulab ɗin Celtic na Scotland da Kilmarnock tsakanin shekara ta, 2017 da 2021. Bayan haka, ya koma Kongo don buga wa Saint-Éloi Lupopo An haife shi a Kinshasa, Zaire, amma ya girma a Faransa, Mulumbu ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban, kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekarar 2008 yana da shekaru 21. Ba da jimawa ba ya fice daga tawagar kasar saboda rashin kwarewa a shekarar 2009. Ya dawo a shekarar 2012, kuma ya taimaka wa tawagar ta kammala a matsayi na uku a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2015 Aikin kulob
Paris Saint-Germain Mulumbu ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Zaire tun yana ƙarami tare da iyalinsa, kuma ya girma a garin Épinay-sous-Sénart, wani yanki na Paris Ya fara bugawa Paris Saint-Germain Academy yana da shekaru 13.A ranar 22 ga Oktobar 2006, ya fara buga gasar Ligue 1 a karkashin koci Guy Lacombe, yana da shekaru 19 da watanni 10 a karawar da suka yi da Auxerre .Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain akan 13 Nuwamba 2006. A lokacin kakar 2007-08, ya kasance a matsayin aro a Amiens a Ligue 2, inda ya zira ƙwallaye daya a wasanni 29.
West Bromwich Albion Kafofin yada labaran Faransa sun ruwaito a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2009 cewa ya koma kungiyar Premier ta West Bromwich Albion a kan gwaji. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar ƙarshe na canja wurin Janairu, ya shiga su a matsayin aro tare da ra'ayi na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Rauni ya katse wa'adin farko na Mulumbu a The Hawthorns kuma dole ne ya jira har zuwa Afrilu don fara wasansa na farko a gasar Premier, wanda ya zo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a Portsmouth. Ya rattaba hannu a West Brom na dindindin akan kwantiragin shekara guda kan farashin £175,000 akan 10 Yulin 2009. Kungiyar da magoya bayanta sun ba shi kyautar Gwarzon dan wasan shekara ta West Brom a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na uku a cikin watanni 13 a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2011, inda ya daure kansa a kulob din har zuwa 2015 (tare da zabi na karin shekara). A ranar 15 Maris ɗin 2014, Mulumbu ya zira kwallaye mai mahimmanci ga West Brom a nasarar 2-1 da Swansea City a filin wasa na Liberty, ya ba Pepe Mel nasararsa ta farko a matsayin kocin.
Norwich City A cikin watan Yunin 2015, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu zai rattaba hannu kan canja wuri kyauta don sabon cigaban Norwich City a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2015. A ranar 3 ga Agustan 2015, Norwich ya sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya sha wahala a fashewar metatarsal a wasan sada zumunci da Brentford wanda zai buƙaci tiyata kuma ya bar shi na makonni da yawa, yana mulkin shi daga farkon kakar wasa .A karshe zai fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 27 ga Oktoba a gasar cin kofin League da Everton, wanda Norwich ta yi rashin nasara a bugun fenareti bayan sun tashi 1-1.Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki kadan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Oktoba a ci 2-1 da Manchester City ta doke su.Duk da haka, tare da Jonny Howson, Alexander Tettey da Graham Dorrans sun fi so a tsakiyar tsakiya, Mulumbu za a iya iyakance shi ga wasanni biyar kawai da kuma wasanni biyu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a cikin 2015-2016 kakar, tare da bayyanar daya a gasar cin kofin FA, kuma kakar za ta ƙare tare da Norwich relegated koma Championship Mulumbu ya ci gaba da zama tare da Norwich don kakar 2016-2017 amma ya sake samun damar da ya samu na wasan farko na kungiyar. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ga Norwich ta zo ne a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2017 a cikin nasara da ci 5–1 a kan Nottingham Forest .A ranar 2 ga Mayu, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai da Norwich za ta saki idan kwantiraginsu ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Kilmarnock A ranar 22 ga Nuwambar 2017, an sanar da cewa Mulumbu ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Kilmarnock na Premier na Scotland har zuwa karshen kakar 2017–18. Mulumbu ya sake haduwa da manaja Steve Clarke, wanda kuma ya gudanar da shi a West Bromwich. Ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Kilmarnock a ci 1-0 da Celtic a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2018. A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2018, Clarke ya ce Mulumbu ya bar Kilmarnock kuma ba a tsammanin zai koma kulob din.
Celtic A ranar 31 Agustan 2018, Mulumbu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Celtic An ba Mulumbu aro zuwa Kilmarnock a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2019, har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2018 19, kuma ya taka leda sau 12 a karo na biyu tare da kulob din Ayrshire. A watan Yunin 2019, Mulumbu ya bar Celtic bayan da kulob din ya kunna batun ƙarya a kwantiraginsa. Mulumbu ya buga wasanni uku a bangaren Glasgow.
Komawa zuwa Kilmarnock Bayan shekara guda daga ƙwallon ƙafa, Mulumbu ya horar da Kilmarnock a watan Agusta 2020. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, ya koma kulob ɗin kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida. A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2021, Mulumbu ya amince da tsawaita kwantiragin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21. Ya bar Kilmarnock a watan Mayu 2021 don ƙaura zuwa Faransa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Youssuf Mulumbu at Soccerbase Youssouf Mulumbu at National-Football-Teams.com
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
9539 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Rahman%20Al-Sudais | Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais | Abdur-Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz as-Sudais Wanda aka fi sani da Abdulrahman A-Sudais shi ne limamin Babban Masallacin Masjid al-Haram da ke Makkah, Saudi Arabia shugaban babban shugaban kasa kan lamuran Masallatai Tsarkaka guda biyu; sananne ne (mai karanta Alqur'ani kuma ya kasance lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai tsarki ta Al-ƙur'ani mai girma "Halayyar Musulunci ta Shekara" a shekarar ta dubu biyu da biyar, 2005. Al-Sudais ya kuma yi wa'azin adawar Musulunci ga "fashe-fashe bam da ta'addanci", kuma ya yi ƙira ga tattaunawa tsakanin addinai cikin lumana, amma kuma an yi kakkausar suka game da zagin waɗanda ba musulmi ba musamman ma yahudawa a wa'azin nasa. Ya yi tir da magani daga Palasdinawa da Isra'ilawa natsuwa, kuma da jihar na Isra'ila, da kuma ƙira don ƙarin taimakon da za a aika zuwa Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, an san shi don gano halayen mata da ba na Islama ba a matsayin wani ɓangare da ke da alhakin fari 2006 na hunturu a Saudi Arabia. A shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida, 2016, ya gabatar da muhimmiyar huduba ta aikin Hajji ga dimbin mahajjatan da suka taru a Arafat bayan Sallah.
Rayuwa da aiki Al-Sudais ya fito ne daga dangin Anazzah, kuma ya haddace Alƙurani tun yana dan shekara 12. Ya girma a Riyadh, Al-Sudais yayi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Al Muthana Bin Harith, sannan daga baya Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Riyadh wacce daga ita ya kammala karatun ta a alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara, (1979) miladiya.da kyakkyawan sakamako. Ya sami digiri a fannin Shari'a a babbar jami'ar dake Riyadh a 1983, Jagora a fannin addinin Musulunci daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University a 1987 kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin Shari’ar Musulunci daga Jami’ar Umm al-Qura a 1995 yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa bayan ta yi aiki a Jami’ar Riyadh. Sudais ya fara limamanci a shekarar 1984, yana dan shekara 24, kuma ya gudanar da hudubarsa ta farko a Babban Masallacin da ke Makka a watan Yulin 1984, ban da wannan Sheikh Saud Al-Shuraim ya kasance abokin tarayya a Sallar Taraweeh daga shwkara ta 1994 har zuwa shekarar 2006, da kuma sake a 2014, 2019 da 2020. An yi musu lakabi da "Tagwayen Haram". A cikin 2005-2020, Sheikh Abdullah Awad Al Juhany da sauran limamai na Masjid al-Haram kamar Sheikh Yasser Al-Dossary da Sheikh Bander Baleela sun karɓi matsayin Al-Shuraim a matsayin limamin Rakat na farko na Khatm Al Quran (ofarshen thearshen Qur'ani) Sallar tarawihi.
A shekarar 2005, kwamitin shirya gasar kur'ani mai tsarki ta kasa da kasa ta Dubai (DIHQA) ya sanya sunan Al-Sudais a matsayin kwamiti na 9 na "Mutumcin Addinin Musulunci na Shekara" don girmamawa ga kwazo da Al-Qur'ani da Musulunci. Lokacin da yake karbar lambar yabon nasa a Dubai, ya ce: "Sakon Musulunci da Musulmi shi ne ladabi, adalci, tsaro, kwanciyar hankali, juyayi, jituwa da kyautatawa." Daga shekarar dubu biyu da goma, 2010 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012, ya ziyarci kasashen Indiya, Pakistan, Malaysia da kuma Burtaniya. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai daukar nauyin karawa juna sani a babbar Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Malaysia a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya 2011, inda ya yi magana game da wayewar Musulunci game da asalin kalubalen zamani. An nada shi a matsayin "Shugabancin Masallatai Masu Tsarki Guda Biyu a matsayin minista" ta dokar masarauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012. Kuma memba ne na Makarantar Koyon Harshen Larabci a Makka. Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi, Nabil Al-Awadi, Tariq Abdelhaleem, da Hani al-Sibai wadanda ke da alaka da Al-Qaeda, ban da wasu kamar Adnan al-Aroor, Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, Mohamad al-Arefe, Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh da sauransu suna cikin jerin sunayen da kungiyar ISIS ta fitar.
Ra'ayoyi, maganganu, addu'o'i A shekarar dubu biyu da uku, 2003, Sudais ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa matasa na bukatar a koyar da su shari’ar Musulunci, ciki har da dokokin hana kashe kai da kuma hana kai hari ga wadanda ba Musulmi ba da ke zaune a kasashen Musulunci. Sudais ya kuma ce bai kamata samari na musulinci su "jefa alamar rashin yarda da Allah ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma kada su rudani tsakanin halattaccen jihadi da" ta'addancin mutane masu son zaman lafiya. Sudais ya ce babu wuri ga tsattsauran ra'ayi da bangaranci a cikin addinin Musulunci kuma Musulunci yana koyar da matsakaiciyar hanya. Ya ce maganin matsalolin da musulmai ke fuskanta a Falasdinu, Somaliya, Iraki, Kashmir da Afghanistan ya ta'allaka ne ga bin koyarwar addinin Islama ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi. Ya yi kira da a warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar tattaunawa da tattaunawa ta la’akari da fa’idodi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da za a iya samu ta hanyar warware wadannan rikice-rikice. Sudais ya kuma soki gwamnatin Lal Masjid a lokacin rikicin Masallacin Jaja na 2007 a Islamabad, Pakistan. Ya bukaci tsagerun da gwamnati da su amince da kudurin lumana ta hanyar tattaunawa sannan ya bukaci bangarorin biyu da su kare zaman lafiya. Sudais kuma an san shi da hudubarsa yana kira ga muminai su taimaka wa sauran Musulmai a yankunan da yaki ya daidaita. Ya yi magana da himma kan zaluncin Falasdinawa da Isra’ilawan baƙi da Isra’ilawa suke yi, kuma ya yi roƙon a ba su magunguna da abinci don a aika wa Falasɗinawa.
Zunubi da fari A cikin huduba a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, 2006, Al-Sudais ya yi wa’azin cewa fari na faruwa ne sakamakon yawaitar zunubi a cikin al’ummar Saudiyya da kuma halayyar mata a masarautar wadanda ake zargin suna “bayyanawa, suna cudanya da maza, kuma suna ba ruwansu da hijabi. Addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai A watan Yunin 2004, Sudais ya jagoranci mabiya 10,000 cikin addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya da jituwa tsakanin addinai a London. Ministar Daidaitar Jinsi Fiona Mactaggart ta halarci wa'azin Sudais a Masallacin East London Prince Charles, wanda yake a Washington, ya dauki bangare da wani rubucen saƙo Birtaniya ta manyan Rabbi, Jonathan kori, ya aika da sakon goyan baya.
Addu'o'in hallaka yahudawa A cikin hudubarsa ta 19 ga Afrilu, 2002, wanda aka watsa a ranar 1 ga Saudiyya, Al-Sudais ya kira yahudawan da "birai da aladu," da sauran masu cin karensu babu babbaka. Karanta tarihin kuma zaka san cewa yahudawan jiya sun kasance magabata mara kyau kuma yahudawan yau sune magaji mafi munin. Su ne masu kashe annabawa da ƙurar duniya. Allah ya jefe shi la'ana, kuma haushinka a kan su, kuma Muka sanya su birai da aladu, kuma ya bauta [sic] xagutu. Waɗannan su ne yahudawa, zuriyar zuriyar ma'ana, wayo, taurin kai, zalunci, mugunta, da rashawa. La'anannun Allah su bi su har zuwa ranar sakamako. Don haka, sun cancanci la'anar Allah, da mala'ikunSa, da kuma dukkan mutane. Ya yi addu'a ga Allah don ya "kawar da" yahudawan kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Isra'ilawa suna da niyyar rusa masallacin al-Aqsa da gina haikalinsu a kan kurensa.
Kira don yakar yaki da Shi'a A ranar 31 ga Maris din 2015, an yada faifan sauti na al-Sudais ta yanar gizo, tare da hoto dauke da rubutu dauke da cewa "Limamin babban masallacin na Makka ya yi kira da a yi fito na fito da 'yan Shi'a A cikin faifan al-Sudais ya yi kira da a yi fito-na-fito da Shi'a:
Kiranmu ga iran DA babban murya ga Iran, shine yaki gameda mu yan sunnah DA my yaki shia, domin yakinmu da itan gaskiya ne kuma abun kidrcewa ne, kuma zamu kudurce yahudawa (wanda suke daukan kansu a matsayin kiristoci) narantse da Allah sunada ranarsu Manzon Allah (s.a.w) yace rumawa zasuci nasara.....rashin yardarmu da shia rafidanci bazai taba chanzawaba haka yaki dasu shima ......matukar suna bayan kasa.
Dangane da wadannan kalaman na al-Sudais, babban editan kamfanin dillancin labarai na Iraki Ahmed Abdul Hussein, ya ce, "Ka tuna da ranar 3/31/2015, ranar da aka sanar da yakin Shi'a da Sunni. Zai wuce fiye da yakin basasa Rigima
Anti-Semitism Bayan jawabinsa na 2002, an bayyana Al-Sudais a matsayin mai ƙyamar Semite don yin addu'ar a bayyane ga Allah don 'ƙare' Yahudawa, waɗanda ya kira "ƙazamar 'yan Adam… beran duniya… annabi masu kashe… aladu da birai kuma sakamakon haka an hana shi taro a Amurka kuma an hana shi shiga Kanada. Al-Sudais an lasafta shi a matsayin misali na -ungiyar Anti-Defamation ta Anti -Semitism a lokacin da ya kira la'ana a kan yahudawa kuma ya mai da su "ƙurar ƙasa" a cikin huɗubarsa. Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Duniya ya kuma ba da rahoton ƙiyayya ga wa'azin Sudais na Afrilu 2002.
A cikin wata hira ta watan Mayu 2003 da NBC ta Tim Russert, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin waje ga yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Adel al-Jubeir, ya tabbatar da maganganun al-Sudais, ya yarda cewa "a fili ba daidai ba ne," kuma ya ce an tsawata masa, amma har yanzu an bashi izinin yin wa'azi. Ya kuma ce "idan da [Sudais] yana da zabi to ya janye wadannan kalmomin da ba zai fadi wadannan kalmomin ba." Al-Sudais bawai yahudawa kawai yake kaiwa hari ba, har ma da wasu da ba musulmai ba, kamar Hindu da kirista John Ware a cikin shirin BBC Panorama mai taken "Tambayar Shugabanci" daga 21 ga Agusta, 2005, ya ambaci Al-Sudais yana mai wulakanta Kiristocin a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka" kuma Hindu a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka." Ware ya nuna banbanci tsakanin wa'azin Sudais ga Saudis tare da jawabinsa ga masu sauraron Yammacin Turai. Majalisar musulmin Burtaniya ta yi tambaya kan gaskiyar maganganun da aka bayar a hirar, suna masu kiranta da "rubabbun abubuwa da gangan" kuma shirin gaba daya "rashin adalci ne kwarai da gaske." Majalisar ta bukaci a yi taka-tsan-tsan, yayin da take la'antar duk wani nau'i na maganganun nuna wariyar launin fata, ta bukaci a tabbatar da cewa hakika Al-Sudais ne ya yi wadannan kalaman. Bayan jerin mu'amala, da BBC 's Panorama edita, Mike Robinson, posted a mayar da martani ga kowane daga cikin Musulmi Council ta zargin, zargin da su na "marar tushe da kuma wildly m harin" da "mara kyau addini zargin."
A watan Agusta na 2009, kwamitin wakilai na yahudawan Birtaniyya sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da ziyarar da Al-Sudais ya kai Burtaniya inda ya gabatar da jawabai a masallatai da dama tare da halartar wani taro tare da dan majalisar Tory Tony Baldry Daga baya Baldry ya kare shawarar da ya yanke na yin aiki tare da Al-Sudais, yana mai cewa "Da na rubuta rubutu kan abin da Musulmi mai matsakaicin ra'ayi zai fada, to da ya zama misali cikakke."
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23327 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu%20Chiroma | Adamu Chiroma | Adamu Chiroma (An haifeshi a shekara ta 1938). Ya kasance ɗan siyasa Najeriya ne.
Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haife shi a shekarar 1934 a garin Pika da ke cikin tsohuwar jahar Borno, yanzu kuma ya koma jahar Yobe.
1943 1947: Makarantar elimantare ta Pika daga baya kuma ya koma Potiskum.
1947 1949: Makarantar midil ta Borno da ke Maiduguri.
1950 1955: Kwalejin Barewa da ke Zariya.
1955 1958: Nigerian College of Art Zaria, wacce yanzu ta koma ABU.
1958 1961: Jami’ar Ibadan (Ibadan University) inda ya yi karantun digiri a fannin tarihi (Bachelor of History).
Gogayyar Aiki
“A lokacin duk wanda ya je makaranta ana jiransa da aiki, saboda haka ina fitowa sai aka bani aiki a ofishin Sardauna, inda na yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu. Daga baya kuma aka yi min DO (District Officer) a Mambila da kuma Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province); wannan lardi ta haɗa da Mubi, Goza, Ganye, da kuma Mambila. Sai dai, Mubi ita ce Helikwatar wannan lardi; Ganye da Mubi su ne Lardin Sardauna, amma da can baya, a cikin Kamaru (Cameroon) suke, Marigayi Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardauna ne ya yi ƙoƙari suka dawo Najeriya, saboda haka ake kiransu da sunansa, wato Lardin Sardauna (Sardauna Province)”. Marigayi Alhaji Adamu Ciroma (2017).
Sai kuma a cikin shekarar 1965 ya koma zuwa gwamnatin tarayya da aiki, inda aka tura shi hukumar kula da ma’aikata (civil service). Suna cikin wannan aiki sai aka yi juyin mulkin 1966. A wannan guri ya yi aiki da Federal Ministry of Mines and Power (Lokacin Marigayi Ɗanmasanin Kano ne Ministan Ma’aikatar).
Yana cikin wannan aiki sai gwamnatin Arewa ta kafa Jarida mai suna New Nigerian Newspaper. Sai aka yi masa Editan farko na wannan kamfanin jarida. Bayan edita ya riƙe janaral manaja, sai kuma manajan darekta na wannan kamfani.
“Kamar yadda aka sani, gwamnoni suna son a yi abu yadda suke so, ni kuma ina son yin abu bisa doka da ƙa’ida da bin gaskiya, saboda haka sai muka samu saɓani da gwamnonin Arewa a lokacin, abin da ya haifar da bari na aiki kenan a wannan kamfani na jarida”.
Sai kuma daga baya ya koma kamfanin masaƙa na United Nigerian Textile. Ya yi aiki a wannan kamfani na tsawon shekara biyu. Sai kawai aka yi juyin mulki na Murtala.
Haka nan kuma a lokacin da yake kamfanin New Nigerian Newspaper, ya riƙe muƙamin darakta a Babban Banki Najeriya har zuwa ƙarshen zamansa na textile.
Sannan kuma bayan juyin mulkin sojojin na farko, an zaɓe shi a matsayin wakili mai wakiltar Borno, zaɓen da aka yi shi ba tare da saninsa ba, sai dai kawai an sanar da shi cewa ya je Lagos don wakiltar jaharsa ta Barno a wajen taron sake tsara Kundin Mulkin Najeriya wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1979.
“Muna tsaka da wannan aiki na tsarin mulki, sai maganar siyasa ta shigo ciki, saboda mutane suna cewa idan aka yi wannan tsarin mulki su waye za su gudanar da shi? Saboda haka a wannan zama aka kafa jama’iyyun siyasa da suka haɗa daNPN, PRP, da sauransu”.
Bayan an kafa waɗannan jama’iyyu sai aka yi zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan mulki.
Alhaji Adamu Chiroma yana daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don su tsaya takarar shugabanci ƙasa daga Arewa. Sunan sa shi ne na uku a wajen babban taron NPN da aka yi a Lagos (Convention). Bayan da aka kai waɗannan sunaye Lagos sai wasu ‘yan arewa suka ce basu yarda ba suma sai an saka sunansu. Daga irin waɗannan mutane akwai Bukola Saraki da Iya Abubakar. Faruwar wannan sai aka ce to a sake zaɓe. Da aka sake zaɓe sai da aka sake saka sunayensu su uku da farko sannan kuma aka ƙara sunayen mutane uku. Bayan wannan kuma sai aka sake buga zaɓe. A karon farko sai aka sake watsar da waɗancan ukun aka sake fitar da ukun farko. Daga nan kuma sai aka shiga yarjejeniyar musamman tsakanin mutanen Barno da Kano.
A wannan sulhu aka ce idan aka sake gudanar da wannan zaɓe na fitar da gwani kuma aka dace aka fitar da gwani guda ɗaya, akwai yiwuwar samun matsala, saboda haka sai shi Chiroma da Ɗanmasanin Kano suka janye wa Shagari.
Saboda haka daga baya sai aka naɗa Adamu Chiroma ya zama sakataren jama’iyya, shi kuma Alhaji Shehu Shagari ya zama ɗantakara. Daga nan sai aka shiga hidimar kamfe, inda bayan an kaɗa zaɓe sai Shagari ya ci zaɓe.
Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya
Bayan da ya bar aiki a New Nigerian Newspaper, gwamnati ta naɗa shi ya zama darakta na Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN). Muƙamin da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru biyu.
Barin Aiki da Shiga Siyasa
Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ɗan siyasa ne tun daga jamhuriya ta farko. A jamhuriyar farko ya yi jama’iyyar NPC, jamhuriya ta biyu kuma da shi aka kafa jama’iyyar NPN, sai kuma jamhuriya ta huɗu da aka kafa jama’iyyar PDP da shi.
Alhaji Adamu Chiroma ya ce,
“Ina cikin riƙe da wannan kujera, sai na samu saƙo daga jahata ta Barno cewa an zaɓe ni na wakilci Barno a wajen taron Tsarin Mulkin Ƙasa. Kuma a dokance bai halasta ba mutum yana Gwamnan Babban Banki ya riƙe wani muƙami, sabod haka sai na rubuta takardar barin aiki. Tun daga wannan lokaci na shiga siyasa”.
Zamowarsa Minista
Bayan da aka ci zaɓen da ya ɗora Alhaji Shehu Shagari a kan kujerar shugabancin Najeriya, sai shi Shagari ya kira Adamu Chiroma cewa wanne muƙami yake so a cikin gwamnati. Shi kuma sai ya amsa masa da cewa, shi tun farko umarni aka bashi kuma ya bi, saboda haka duk aikin da aka bashi ko na kwasar shara ne zai iya yi.
Saboda haka, sai aka yi masa ministan masana’antu (Minister of industry). Bayan shekara biyu kuma aka mayar da shi ma’aikatar gona (Ministry for Agriculture). Bayan sake sabon zaɓe kuma sai aka yi masa Ministan kuɗi (Minister of Finance). Haka nan ma a zamanin mulkin soja na shugaba Abacha ya riƙe ministan aikin gona (Agriculture).
Kafa Jama’iyyar PDP
Bayan an sake mu, wata rana ina Kaduna sai Marigayi Rimi da
Sule suka zo suka same ni a Kaduna. Suka ce yanzu an sake sabuwar siyasa, kuma mun zauna a kurkuku mun fahimci juna. Menene abin yi? Sai na ce mu yi siyasar haɗin kai.
Daga nan sai Rimi ya kira su Jerry Gana, su Solomon Lar, da sauran yaran ‘Yar’aduwa. Muma sai muka kira abokan siyarmu. Sai muka ce da su to, ga siyasa, sannan kuma abubuwan da aka yi mana na cin mutunci har zuwa lokacin Abacha. Saboda haka mu, bamu yarda soja su dama da mu ba. Mu faɗa mu cewa mu bamu yarda a yi siyasar cutar jama’a ba. Saboda haka sai muka rubutawa Abacha cewa lallai bamu yarda ba sai ya sauka.
Bayan faruwar waɗannan abubuwa sai muka kafa PDP. Da muka kafa jama’iyyar ta PDP sai muka ɗebo dukkan tunanin gyara ƙasa, haɗa kai, da kula da jama’a, muka yarada cewa:
1. Najeriya tana buƙatar mutane daga kowane gefe da kowane shahi su haɗa kai;
2. Mutane su girmama juna;
3. Su tabbata cewa sun yi abin da zai haɗa kan ƙasa, saboda an yi juye-juyen mulki duk bai haifar da ɗa mai ido ba.
Sannan mun lura cewa lokacin da aka yi juyin mulkin Buhari, duk baki ɗayanmu aka tattara mu aka zuba a ƙiri-ƙiri ba tare da bambacin jamaiyya ba. Saboda haka a nan muka ɗauki darasi da kuma zama da juna. A nan muka fahimci junanmu a sannu, sannan muka zauna lafiya da juna.
Kyaututtukan Girmamawa
An ƙayatar da marigayi Alhaji Adamu Chiroma da lambar yabo ta ƙasa mai taken CFR, a zamanin shugaba Obasanjo.
Mutuwa
Alhaji Adamu Chiroma, “Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis da rana a Abuja, bayan ya sha fama da rashin lafiya. An yi jana'izar marigayi Malam Adamu Ciroma a masallacin Al Noor da ke Abuja.
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22390 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Neman%20Mafaka | Hakkin Neman Mafaka | Hakkin neman mafaka, (wani lokaci ana kiranshi da 'yancin mafakar siyasa daga tsohuwar kalmar Girka tsohuwar magana ce ta shari'a, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa wani mutum zai tsanantama wata ƙasa, kamar wata ƙasa ko wuri mai tsarki, wanda a zamanin da zai iya ba da wuri mai tsarki. Wannan haƙƙin ya sami amincewa daga Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa, waɗanda daga garesu aka karɓe su zuwa al'adun yammacin turai. René Descartes ya tsere zuwa Netherlands, Voltaire zuwa Ingila, da Thomas Hobbes zuwa Faransa, saboda kowace ƙasa tana ba da kariya ga baƙi da aka tsananta.
Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa wasu Masana kenan sun amince da ''haƙƙin mafaka" na addini, shi ne kiyaye masu laifi (ko waɗanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi) daga ɗaukan matakin doka har zuwa wani lokaci. Daga baya wannan cocin kirista da aka kafa ya amince da wannan ƙa'idar, kuma aka samar da dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda za a cancanci kariya da kuma wane irin kariyar da mutum zai samu. Majalisar Orleans ta yanke shawara a cikin 511, a gaban Clovis I, cewa za'a iya ba da mafaka ga duk wanda ya nemi mafaka a coci ko dukiyar coci, ko a gidan bishop. An ba da wannan kariya ga masu kisan kai, ɓarayi da mazinata duka wato mabiya addinin kirista kenan.
Cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nema kuma ya boye a cikin wasu kasashe na neman mafaka daga zalunci" an sanya shi a cikin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da' Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1948 kuma an goyi bayan Yarjejeniyar 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1967 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira. A karkashin wadannan yarjeniyoyin, dan gudun hijirar mutum ne da ke wajen kasar ta mutum saboda tsoron fitina kan dalilan kariya, da suka hada da kabila, jinsi, dan kasa, addini, ra'ayin siyasa da kuma shiga cikin kowane irin rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa.
Ingila A Ingila, Sarki Æthelberht na Kent ta shelanta dokokin Anglo-Saxon na farko akan mafaka a kusan shekara ta 600 AD. Duk da haka Geoffrey na Monmouth a cikin Tarihinsa Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) ya ce sanannen sarki kafin Saxon din Dunvallo Molmutius (karni na 4 5th na BC) ya kafa dokokin tsattsauran ra'ayi a tsakanin dokokin Molmutine kamar yadda Gildas ya rubuta (c. 500-570). Dokokin sarki Ethelred sunyi amfani da kalmar grith. Da Norman zamanin da suka biyo 1066, nau'i biyu daga Wuri Mai Tsarki, sun samo asali ne: duk majami'u da ƙananan-matakin iko da zai iya baiwa Wuri Mai Tsarki a cikin coci dace, amma mafi fadi iko na majami'u lasisi ta sarauta shatan mika Haikalina a zone a kusa da coci Aƙalla majami'u ashirin da biyu suna da taswira don wannan babban tsattsarkan wuri, gami da abubuwan su na yau da kullum.
Yaƙin Abbey
Beverley (duba hoto, dama)
Colchester
Durham, Ingila
Hexham
Norwich
Ripon
Katolika na Wells
Babban cocin Winchester
Westminster Abbey
York Minster
Wani lokaci sai mai laifin ya samu kansa ya shiga ɗakin sujada don a kiyaye shi, ko ya buga wani kararrawa, ya riƙe wani zobe ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙofa, ko kuma ya zauna a kan wata kujera frith -stool"). Wasu daga waɗannan abubuwan suna rayuwa a majami'u daban-daban. A wani wuri, Wuri Mai Tsarki da aka gudanar a yankin kusa da cocin ko abbey, wani lokacin yana faɗaɗa cikin radius zuwa kusan mil da rabi. Dutse "giciye masu tsarki" sun yi alama kan iyakokin yankin; har yanzun masu nemen yan'uwan su Don haka yana iya zama tsere a tsakanin gwamnati da jami'an shari'a na zamanin da zuwa iyakar mashigar mafi kusa. Yin aiki da adalci a kan rundunar ƙafa na iya tabbatar da magana mai wahala.
An tsara tsarkakakkun wuraren ibada ta hanyar dokar gama gari. Mai neman mafaka dole ne ya faɗi laifinsa, ya ba da makamansa, kuma ya ba da izini daga coci ko kuma ƙungiyar abbey da ke da iko. Daga nan masu neman sun sami kwanaki arba'in don yanke shawara ko su mika wuya ga hukumomin da ba na addini ba kuma a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu kan zargin da ake musu, ko kuma su amsa laifukansu, su gurgunta daula, kuma su yi hijira zuwa gajeriyar hanya kuma kada su dawo ba tare da izinin sarki ba. Waɗanda suka dawo sun fuskanci hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin doka ko kuma an cire su daga Cocin gaba daya.
Idan wadanda ake zargin suka zabi yin furuci da laifin da suka yi, kuma sun yi hakan ne a gaban jama'a, galibi a kofar cocin. Zasu sallama dukiyoyinsu ga cocin, kuma duk wani mallakar fili ga kambi. Maigidan, wani jami'in na da, zai zaɓi tashar jirgin ruwa wanda ɗan gudun hijirar zai bar Ingila (duk da cewa ɗan gudun hijirar wani lokaci yana da wannan dama). Dan gudun hijirar zai tashi ba takalmi da ƙafa, ɗauke da sanda gicciye a matsayin alama ta kariya a ƙarƙashin cocin. A ka'idar zasu tsaya zuwa babbar hanyar mota, su isa tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su ɗauki jirgi na farko daga Ingila. A aikace, duk da haka, ɗan gudun hijirar zai iya samun nisa daga nesa, saboda tazarar da take a tsakanin wani gurin zuwa wani guri, hakan tasa ya watsar da ma'aikatan gicciye ya tashi ya fara sabuwar rayuwa. Koyaya, mutum na iya amintar da abokai da dangin wanda abin ya shafa sun san wannan dabarar kuma za su yi duk abin da za su iya don tabbatar da hakan bai faru ba; ko kuma hakika wadanda suka tsere ba su kai ga inda suke niyyar zuwa ba, suna zama wadanda aka yi musu hukunci na 'yan banga a karkashin rudin wani dan gudun hijirar da ya yi nisa da babbar hanyar yayin da yake kokarin "tserewa."
Sanin munanan zaɓuɓɓuka, a wasu 'yan gudun hijirar sun ƙi zaɓin biyu kuma sun zaɓi mafaka daga mafaka kafin kwana arba'in ɗin. Wasu kawai ba su zabe ba kuma ba su yi komai ba. Tun da yake haramun ne abokan wanda aka kashe su shiga mafaka, cocin za ta hana ɗan gudun hijirar da abinci har sai an yanke shawara tukunna.
A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses, lokacin da 'yan York ko Lancastrians suka sami babban iko ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar yin nasara a yaƙi, wasu masu bin ɓataccen ɓangaren na iya samun kansu tare da mabiya, ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ba za su iya komawa zuwa ga nasu ɓangaren ba. Bayan sun fahimci wannan halin sai su garzaya zuwa mafaka a coci mafi kusa har sai an gama lafiya sun fito. Babban misali shine Sarauniya Elizabeth Woodville, matar Edward IV ta Ingila A cikin 1470, lokacin da 'yan Lancastrians suka maido da Henry na shida a taƙaice, Sarauniya Elizabeth tana zaune a Landan tare da' yan mata da yawa. Ta ƙaura tare da su zuwa Westminster don tsattsauran ra'ayi, suna zaune a can cikin jin daɗin sarauta har sai da aka mayar da Edward IV zuwa gadon sarauta a 1471 kuma ta haifi ɗa na fari Edward V a wannan lokacin. Lokacin da Sarki Edward na hudu ya mutu a 1483, Elizabeth (wacce ba ta da kyakkyawar ƙauna ga ma 'yan York kuma mai yiwuwa tana buƙatar kariya) ta ɗauki' ya'yanta mata biyar da ƙarami (Richard, Duke na York) suka sake komawa cikin mafaka a Westminster. Don tabbatar da cewa tana da dukkan abubuwan jin daɗin gida, ta kawo ɗakuna da yawa da akwatuna da yawa wanda ya sa dole masu aiki su kwankwasa ramuka a cikin wasu bangon don samun komai cikin sauri yadda zai dace da ita. Henry VIII ya canza dokokin neman mafaka, inda ya rage zuwa taƙaitaccen jerin laifuffukan da aka ba mutane izinin neman mafaka saboda su. James I a cikin tsari tsararre na zamanin da an dakatar dashi gaba ɗaya James I a 1623.
Siyasa ta Zamani Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nemi jin daɗin sa a cikin wasu ƙasashe na ƙaurace wa zalunci." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar 1967 Game da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira na jagorantar dokokin kasa game da mafakar siyasa. A karkashin wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, a 'yan gudun hijira (ko don lokuta inda repressing tushe nufin na amfani kai tsaye ko tsabtace muhalli ga' yan gudun hijira) ne da wani mutum wanda shi ne a waje da cewa mutum ta mallaka kasar ƙasa (ko wuri na yawan zama idan stateless anta tsoron zalunci a kan kariya filaye Ka'idodin kariya sun haɗa da launin fata, wariyar launin fata, ƙasa, addini, ra'ayoyin siyasa da membobinsu ko sa hannu cikin kowane rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa. Ba da gaskiya ga waɗanda aka zalunta ga wanda ke tsananta musu ƙeta ƙa'ida ce da ake kira rashin karɓuwa, ɓangare na al'adun gargajiya da na gaskiya na Majalisar ofasa.
Waɗannan sune yarda da sharuddan da sharudda kamar akida, da kuma wani muhimman hakkokin bangare a cikin 1951 United Nations Yarjejeniyar dangantaka da Status of 'yan gudun hijira da ba-refoulement domin. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, waɗanda ke fuskantar zalunci ta hanyar lalata (wanda ya haɗa da tashin hankalin cikin gida, ko zalunci na tsari na jinsi ko tsirara a cikin jama'a) sun sami karɓa a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin rukunin halal na da'awar neman mafaka, lokacin da masu da'awar na iya tabbatar da cewa jihar ba ta iya ba ko kuma rashin bada kariya.
'Yancin Mafaka ta ƙasar Kafaka
Tarayyar Turai Mafaka a cikin ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai da aka kafa sama da rabin karni ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 28 ga Yuli 1951 kan Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira Manufofin gama gari sun bayyana a cikin 1990s dangane da Yarjejeniyar Schengen (wacce ta danne iyakokin cikin gida) ta yadda masu neman mafakar da ba su yi nasara ba a wata memberan wouldasa ba za su sake shigar da wata ba. Manufofin gama gari sun fara ne da yarjejeniyar Dublin a 1990. Ya ci gaba tare da aiwatar da Eurodac da Dokar Dublin a 2003, da kuma zartar da shawarwari biyu daga Hukumar Turai a watan Oktoba na 2009.
Faransa Faransa ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta kafa haƙƙin tsarin mulki don neman mafaka, an sanya wannan a cikin labarin 120 na kundin tsarin mulki na 1793. Wannan kundin tsarin mulki, bai taba aiki da karfi ba. A zamani Faransa dama da mafaka, da aka aza saukar da 1958 kundin tsarin mulki, Vis-A-Vis da sakin layi na 4 na Gabatarwa ga kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1946, ga abin da Gabatarwar ta 1958 kundin tsarin mulki kai tsaye tana nufin. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1946 ya kunshi wasu bangarori na kundin tsarin mulki na 1793 wanda ya bayar da tabbaci ga 'yancin mafaka ga "duk wanda aka zalunta saboda aikinsa na' yanci" wadanda ba sa iya neman kariya a kasashensu na asali.
Baya ga haƙƙin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi na neman mafaka, haƙƙin mallaka na Faransanci na zamani na neman mafaka (droit d'asile) an sanya shi bisa ƙa'idar doka da ƙa'ida a cikin Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA).
Faransa kuma tana bin yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa wadanda suka tanadi tsarin aikace-aikace don 'yancin neman mafaka, kamar Yarjejeniyar 1951 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) mai alaƙa da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira (wanda aka ƙulla a 1952), ƙarin yarjejeniyar 1967; labarin K1 da K2 na yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta 1992 da Yarjejeniyar Schengen ta 1985, wacce ta bayyana manufar ƙaura ta EU. Aƙarshe, haƙƙin mafaka an bayyana shi ta sashi na 18 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin amintattun ofisoshin Tarayyar Turai Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin da za a iya kin amincewa da neman mafakar sun hada da: i) Tafiya ta hanyar "lafiya" kasa ta uku, ii) Asalin Asalin Asali (Mai neman mafaka na iya zama wanda aka ƙi amsar neman mafaka idan sun kasance 'yan asalin ƙasar da kasance "amintacce" daga hukumar bayar da mafaka ta Faransa OFPRA), iii) Barazanar Tsaro (babbar barazana ga dokar jama'a), ko iv) Aikace-aikacen zamba (cin zarafin hanyar neman mafaka saboda wasu dalilai).
Dokar Disamba 10, 2003, doka ta iyakance mafakar siyasa ta manyan ƙuntatawa biyu:
Maganar "mafakar cikin gida": ana iya yin watsi da bukatar idan baƙon na iya cin gajiyar mafakar siyasa a wani yanki na ƙasarsu.
OFPRA Ofishin français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides Ofishin Faransa na Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen Kasa) yanzu sun yi jerin sunayen "amintattun kasashe" wadanda ke girmama yancin siyasa da ka'idojin 'yanci Idan mai neman mafakar ya fito daga irin wannan ƙasar, ana aiwatar da buƙatar cikin kwanaki 15, kuma ba zai sami kariya ta taimakon jama'a ba. Suna iya yin takara game da shawarar, amma wannan ba ya dakatar da duk wani umarnin kora. Lissafi na farko, wanda aka kafa a watan Yulin 2005, ya ƙunshi "ƙasashe masu aminci" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia Ya sami sakamako na ragewa a cikin watanni shida da kusan 80% adadin masu nema daga waɗannan ƙasashe. Jerin na biyu, wanda aka zartar a watan Yulin 2006, sun hada da Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania da Macedonia Duk da yake an taƙaita shi, an kiyaye haƙƙin mafakar siyasa a Faransa tsakanin dokokin ƙaura da ƙaura daban-daban. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa, ban da tafarkin shari'a kawai, ana amfani da tsarin mulki don rage gudu kuma daga karshe a ƙi abin da za a iya ɗauka azaman buƙatun buƙatu. A cewar Le Figaro, Faransa ta bai wa mutane 7,000 matsayin ‘yan gudun hijirar siyasa a shekarar 2006, daga cikin bukatun 35,000; a 2005, OFPRA mai kula da bincikar sahihancin irin wadannan buƙatun ya ba da ƙasa da 10,000 daga jimlar buƙatun 50,000. Yawancin waɗanda aka kora daga mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin Amurka, musamman daga Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Dirty War a Argentina, an karɓi su a cikin 1970s-80s. Tun bayan mamayewar Afganistan a shekara ta 2001, dubun- dubatar masu neman mafakar 'yan Afghanistan ke kwana a wani wurin shakatawa a Paris kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Gare de l'Est. Koda yake ba a karɓi buƙatunsu ba tukunna, amma an yi haƙuri da kasancewar su. Koyaya, tun a ƙarshen 2005, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna lura da cewa yan sanda sun raba' yan Afghanistan daga sauran baƙin yayin samamen, kuma suna korar ta hanyar takaddama waɗanda suka iso Gare de l'Est ta jirgin ƙasa kuma ba su da lokacin neman mafaka ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2005, doka ta buƙaci su biya mai fassara don taimakawa tare da tsarin hukuma).
Ingila A cikin ƙarni na 19, kasar Ingila ta ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga mutane da yawa waɗanda aka tsananta musu, daga cikinsu akwai membobin ƙungiyar gurguzu da yawa (ciki har da Karl Marx Tare da yunƙurin fashewar bam na 1845 na Greenwich Royal Observatory da 1911 Siege na Sidney Street a cikin mahallin farfagandar ayyukan (anarchist), an hana mafakar siyasa.
Amurka Kasar Amurka ta amince da 'yancin mafakar mutane kamar yadda dokar duniya da ta tarayya ta bayyana. Wani takamaiman adadin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka ayyana bisa doka wadanda suke neman matsayin yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje, da kuma wadanda suke neman mafaka bayan sun isa Amurka, ana karbar su kowace shekara.
Tun yakin duniya na II, yawancin yan gudun hijirar sun sami gidaje a Amurka fiye da kowace al'umma kuma sama da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan biyu sun isa Amurka tun 1980. A lokacin yawancin shekarun 1990s, Amurka ta karbi sama da ‘yan gudun hijira 100,000 a kowace shekara, kodayake wannan adadi kwanan nan ya ragu zuwa kusan 50,000 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma na farkon karni na 21, saboda matsalolin tsaro mafi girma. Game da masu neman mafaka, sabon alkalumma ya nuna cewa mutane 86,400 ne suka nemi mafaka a Amurka a shekara ta 2001. Kafin harin 11 ga Satumba an tantance masu neman mafakar siyasa a cikin aikace-aikace na sirri a Ofishin Shige da Fice da Bautar Naturalasa na Amurka (INS) Duk da wannan, an nuna damuwa game da tsarin bada mafaka da ƙudurin Amurka. Wani binciken kwatancin da masana shari'a uku suka gabatar ya bayyana tsarin ba da mafakar Amurka a matsayin wasan caca wato ance sakamakon ƙayyadaddun mafaka ya dogara da babban ɓangaren halin mutumin da yake yanke hukunci a kansa ba tare da cancanta ba. ko wadanne mambobin 'yan gudun hijirar Iraki da aka karɓa tsakanin 2003 da 2007 na nuna damuwa game da tsarin' yan gudun hijirar Amurka. Policy na kungiyar Manufofin Kasashen Waje ta ba da rahoton cewa:
Duba kuma
Bayani
Ambato
Majiya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ingantaccen shafin Tsoro na Tsoro
Ingantaccen Tsoro a POV Pages with unreviewed |
42979 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abedi%20Pele | Abedi Pele | Abedi an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1964), wanda aka fi sani da suna Abedi Pele, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Ghana Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Ya taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma ya sami sunansa a Ligue 1 na Faransa tare da Lille da Marseille, na karshen inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a shekarar 1993, a tsakanin sauran sunayen sarauta. Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Abedi Ayew a cikin iyali a garin Kibi kuma ya girma a garin Dome da ke wajen arewacin birnin Accra Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ghana a Tamale. An kuma ba shi laƙabin "Pelé" saboda iyawarsa a ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya haifar da kwatancen da ɗan wasan Brazil Pelé Aikin kulob Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na Turai. Aikin makiyaya na Abedi Pelé ya fara da Real Tamale United a Ghana a shekarar 1978. Ya bar Ghana ne bayan kammala gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1982 inda ya koma kungiyar Al Sadd da ke Qatar kan kuɗi dala 1,000. Bayan ɗan lokaci tare da FC Zürich, ya koma Ghana amma, bayan da Kotoko da Hearts of Oak suka kasa sanya hannu a kansa, ya koma AS Dragons FC de l'Ouémé a Benin. Daga baya zai koma Ghana ya bugawa Real Tamale United kakar wasa daya. Ya fara aikinsa a Turai tare da Chamois Niort na Faransa, daga baya ya koma Marseille kafin ya koma Lille a matsayin aro.
A matakin kulob ɗin, ya kasance jigo a yadda Marseille ta mamaye gasar Faransa, wanda ya haifar da gasar zakarun lig huɗu da na gasar cin kofin Turai biyu. A Marseille, ya kasance memba na "Magical Trio" na tawagar tare da Jean-Pierre Papin da Chris Waddle, wanda ke jagorantar watakila mafi ƙarfi na Turai a farkon shekarar 1990s, ciki har da cin kofin Turai na ƙarshe a shekarar 1991 Abedi shi ne kawai sauran memba na uku har yanzu tare da gefen lokacin da Marseille ci Milan a shekarar 1993 Champions League ƙarshe a Munich Daga baya ya koma Lyon bayan aronsa a Lille. Ya kuma taka leda a Torino na Italiya kuma ya kammala aikinsa na Turai tare da Munich shekarar 1860 Abedi Pele ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar Al Ain a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa kuma an zaɓe shi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙasashen waje da ke taka leda a gasar UAE.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Abedi Pele ya bugawa Ghana wasa sau 73. Ya kasance ɗan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarun 1980 da kuma 1990 tare da tawagar ƙasarsa, kuma memba a tawagar Ghana da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1982, amma bai taɓa samun damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, kamar yadda Black Stars ya kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, za a iya cewa shi ne ya fi kowa rinjaye a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka kusan shekaru goma. Ƙwallon da ya yi a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1992, wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin dan wasan gasar, ya yi fice musamman, domin ya zura kwallo a zagaye uku a jere, inda ya taimakawa Ghana ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe, amma ya karɓi katin gargaɗi a wasan kusa da na karshe. da Najeriya wanda ke nufin an dakatar da shi zuwa wasan ƙarshe; Ghana ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a hannun Ivory Coast Wasan ya ba shi ƙarin laƙabi na Maradona na Afirka".
Abedi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na farko da suka samu matsayi na farko a zaɓen gwarzon ɗan ƙwallon duniya na FIFA, inda ya yi hakan a shekarar 1991 da shekarar 1992. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na Faransa shekaru uku a jere, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na BBC a shekarar 1992, da kuma lambar yabo ta hukumar ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka sau biyu.
Abedi ne ke riƙe da tarihin da ya fi yawan bugawa a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Libya a shekarar 1982 kuma ya ci gaba da fafatawa a gasar har tsawon shekaru 16 masu zuwa, bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe ta zo ne a bugun shekarar 1998 a Burkina Faso. Baya ga cin zarafi da ya yi a gasar ta shekarar 1992, Abedi ya kuma samu yabo sosai saboda ƙwallaye uku da ya ci a gasar a shekarar 1996, inda ya jagoranci Ghana zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar duk da masu suka suna kyautata zaton zai kasance cikin magriba.
Bayan ritaya Ayew ya halarci wasannin sadaka da FIFA ta shirya fiye da kowane ɗan wasan Afirka. Abedi Pele memba ne a kwamitin ƙwallon ƙafa na FIFA, kuma na kwamitin matsayin 'yan wasa na FIFA da CAF. Hakan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afrika ta Kudu ta sanya shi a matsayin kakakin gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006.
Domin nuna godiya ga ayyukan ibada da Abedi ke yi wa ƙasar, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a ƙasar, Order of Volta (civil division). Ta haka ne ya zama ɗan wasan Ghana na farko da aka karrama shi.
CAF-UEFA All Star Daga cikin lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa, an sanya shi sau da yawa a cikin zabukan FIFA "All-Star" kuma ya zama kyaftin din 'yan wasan Afirka a nasarar da suka samu kan takwarorinsu na Turai a gasar cin kofin Meridian na shekarar 1997 A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1997, an buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da CAF na gasar cin kofin Meridian tsakanin Turai da Afirka a Benfica 's Estádio da Luz a Lisbon kuma an watsa shi a cikin kasashe 100 na duniya, ciki har da 30 a Afirka, don masu sauraro miliyan 60. masu kallo. Abedi Pele ne ya zura ƙwallo a farkon wasan, bayan da Vincent Guérin ya rama wa Turai daf da za a tafi hutun rabin lokaci, shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 1998, Mustapha Hadji, wanda ya ci wa Afirka tamaula a minti na 78 da ci 2-1. nasara A cikin shekarar 2001, an canza tsarin gasar cin Kofin All-Star Cup na UEFA–CAF a karo na biyu don haɗa 'yan wasa masu shekaru tsakanin 35 zuwa 45 waɗanda a yanzu suna farin ciki da matsayinsu na 'tsohuwar' kuma suna buga wasan don jin daɗi kawai. Tawagar ta haifar da tunanin manyan lokutan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin kulob da na duniya
Jakadan ƙwallon ƙafa A watan Yunin 2001 ne gwamnatin Ghana mai ci ta tsayar da shi don ya zama shugaban hukumar ta FA, wata dama da daga baya ya yi watsi da wani gogaggen tsohon kocin Ghana wanda a nasa kalaman ya ce wannan wata dama ce. don koyi da manyansa.
A halin yanzu yana da kulob na rukuni na farko, wanda ake kira Nania, tare da fatan nan gaba na horar da matasa masu basira don haɓaka ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Ya kuma kasance yana gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban a fadin nahiyar Afirka.
Duba kuma Football in Africa portal
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaye%20Donkor | Menaye Donkor | Menaye Donkor (an Haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kanada, Entrepreneur ce, kuma mai ba da agaji, kuma tsohuwar sarauniya kyau wacce aka yiwa lakabi da Miss Universe Ghana 2004, kuma ta wakilci Ghana a Miss Universe 2004. Donkor matar ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana Sulley Muntari.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi Menaye Donkor iyayenta ne suka rene ta a Accra, Ghana, kuma ita ce auta a cikin 'yan'uwan ta bakwai tare da kanne hudu da mata biyu. Tana da shekaru bakwai, ta gaji mukamin aiki na "Royal Stool Bearer" daga kakar mahaifinta, wacce ita ce uwar Sarauniyar Agona Asafo. Donkor ta yi karatun kuruciyarta a Ghana, ta zauna kuma ta yi karatu a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka, a lokacin da take karatun sakandare, sannan ta koma wurin haifuwarta a Toronto don yin karatun kasuwanci da kasuwanci a Jami'ar York, inda ta kammala karatun digiri. A lokacin rani na 2011, ta yi karatun fim a The Studio (tsohon The Sally Johnson Studio) a birnin New York sannan ta kammala karatun fim tare da Brian Deacon a Kwalejin Fim, Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na London.
Sana'a A cikin farkon shekarunta ashirin, Donkor ta lashe taken Miss Universe Ghana, kuma ta kwashe ƴan shekaru tana aiki a matsayin abar koyi. Ta bayyana a bangon mujallu da yawa a Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu, da Italiya irin su Sabuwar Matar Afirka, Pompey Life, WasanninWeek (La Gazetta dello sport), Mujallar Canoe, da Maxim Italiya. Ta wakilci Chopard a Cannes Films Festival a shekarun 2012 da 2013 bi da bi. Ta gudanar da kasuwanci tare da tallata alamar saurayinta a lokacin Sulley Muntari daga shekarun 2006 har zuwa 2009. A cikin 2012, ta zama face of Printex, masana'anta da masana'antar textile a Ghana. Melaye ta kasance jakadiyar Afirka Fashion Week London a cikin 2012 da 2013. Har ila yau, ta mallaki tare da kula da wani kamfani a Ghana.
SHE-Y by Menaye Menaye ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta ƙaddamar da alamar alatu na Italiyanci SHE-Y. A farkon shekarar 2016, kamfanin ya fitar da kayan sa na farko na halitta, wadanda aka yi su ta hanyar amfani da man Shea da aka samo daga Ghana. Alamar ta na ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar haɓaka damar aiki a samar da Shea Butter. Ana ba da gudummawar wani kaso na kudaden tallace-tallace na SHE-Y ga kungiyar agaji ta Menaye don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da yara marasa galihu.
Tallafawa Menaye ta kafa kungiyar agaji ta Menaye a shekara ta 2004 don taimakawa yara matalauta a Ghana ta hanyar ba da ingantaccen ilimi kyauta. Donkor ta kwashe sama da shekaru goma tana aiki tukuru don inganta rayuwar mata da yara a kasarta ta Ghana ta kungiyar agaji ta Menaye. Kungiyar tana ba da ilimin asali kyauta da tallafin karatu ga yara marasa galihu a Ghana, da kuma kula da lafiya da ci gaban yara mata. Ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tara gudunmawar agaji. A shekarar 2021, kamfaninta na sincerëly Ghana Limited, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da aikin BRAVE don samar da kayan tsafta ga mata matasa a Keta a yankin Volta. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da shirin Sister-2-Sister don samar da kayan tsabta ga mata a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu a Ghana.
Makarantar Menaye Hope An kafa makarantar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 2000 a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Menaye Donkor ta karbi makarantar ne a shekara ta 2004 bayan ta lashe Miss Universe Ghana don taimakawa wajen gina ingantacciyar muhalli ga yaran saboda asalin makarantar ba ta da kayan masarufi.
Makarantar tana Agona Asafo, wanda ake ganin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi fama da talauci a kasar, inda ake fama da talauci da jahilci. Bayan da aka fara da dalibai 78 suna raba shingen makaranta daya, yanzu makarantar tana da yara sama da 400 da bulogi uku, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa dalibai su samu sakamako mai kyau a jarabawar BECE (gaba da sakandare). Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta dauki nauyin komai na makarantar, tun daga gine-gine da kayan aiki har zuwa albashin malamai, da riguna, littattafai da kayan rubutu.
Daraja da karramawa A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, Hakimai da dattawan Agona Asafo a yankin tsakiyar Ghana sun karrama Menaye kuma suka zaɓi ta zama 'Nkosuohemaa' ko 'Queen Development Queen' na Agona Asafo. Sunanta na hukuma shine Nanahemaa Menaye Afumade Afrakoma I. Yana nuna alhakinta na duniya ga jama'arta da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa ga al'umma.
A shekarar 2013 ta cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka 15 Mafi Tasiri a Kanada, wanda ke bikin mutanen da suka ci gaba da zaburar da wasu ta hanyar manyan nasarori. A shekarar 2015, Menaye ta sami lambar yabo ta "Woman of the Year" lambar yabo ta Infant Charity Award a Milan. Kyautar Jarirai Ƙungiya ce da ta amince da ayyukan mutane da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke tallafawa inganta rayuwar yara marasa lafiya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Game da Menaye Donkor abin koyi/yar wasa ce, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a www.menaye.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta gabatar da Makarantar Hope GALA. 'Tare don Bege www.modernghanna.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
Menye Donkor An dawo dashi 1 ga Afrilu 2014
Menaye Donkor a Vogue
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
22148 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun%20Daji%20a%20Najeriya | Gandun Daji a Najeriya | Gandun Daji a Nijeriya shekara ta 2005, Najeriya na da adadi mafi yawa na deforestation a duniya bisa ga rahoton Abinci da Aikin Noma Organization ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato (FAO). Tsakanin 2000 da 2005, canje-canjen daji ya karu da 31.2% zuwa 3.12% a kowace shekara. Nijeriya tana yin asarar kashi 14% na babban dajin ta tsakanin shekarar 2002 da 2020. An share gandun daji don sare bishiyoyi, fitarwa katako, noman daji da kuma musamman tattara itacen don mai wanda har yanzu yana da matsala a Afirka ta Yamma.
Tarihi Najeriya tana da matukar baiwar albarkatun kasa. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wurare masu tarin yawa a duniya.
Kafin zamanin 'yanci kai, an sami babban tanadi na gandun daji, kimanin kilomita murabba'in 96,518 wanda ke wakiltar 27% na duka gandun daji kuma 10% na duk yankin yanki an kiyaye shi a matsayin yanki mai kariya. 66 bisa dari na gandun daji kariya a cikin savanna yankin kasar, 20% da dama a cikin da gumi na wurare masu zafi gandun daji zones a kudancin Najeriya da kuma 4% ya kasance saboda ruwa swamps da mangoro na jihar bakin teku a kudancin kasar. Lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yencin kanta a shekarar (1960) kuma ta zama kasa mai cikakken iko, ta gaji wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda takwas (8), gandun daji guda dari hudu da arba'in da biyar (445), manyan wuraren adana yanayi goma sha biyu (12) da kuma wasanni ashirin da takwas (28) daga masu kula da mulkin mallaka don kariya da kiyaye halittu masu yawa a cikin kasar.
Abin takaici, babban yankin gandun dajin da aka tanada a cikin shekaru 50 babu inda za'a samu. Wannan gadon an lalata shi sosai, an lalata wuraren da aka kare, aka kaskantar da su, aka sanya su cikin wasu filaye sakamakon karin matsin lamba na karuwar yawan jama'a A kasar.
Gidauniyar Kare Lafiya ta Najeriya (NCF) ta ba da rahoton cewa Najeriya ta yi asarar sama da kashi 96% na gandun dajin kuma yawan sare dazuzzuka ya kai kashi 11.1% a kowace shekara. Wannan matsalar da ake fama da ita na sare dazuzzuka, rarrabuwar kai da sauya filaye don amfanin gona da sauran amfani da shi ya shafi illahirin dabbobin daji a kasar.
A shekara ta 2005, 12.2% wanda yake shi ne kwatankwacin hekta aka deforested a Najeriya Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000, Najeriya ta rasa matsakaicin hekta 409,700 na gandun daji duk shekara kwatankwacin matsakaicin gandun daji na shekara 2.38%. Tsakanin shekara ta 1990 da shekara ta 2005, gaba ɗaya Nijeriya ta rasa kashi 35.7% na gandun dajin, ko kuma kusan kadada 6,145,000.
Tasiri Gandun daji shine tsari inda ake sare ciyayi da tare da sake dasawa lokaci daya saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki ko na zamantakewa. Lalata dazuzzuka yana da mummunar tasiri a kan mahalli dangane da zaizayar ƙasa, asarar halittu masu yawa, asarar namun daji da ƙarancin kwararowar hamada tsakanin sauran dalilai. Haka kuma sarewar daji na da tasiri a fannonin zamantakewar ƙasar, musamman game da al'amuran tattalin arziki, noma, rikici da kuma mafi mahimmanci, ingancin rayuwa Dangane da bayanan da aka dauka sama da Shekara ta 2000 zuwa Shekara ta 2005 a Najeriya, wanda ke yankin yammacin Afirka, yana da adadi mafi girma na duniya a duniya, kasancewar ya rasa kashi 55.7% na dazuzzuka na farko. Mongabay ya bayyana gandun daji na farko azaman gandun daji ba tare da alamun alamun abubuwan da suka gabata ko ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu ba. Adadin dazuzzuka na shekara-shekara a Nijeriya shine 3.5%, kusan kadada 350,000-400,000 a kowace shekara. ƙungiyar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lissafa buƙatun gudanar da gandun daji mai ɗorewa kamar: gwargwadon albarkatun gandun daji, bambancin halittu, kiwon lafiyar gandun daji da ƙwarin gwiwa, ayyuka masu fa'ida na albarkatun gandun daji, ayyukan kariya na albarkatun gandun daji, ayyukan zamantakewar tattalin arziki da doka., manufofi da tsarin hukumomi. Yawancin bangarori na sharar a halin yanzu ba a saduwa da su kuma za su ci gaba da samun lahani idan ba a hanzarta magance su ba. Anyi barna da yawa ga ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar aikin sare dazuzzuka, musamman bayar da gudummawa ga mummunan yanayin hamada. Hamada ita ce mamaye sahara a doron kasa wanda a da yake da ni'ima. Wani binciken da aka gudanar daga 1901 zuwa 2005 ya tattara cewa akwai karuwar zafin jiki a Najeriya na 1.1 C, yayin da haɓakar ƙarancin yanayin duniya ya kasance 0.74 kawai C. Haka kuma binciken ya gano a cikin lokaci guda cewa adadin ruwan sama a kasar ya ragu da 81mm. An lura cewa dukkanin waɗannan abubuwan a lokaci guda suna da canje-canje masu kaifi a cikin 1970s. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2010 a Najeriya, kusan an rage rabin adadin dajin na su, yana mai tashi daga hekta 17,234 zuwa hekta 9041. Haɗuwa da yawan sare dazuzzuka, ƙarancin yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama duk suna taimakawa wajen kwararar hamada. Har ila yau, an ce hayakin da ke fitarwa daga yankewar daji ya kai kashi 87% na yawan hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa. Bambance-bambancen halittu iri daban-daban na Nijeriya da ke dauke da nau'o'in tsuntsaye Guda 864, masu shayar da dabbobi guda 285, masu rarrafe na 203, 117 na amphibians, kifaye guda 775 da nau'ikan 4,715 na manyan tsirrai suma za su kasance masu tasiri matuka sakamakon mummunar sarewar dawar. Lambobin gorilla na Kuros Riba da ba safai ba sun ragu zuwa kusan mutane Guda 300 saboda farautar 'yan karkara da kuma lalata gidajen mutane Kodayake yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare bishiyoyi sun samo asali ne daga dalilai na tattalin arziki, kamar yadda kuma hakan ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki da yawa a cikin kasar da ba ta da tabbas. Tare da al'amuran tattalin arziki, sare dazuzzuka ya sanya ta yadda kasa ba za ta iya samar da yawan amfanin gona wanda wani bangare ne na rayuwar mutane da yawa. Batutuwa kamar irin wannan da batun muhalli kansa sun taimaka sosai ga rikice-rikice da yawa a cikin ƙasar har ma da zartar da hukuncin kisa ga masu rajin kare muhalli, kamar su Ken Saro-Wiwa, ɗan takarar Nobel na Kyautar Zaman Lafiya. Mafi yawan alawus na sare dazuka a Najeriya na zuwa ne daga bukatar su na itacen mai. Kashi 90% na mutanen Najeriya sun bayyana cewa sun dogara ne da kananzir a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da makamashi don girki amma saboda yana da tsada kuma galibi ba a samunsa, kashi 60% sun ce sun yi amfani da itacen mai maimakon hakan. Amfani da itacen mai don girke-girke ya fi yawa a yankunan karkara na ƙasar inda yawancin mazaunan suka fi yawa. Hakanan akwai abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara wadanda ke kewaye da aikin sare dazuzzuka saboda hanya ce ta samun kudin shiga ga yawancinsu. Matsakaicinsu na tsananin talauci a kasar suna da matukar alaka da batun sare daji. Kodayake wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa sun karu a cikin ƙasar amma kashi 3.6% na Nijeriya ke da kariya a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan IUCN na IV. Sashin kula da gandun daji na Jiha wanda bai aiwatar da duk wasu manufofin kula da gandun daji ba ya ba da izini ga yanayin mahalli na yanzu wanda ya taimaka a kokarin rage sare dazuzzuka tun daga shekara ta 1970. Ba tare da wani yunƙuri na kiyayewa ko ilimi ba, al'umma ba ta san yadda za a kula da iyakance albarkatun ƙasa ba. Anyi 'yan matakai kaɗan don kokarin rage yawan sare dazuzzuka da dakatar da sare bishiyoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba Lalacewar dazuzzuka a duk faɗin duniya na yin barazana ga ɗorewar mahalli amma ya yi mummunan tasiri musamman a Najeriya saboda yawan su. Lalata dazuzzuka na sanya haɗari ga dukkan fannoni na mahalli, tattalin arziki da na 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar.
Amsa Duk wata hanyar magance matsalar sare dazuzzuka a Najeriya dole ne ta kasance hanya ce da zata kunshi duk wani abin da ya shafi matsalar. Koyarwa ya kamata ya hada da fannonin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, ingantaccen fasaha, kula da gandun daji, samar da tattalin arziki, noma da tsaro na mazauna karkara wadanda suka dogara da kasa. Sauran hanyoyin makamashi sun hada da wutar lantarki, hasken rana da makamashin iska. Hasken rana babban zaɓi ne ga Najeriya kuma zai sami sakamako na musamman saboda yanayin wurin. Najeriya ta riga ta aiwatar da injinan sarrafa iska a wasu daga cikin jihohin ta amma yayin da aka ɗauki wannan hanyar kan ƙarin ƙarfin da za a samar da shi ta hanyar da ta dace da muhalli. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan shawarwarin an yarda da su a duniya a zaman abubuwa masu kyau zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi na yanzu kuma ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa sun ƙarfafa su. Inganta fasahar murhunan girki zai yi tasiri musamman ga Najeriya wacce a yanzu take da gidaje da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar itacen don hanyoyin girkin su. A shekara ta 2005, wasu gungun kasashe, wadanda ake kira Coalition for Rainforest Nations, kirkiro wani shiri na rage kaifin sare dazuzzuka da ke taimakawa ga hayakin CO2. An tsara shirin ne ga dukkan kasashe masu tasowa da dazuzzuka. Kasashe masu tasowa suna karɓar kuɗi bayan kammala nasarar rage fitar da hayaƙin ƙasarsu. REDD ne ya tsara irin wannan ra'ayi, Rage hayaƙi daga Sacewar daji a ciki da kuma ƙasƙantar da dazuzzuka a Countasashe masu tasowa A cikin REDD ƙasashe suna iya karɓar kuɗi da yawa ta hanyar kuɗin ƙira na carbon wanda za'a iya kashe shi akan ƙarin amintaccen muhalli.
Duba kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a yankin Niger Delta
Rikicin zaizayar Najeriya
Manazarta Dajuka a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Pages with unreviewed |
49158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Kamaru | Yawon Buɗe Ido a Kamaru | Yawon buɗe ido a Kamaru masana'anta ce mai girma amma ba ta da yawa. Tun daga shekarun 1970, gwamnatin Kamaru ta bunkasa masana'antar ta hanyar samar da ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido da kuma karfafa zuba jari ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal-otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Gwamnati ta siffanta ƙasar a matsayin "Afirka miniature", tana haɓaka nau'ikan yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin ƙasa. Dabbobin namun daji na Kamaru suna bayyana masu safari da manyan mafarauta, kamar yadda Kamaru ke da manyan dabbobin Afirka: cheetahs, chimpanzees, giwaye, raƙuman ruwa, gorillas, hippopotami, da rhinoceroses. Abubuwan da ke kawo cikas a fannin yawon bude ido sun hada da rashin ingancin ababen hawa da kuma jami’an da ke da alaka da cin hanci da rashawa wadanda za su iya tursasa maziyartan karbar cin hanci.
Ci gaba Shirye-shiryen gwamnati na kara yawan yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1974 lokacin da Shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo ya ba da umarni wanda ya kebe masana'antar yawon bude ido a gefe da suna da matsayi na musamman kuma ya kafa Janar Commissariat of Tourism. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1975, Ahidjo ya sake kafa hukumar a matsayin Babban Wakilin yawon bude ido, wanda manufarsa ita ce karfafa saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Tawagar ta buga littattafan yawon bude ido da kuma tallata Kamaru ta hanyar talla. Ahidjo da magajinsa, Paul Biya, sun ware da yawa game da gandun daji da kuma gandun daji kamar yadda za a kara yawon bude ido. Haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, jirgin ƙasa, da hanyoyi zuwa shahararrun wuraren yawon buɗe ido ya kasance wani fifiko. Kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun ci gaba da inganta. Kasar ta ba da otal 37 masu dakuna 599 a cikin shekarar 1960. Wannan ya haura zuwa otal 203 masu dakuna 3,229 a cikin 1976. A cikin shekarar 1980, ƙasar ta ba da ɗakunan otal 7,500. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan ɗakunan suna cikin manyan biranen biyu, Douala da Yaoundé. A shekarar 1971, 'yan yawon bude ido 29,500 sun ziyarci Kamaru. Wannan adadin ya haura zuwa masu yawon bude ido 100,000 a shekarar 1975, da 130,000 a shekarar 1980. Yawancin masu ziyartar ƙasar sun fito ne daga Faransa, Ingila, da Kanada. Matafiya na kasuwanci sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ɓangaren masu yawon bude ido na Kamaru. Masana'antar ta sami ci gaba sosai tun a shekarun 1990. Da farko dai Kamaru tana magana da Faransanci, amma larduna biyu, arewa maso yamma da lardunan Kudu maso Yamma, suna jin Ingilishi.
Shingaye Masu yawon bude ido na fuskantar cikas da dama a Kamaru. Ɗaukar hoto na da wahala, tun da yake ƴan ƙasar Kamaru suna yawan jin haushin baƙi daga ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukar hotunan abubuwan da baƙon ke ganin baƙon abu ko kuma na iya jefa Kamaru cikin mummunan yanayi. Gwamnati ta hana duk wani hoto na gine-gine da ma'aikatan gwamnati, filayen jirgin sama, gadoji, da kasuwanni. Ma’aikatar kula da masu yawon bude ido da jami’an kasar Kamaru ke yi ya samu kyautatuwa ganin yadda gwamnati ta jaddada matsayin yawon bude ido a matsayin hanyar samun kudaden shiga. Masu yawon bude ido sun taba fuskantar dogon bincike mai zurfi a lokacin da suka isa kasar, amma wannan ya zama mai wuya. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda ko masu garkuwa da mutane a wasu lokuta suna zargin 'yan yawon bude ido na kasashen waje da yin leken asiri ko gudanar da ayyukan sojan haya. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren da ke kan manyan hanyoyin yawon buɗe ido ko waɗanda suka zaɓi wurin zama mai arha ko jigilar jama'a (misali, ƙananan bas) a kan manyan otal-otal da motocin haya. 'Yan sanda da masu garkuwa da mutane a shingen hanya na iya musgunawa baƙi na kasashen waje don cin hanci.
Wuraren yawon bude ido Gwamnatin Kamaru tana tallata kasar a matsayin "Afirka a cikin miniature", tana mai tabbatar da cewa kasar tana ba da dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan Afirka a yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin kasa a cikin iyakokinta. Sauran kalmomin yawon buɗe ido a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su sun haɗa da "melting pot Afirka" da "Afirka a cikin microcosm". Wuraren yawon buɗe ido na Kamaru suna cikin yankuna guda huɗu: bakin teku, manyan biranen, tsaunukan yamma, da arewa. Bakin tekun yana ba da manyan garuruwan shakatawa na bakin teku guda biyu: Limbe yana magana da Ingilishi tare da baki, yashi mai aman wuta; kuma Kribi birni ne na masu magana da yaren Faransanci mai rairayin bakin teku masu farin-yashi. Dutsen Kamaru da ke bakin teku shi ne dutse mafi tsayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka kuma ya jawo masu tafiya da masu hawa. Wurin tashi don hawan Dutsen Kamaru shine birnin Buea, inda za a iya hayar jagorori da hayar kayan aiki. Akwai bukkoki da dama masu rufin kwano don masu tuƙi da kwana a lokacin hawan dutsen. Yaoundé gida ne ga yawancin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasar Kamaru. Hakanan yana da gidajen tarihi da yawa. Tsaunukan Yamma suna ba da kyan gani na tsaunuka, magudanan ruwa da tafkuna, kuma tsayin daka yana ba da yanayi mai sanyi. Bamenda shi ne babban birni a tsaunukan yamma, kuma shi ne babban birnin lardin Arewa maso Yamma. An san wannan yanki da al'adu da sana'o'in gargajiya. Birnin Bafoussam ya shahara musamman saboda al'adun sassaka itace da kayan tarihi. Hasali ma, yankin yana samar da sana’o’in hannu fiye da kowane a Kamaru. Yamma kuma gida ne ga sarakunan gargajiya da abubuwan sha'awa, irin su Sultanate na Foumban. Kowane sarki yawanci yana da fadarsa ko fili wanda baƙi za su iya ziyarta don kuɗi. Arewacin Kamaru shine farkon zanen yawon bude ido na kasar. Yankin yana da wuraren ajiyar namun daji da yawa, gami da mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun gudu a Yammacin Afirka, Waza National Park. Waɗannan wuraren shakatawa suna ba da kallon dabbobi da Big-game hunting. Dabbobi a wannan yanki sun hada da cheetahs, giwaye, rakumi, hippopotami, da karkanda. Maroua yana ba da babbar kasuwar sana'a da gidajen tarihi. Lardunan Adamawa, Gabas, da Kudu suna ba da wani sabon salo na faɗaɗa masana'antar yawon buɗe ido, amma rashin kyawun yanayin sufuri ya sa masana'antar ƙaranci a waɗannan yankuna. Gandun daji a kudanci suna da ƙananan kayan aikin yawon buɗe ido, amma baƙi a wurin suna iya ganin chimpanzees, giwaye, gorilla, da sauran dabbobin daji.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ofishin yawon bude ido na Kamaru a Arewacin |
50544 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetty%20Verolme | Hetty Verolme | Hetty Esther Verolme(an Haife shi 24 Fabrairu 1930 a Antwerp,Belgium)marubuciya ɗan Australiya ne,malami kuma wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust. Yanzu tana zaune a Ostiraliya.
Verolme ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu tun tana yarinya a Bergen-Belsen.Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Australiya "Mafi Nasara Baƙi".
Rayuwar farko/rayuwa
Motsawa tare da iyali A shekara ta 1931,dangin Werkendam sun ƙaura zuwa Amsterdam daga Antwerp.Bayan shekaru takwas,yakin duniya na biyu ya barke kuma a watan Mayun 1940 Jamusawa suka mamaye Netherlands.
WWII Food and water was very limited and the conditions of the barracks were poor. Hetty relied on other children who were older for support and good spirits amongst the growing number of children. Sister Luba had other ladies to help her protect the children; however, many died. Their bodies were piled up on a mound right outside the Children's house.
Sa’ad da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ke cikin watanni na ƙarshe,sansanin ya kamu da cutar ta typhus.Verolme ta yi rashin lafiya,amma ta tsira.A cikin Afrilu 1945, sojojin Birtaniya sun 'yantar da Bergen-Belsen.
Kwarewa/mutuwar dangi da abokai A ranar Juma'a 2 ga Oktoba 1942 da ƙarfe 8:15 na safe,an tafi da kakar Verolme,kakanta da kaninsa aka kashe su.An kashe saurayin makarantar Verolme da kawarta Sonia Santiel a Auschwitz a ranar 22 ga Oktoba a 1943.Daga baya,an kashe kawunta biyu,Philip Van Kamerik da Max Werkendam (b.1917),a Bergen-Belsen.
Verolme ta yi asarar 'yan uwa sama da 110 na Werkendam a lokacin Holocaust, Bergen-BelseBergen-BelsBergen-Belse,wanda ya bazu ta sansanonin ayyuka da mutuwa. Bergen-BelsBergen-Belse.Tun a shekarar 2015, Bergen-Bels,tana ci gaba da bayyana sunayen ‘yan uwan da aka kashe.
After the war, Verolme and her brothers were reunited with their parents. With assistance from the Red Cross organisation, the family moved back to the Netherlands. As an adult, Verolme built a successful career in the fashion industry.
A 1954, Verolme ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya.Da ta isa wurin,ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jirage,ma'aikaciyar bas,mai siyar da gida-gida,dillalan gidaje da kuma mai haɓaka cibiyar kasuwanci.
Verolme ta zama shugabar mace ta farko na ƙungiyar Netherlands a Adelaide kuma tana kan kwamitocin agaji kamar kwamitin Lady Mayoress kuma daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Al'amuran Kabilanci. Ita ce mai kafa Dogara ta Children of Belsen da The Holocaust Trust,wanda aka kafa don taimakawa waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi,zuriyarsu da haɓaka ci gaba da wayar da kan Holocaust.
Kyaututtuka da nasarori
Awards a Ostiraliya 1972 An Ba da Kyautar "Mafi Nasara Baƙi"
1977 Ta hanyar nadin minista, cikin Majalisar Al'amuran Kabilanci ta Australiya ta Inaugural
2000 Kyautar Christina Stead Haɗin gwiwar Marubutan Australiya
Nasarorin da aka samu An yi hijira zuwa Australia a 1954
Memba wanda ya kafa Majalisar Harkokin Kabilanci ta Australiya a Canberra tare da Hon Al Grasby.
Shugaban Kungiyar Netherland a Kudancin Australia.
Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Lady Mayoress a Kudancin Ostiraliya.
An lura a cikin Wanene na Matan Australiya.
An sadaukar da kai ga ƙungiyoyin agaji iri-iri da ƙungiyoyin al'umma
Ayyukan da aka buga
Manazarta Rayayyun |
23828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%2011%20attacks | September 11 attacks | A Satumba hare-hare (wanda kuma ake kira 9/11), hare-haren ta'addanci ne guda hudu da aka kai kan Amurka. Duk sun faru da safiyar Talata, 11 ga Satumba, 2001. Hare -haren sun kashe mutane 3,000, ciki har da maharan 19, wanda ya zama harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihi. Sun sa anyi asarar fiye da kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka kai kimanin dalar Amurka 10. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Islama ta al-Qaeda ce ta aiwatar da su. Sun yi amfani da jiragen fasinja don lalata shahararrun gine -gine ta hanyar shawagi da jiragen a cikin su. An kai hare-hare biyu a birnin New York da kuma daya a Arlington, Virginia. Harin na huɗu bai yi aiki ba kuma jirgin ya yi hatsari a wani filin da ke kusa da Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Gine -ginen da aka kai harin sune tagwayen hasumiyar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a birnin New York, da Pentagon a Arlington, Virginia. Jirgin na hudu ya yi hatsari a filin da babu kowa a cikin Pennsylvania kafin ya isa inda ya nufa a Washington, DC Wannan manufa ita ce ko dai Fadar White House ko Capitol na Amurka Bayan taron, gwamnatin Amurka ta ce mutanen da suka kai hare-haren na kusa da kungiyar ta'adda ta al-Qaeda Jiragen sama da abun ya shafa Na farko cikin jirage huɗu da za su tashi shi ne jirgin saman Amurka na 11, Boeing 767-200ER. Tsayinsa ya kai ƙafa 159 (mita 48) da faɗin ƙafa 16 (4.9 m). Yana da hanyoyi biyu. Jirgin ya yi zirga -zirgar yau da kullun tsakanin Boston da Los Angeles. Lokacin da ta tashi da ƙarfe 7:59 na safiyar ranar sha ɗaya, ya ɗauki fasinjoji 81 kawai a cikin kujerun ta 158. Bayan mintuna arba'in da bakwai, ta faɗa cikin Hasumiyar Arewa a nisan mil 440 a awa ɗaya (kilomita 710/h). Tana ɗauke da galan 9,717 na man jirgin sama, ƙasa da 14,000 ƙasa da yadda ta iya ɗauka.
Jirgin saman United Airlines Flight 175, shi ma Boeing 767-200ER, shine na biyu. Kamar American Airlines 11, an shirya tashi daga Boston zuwa Los Angeles Lokacin da United 175 ta tashi da karfe 8:14 na safe, ya fi sauƙi fiye da jirgin Amurka: 56 na kujeru 168 ne kawai aka cika. Lokacin da ta fada kan Hasumiyar Kudu ta Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da karfe 9:03 na safiya, tafiya tana da galan 9,118 na mai a cikin tankokin ta. An watsa wannan hatsarin kai tsaye ta tashoshin talabijin da yawa a duk duniya waɗanda tuni ke nuna Hasumiyar Arewa tana ƙonewa. Jirgin saman American Airlines Flight 77 shine jirgi na uku da ya tashi. Jirgin Boeing 757-200 ne. Ta bar Washington, DC da ƙarfe 8:20 na safe zuwa Los Angeles. Ya kasance kashi biyu cikin uku babu komai, tare da fasinjoji 58 a cikin kujerun ta 176. Yana dauke da galan 4,000 na man fetur, kasa da galan 11,500 da zai iya dauka. ya fada cikin Pentagon da karfe 9:37 na safe, yana tashi da nisan mil 530 a awa daya (kilomita 850/h).
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Jirgin na huɗu, United Airlines Flight 93, shi ma ya kasance 757-200. Yana tafiya daga Newark, New Jersey zuwa San Francisco. An shirya tashi da karfe 8 na safe, amma an jinkirta na mintuna 42. Lokacin da ya tashi daga ƙarshe, ya ɗauki fasinjoji 37 ne kawai a cikin kujerun ta 182. yaana da fiye da galan 7,000 na mai. Da karfe 10:03 na safe, ya yi hatsari a nisan mil 560 a awa daya (kilomita 900/h) cikin filin da babu kowa kusa da Shanksville, Pennsylvania bayan fasinjojin da ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi nasarar sake kwace iko da jirgin don dakatar da 'yan ta'adda masu garkuwa da mutane daga bugun wani wuri.
Mutuwa Dukkan mutane 246 da ke cikin jirage hudu sun mutu a hadarin. An kuma kashe 'yan ta'adda 19 a hare -haren. Duwatsu biyu na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun kama da wuta bayan hatsarin. Hasumiyar Kudu (2 WTC) ta ƙone na mintuna 56 kafin ta faɗi kuma ta lalace. Hasumiyar Arewa (1 WTC) ta kone na mintuna 102 kafin ita ma ta ya fadi. Yayin da hasumiyoyin suka fadi, sassan hasumiyar sun buge wasu gine -gine da ke kusa da su. An yi imanin cewa saboda wannan lalacewar, gini na uku, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 7 (7 WTC), ta faɗi da ƙarfe 5:20 na yamma. Wasu gine -gine da yawa a yankin sun lalace sosai kuma dole ne an rusa su daga baya, wanda ya bar daukacin ginin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya. Mutane 2,602 sun mutu a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya.
Jirgin da ya buge Pentagon ya bugi kasa ne daidai lokacin da ya doshi gefen ginin. Daga nan sai ta fadi ta cikin uku "zoben" guda biyar wadanda suka hada da Pentagon. Hadarin ya kashe mutane 125 a Pentagon.
Akwai mutane 2,996 da suka mutu a hare -haren. Sun hada da jami’an kashe gobara da jami’an ‘yan sanda da ke kokarin ceto sauran mutanen. Sun kuma hada da maharan 19 wadanda duk aka kashe.
Abinda ya biyo baya Gwamnatin Amurka ta biya kimanin dala miliyan 1.8 ga iyalan wadanda harin ya rutsa da su. Hare -haren sun kuma haifar da samar da Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka, wacce ke kare kasar daga hare -haren ta'addanci.
Ka'idodin makirci da yawa sun bayyana waɗanda ke cewa wasu mutane a cikin gwamnatin Amurka sun san hare -haren, ko ma sun sa su faru. Wadannan da gwamnatin ta ce karya ce.
Yaki akan Ta'addanci Bayan harin, Amurka ta dora laifin akan kungiyar Al-Qaeda, wanda Amurka ta dauka kungiyar ta'addanci ce. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ce zai fara Yaki da Ta'addanci Yana nufin Amurka za ta yi karin abubuwa don kokarin dakatar da ta'addanci a nan gaba. Bush ya ce an yi hakan ne domin kare Amurkawa da dukiyoyinsu daga 'yan ta'adda. Misali, gwamnatin Amurka za a sake tsara ta. An ƙarfafa tsaro da sarrafawa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, musamman a filayen jirgin sama. Ana gaya wa Amurkawa kowace rana ko akwai babbar barazanar ta'addanci. (Anyi wannan ta hanyar ba da launi don ranar. Ja yana nufin akwai babban haɗari, kore yana nufin ƙarancin haɗari, kuma akwai matakan da yawa a tsakanin.
Yakin Ta'addanci kuma ya haifar da yaƙe -yaƙe na gaske. Shugaban kungiyar Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, ya zauna a masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan Amurka ta fadawa gwamnatin Afghanistan, da ake kira Taliban, da ta mika musu bin Laden. Taliban ba za ta yi hakan ba. Shugaban kungiyar Taliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, ya nemi ganin hujja daga gwamnatin Amurka. Idan ba a ba da hujja ba, Mullah Omar ya ce ba zai mika bin Laden ba. Shugaba George W. Bush ya ce baya bukatar bayar da hujja. Daga nan Amurka ta shiga yaki da Afghanistan. An cire 'yan Taliban daga madafun iko, an kafa sabuwar gwamnati, mutanen Afghanistan sun zabi sabon shugaban kasa.
Yayin da wannan ke faruwa, gwamnatin Amurka ta canza ta wasu hanyoyi. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) ta kirkiro Hukumar Tsaro ta Sufuri (TSA). Kafin 9/11, kamfanonin jiragen sama sun samar da tsaro a filayen jiragen saman Amurka. TSA ta mayar da ita aikin gwamnati ta samar da tsaron filin jirgin sama. TSA ta dauki sabbin hafsoshin don yin aiki a filayen saukar jiragen sama da kuma tashi da jirage a matsayin marshals na sama. TSA kuma tana ba da tsaro akan jiragen ƙasa na Amurka da na jirgin ƙasa. An kuma kirkiro sabuwar Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida. Ya zama aikinsu na kare Amurkawa da dukiyoyinsu a cikin Amurka. Lokacin da aka kirkiro wannan sashin, TSA ta tashi daga DOT zuwa Tsaron Gida.
Bayan fatattakar 'yan Taliban, Shugaba George W. Bush ya yi tunanin yakamata Amurka ta mamaye Iraki. Ya yi imanin cewa Iraki tana taimakawa ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda, ciki har da al-Qaeda. Ya ce yana da shaidar cewa Iraqi ma tana kera makaman kare dangi. Ya aika Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Colin Powell zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don nuna musu wasu daga cikin shaidun. A cikin Maris, 2003, Amurka ta fara mamaye Iraki. (Wasu ƙasashe huɗu kuma sun shiga, ciki har da Ƙasar Ingila, Ostiraliya, Poland, da Denmark.) An kifar da gwamnatin Iraki, kuma mutanen Iraki sun zaɓi sabuwar gwamnati. Ba a samu makaman kare dangi ba a Iraki
A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2011, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka sun kashe shugaban al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden, wanda ya jagoranci hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001 da sauran yunkurin ta’addanci.
Bincike
FBI Nan da nan bayan hare -haren, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya fara PENTTBOM. Wannan shine babban binciken manyan laifuka a tarihin Amurka. A wani lokaci, fiye da rabin wakilan FBI sun yi aiki kan binciken kuma sun bi jagorar rabin miliyan. FBI ta kammala da cewa akwai kwararan hujjoji da ba za a iya musantawa ba (ba za a iya musanta su ba) ”wadanda ke alakanta al-Qaeda da bin Laden da hare-haren.
FBI ba ta yi rikodin mutuwar mutane 2,977 daga hare -haren ba a cikin rikodin laifukan su na shekara -shekara na 2001. Birnin New York kuma bai haɗa da mace -macen ba a cikin ƙididdigar laifukan su na shekara -shekara na 2001.
CIA Sufeto Janar na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya (CIA) ya yi bitar ayyukan CIA na gabanin 9/11. Ya kasance yana sukar manyan jami'an CIA saboda rashin yin duk mai yiwuwa don dakatar da ta'addanci. Ya soki gazawar da suka yi na dakatar da biyu daga cikin maharan 9/11, Nawaf al-Hazmi da Khalid al-Mihdhar, yayin da suke shiga Amurka. Ya kuma soki yadda suka kasa raba bayanai kan mutanen biyu ga hukumar FBI. A watan Mayu 2007, sanatoci daga manyan manyan jam’iyyun siyasar Amurka sun rubuta doka don yin bita a bainar jama’a. Daya daga cikin masu goyon bayan, Sanata Ron Wyden ya ce, "Mutanen Amurka suna da 'yancin sanin abin da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya ke yi a cikin wadancan watanni masu mahimmanci (masu mahimmanci) kafin 9/11."
Binciken Majalisar A watan Fabrairun 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta Zaɓi Kwamitin Bincike da Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen Zaɓaɓɓen Kwamitin akan Sirrin ya ƙirƙiri binciken haɗin gwiwa game da ayyukan Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka. An fitar da rahoton su mai shafuka 832 a watan Disamba na 2002. A cikin rahoton, akwai gazawar FBI da CIA na yin amfani da bayanan da ke akwai. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanai game da 'yan ta'adda da CIA ta sani suna cikin Amurka. Sun gaza amfani da wannan bayanin don dakatar da tsare -tsaren. Binciken hadin gwiwar ya samo bayanansa game da jami'an gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya mai yiwuwa suna da hannu daga wasu kafofin da ba a san su ba. Gwamnatin Bush ta buƙaci shafuka masu alaƙa 28 da aka keɓe.
Sake Ginawa A ranar da aka kai harin, magajin garin New York Rudy Giuliani ya ce: "Za mu sake ginawa. Za mu fito daga cikin wannan da karfi fiye da na da, na siyasa, da karfin tattalin arziki. Za a sake samun sararin sama An sake gina bangaren Pentagon da ya lalace a cikin shekara guda da kai hare -haren. An fara gina Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Daya a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2006. Ya kai tsayinsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2013. An saka spire a saman ginin a wannan ranar. Wannan ya sa jimlar tsawo na 1 WTC's a ƙafa 1,776 (541 m). Wannan ya sa ya zama gini mafi tsayi a Yammacin Duniya WTC ɗaya ya gama ginin kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014. A shafin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, ya kamata a gina wasu hasumiyai uku na ofisoshin a wani shinge gabas daga inda hasumiyar ta asali take. 7 WTC shine farkon wanda aka buɗe a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006 bayan shekaru huɗu na gini. 4 WTC ita ce hasumiya ta biyu da za a buɗe a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2013. buɗe 3 WTC a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2018 wanda ya sa ya zama bene na huɗu a wurin da za a gama.
Bayanan kula
Shafuka masu dangantaka Ranar Patriot
Nassoshi
Sauran gidajen yanar gizo Satumba 11th Photo Gallery Archived Hakanan ya haɗa da sunayen waɗanda abin ya shafa da ƙarin bayani.
BBC Hausa 'Ranar Ta'addanci ta Amurka'
CNN.com Rumbun bidiyo, gami da jirage na farko da na biyu.
Tunawa da CNN Satumba 11 Jerin wadanda abin ya shafa, da hotuna.
Harin 11 satumba
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40614 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas%20Andyar%20Gemade | Barnabas Andyar Gemade | Barnabas Andyar Iyorhyer Gemade (an haife shi ne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba,na shekara ta alif 1948) miladiyya.(A.c)Ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na kasa, wanda aka zaɓe shi Sanata a mazaɓar Benue ta Arewa maso Gabas na jihar Benue, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu 2011 zaben ƙasa. A halin yanzu ɗan jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC).
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1948 a jihar Benue, Gemade wani basarake ne daga ƙabilar Tiv. Yana da laƙabin gargajiya na Tiv na Nom-I-Yange-I-Tiv. Gemade shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa na kamfanin siminti na Benue (BCC) daga 1985 zuwa 1992, kuma an ce ya yi tasiri sosai a wannan matsayi. Gemade ya kasance memba a taron tsarin mulki na 1994-1995 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. Ya rike muƙaman sakataren (Ministan) ayyuka da kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Congress of National Consensus party na ƙasa, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin jam'iyyun da daraktan soji, Janar Sani Abacha ya ɗauki nauyi.
Shugaban PDP A babban taron ƙasa na farko na jam'iyyar PDP bayan zaben watan Afrilu na 1999, Gemade ya zama shugaban ƙasa bayan wata gasa mai zafi da ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar, Cif Sunday Awoniyi. Ya gaji Solomon Lar, shugaban jam’iyyar na farko, kuma an zaɓe shi a wani bangare saboda dokokin shiyyar da suka amince da baiwa dan Arewa muƙamin. Tun farko Gemade ya samu goyon bayan shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo Duk da haka, kafin babban taron ƙasa na 2001 da aka gudanar a ranar 9-10 ga Nuwamba, yana fuskantar adawa mai ƙarfi daga manyan muradun jam'iyyar. A loƙacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin a zaɓe shi shugaba a karo na biyu tare da Dokta Okwesilieze Nwodo a matsayin sakatare, su biyun sun sha kaye a hannun Cif Audu Ogbeh wanda ya zama shugaba da Vincent Ogbulafor wanda ya zama sakatare. A zaben5 fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na PDP a 2003, Gemade ya sha kaye a hannun tsohon shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo, wanda aka sake zaɓensa. A watan Afrilun 2003, an kore shi daga jam’iyyar PDP saboda zargin da ake yi masa na nuna adawa da jam’iyyar. Babban dalili shi ne, a zaben 2003 na Gwamnan Jihar Benuwe ya goyi bayan dan takarar jam’iyyar United Nigeria Peoples Party (UNPP) maimakon dan takarar PDP, Cif George Akume Daga baya aka sake shigar da shi jam’iyyar kuma ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Janairun 2011, ya bayyana rigingimun da aka samu a shugabancin jam’iyyar PDP a farkon shekarun da suka gabata a matsayin lafiya, wanda ke nuna gasa tsakanin ɗaiɗaikun mutane maimakon tsarin raba madafun iko tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Nuwamban 2010, Gemade ya goyi bayan matakin bai wa shugaba mai ci Goodluck Jonathan damar tsayawa takara ba, duk kuwa da cewa wasu na ganin ka’idojin shiyyar ne ke nufin ɗan takarar ya je wurin ɗan Arewa. Ya ƙara da cewa tsayawa takarar Jonathan zai iya haifar da wargajewar ƙasar, ya kuma bayyana cewa a matsayinsa na ‘yan tsiraru a arewacin ƙasar cewa ƴan tsiraru sun kasance masu goyon bayan haɗin kan ƙasa.
Sanata Gemade ya kasance mai goyon bayan Joseph Akaagerger a loƙacin da aka zaɓe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Benuwe ta Arewa maso Gabas a shekarar 2007. A zaɓen Afrilu 2011, ya yanke shawarar ƙalubalantar Akaagerger a kujerar Sanata. Al’amura da dama sun faru a Benue a dai-dai lokacin da zaɓe ke ƙaratowa, wanda ya kai ga harbin Janar Lawrence Onoja. Gemade na cikin shugabannin da aka yi wa tambayoyi game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaron jihar suka yi a watan Maris na 2011. Sauran waɗanda aka yiwa tambaya sun hada da George Akume, Iyorchia Ayu da Daniel Saror. A zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 2011 na Sanatan Benue ta Arewa maso Gabas, Gemade ya tsaya takara a jam'iyyar PDP inda ya samu ƙuri'u 229,682, inda ya doke Akaagerger wanda ya koma jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria kuma ya samu ƙuri'u 143,978.<ref>"Collated Senate results". INEC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April2011.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1948
Rayayyun |
27152 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaji%20na%20Hadin%20Kai | Gwaji na Hadin Kai | Gwajin Solidarity don jiyya gwaji ne na asibiti na ƙasa da ƙasa na Mataki na III-IV wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da abokan haɗin gwiwa suka shirya don kwatanta jiyya huɗu waɗanda ba a gwada su ba ga mutanen da ke asibiti masu fama da cutar COVID-19 An sanar da gwajin a ranar 18 ga Maris 2020, kuma har zuwa 6 ga Agusta 2021, an dauki marasa lafiya 12,000 a cikin kasashe 30 don shiga gwajin.
A watan Mayu, WHO ta ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don samar da alluran rigakafin 'yan takara da yawa a lokaci guda don hana cutar COVID-19, tana mai kiran wannan kokarin gwajin hadin kai na alluran rigakafi Magungunan da ake binciken sune remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir hade, lopinavir/ritonavir hade da interferon-beta, da hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine An dakatar da binciken Hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine a watan Yuni 2020 saboda yanke shawarar cewa bai bayar da fa'ida ba.
Gwajin hadin kai don masu neman magani Gwajin yana da niyyar tantance dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 cikin hanzari don yuwuwar ingancin magungunan rigakafin da ba a tantance ba tukuna musamman don cutar COVID-19, wani tsari da ake kira "sakewa" ko "sakewa" magani da aka rigaya ya amince da shi. ga wata cuta daban.
An tsara aikin Solidarity don ba da saurin fahimta ga mahimman tambayoyin asibiti:
Shin ɗayan magungunan yana rage mace-mace?
Shin ɗayan magungunan yana rage lokacin da majiyyaci ke kwance a asibiti?
Shin maganin yana shafar buƙatun mutanen da ke fama da cutar huhu ta COVID-19 don samun iska ko kiyaye su cikin kulawa mai zurfi Shin za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan magungunan don rage rashin lafiyar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani?
Ana sauƙaƙa yin rajistar mutane masu kamuwa da cutar ta COVID-19 ta hanyar amfani da bayanan shigar da bayanai, gami da sanarwar da aka sani, akan gidan yanar gizon WHO. Bayan ma'aikatan gwajin sun tantance magungunan da ake samu a asibiti, gidan yanar gizon WHO ya keɓanta wanda ke kwance a asibiti zuwa ɗayan magungunan gwaji ko ma'aunin kulawa na asibiti don kula da COVID-19. Likitan gwaji ya rubuta kuma ya ba da bayanan biyo baya game da matsayin batun da jiyya, yana kammala shigar da bayanai ta hanyar yanar gizo ta WHO Solidarity. Tsarin gwajin Solidarity ba makafi biyu ba ne wanda yawanci shine ma'auni a cikin gwajin asibiti mai inganci amma WHO na buƙatar sauri tare da inganci don gwajin a duk asibitoci da ƙasashe da yawa. Kwamitin sa ido kan aminci na duniya na likitocin WHO suna nazarin sakamakon wucin gadi don taimakawa yanke shawara kan aminci da ingancin magungunan gwaji, da canza ƙirar gwaji ko ba da shawarar ingantaccen magani. Irin wannan binciken na tushen yanar gizo zuwa Solidarity, wanda ake kira "Gano", an fara shi a cikin Maris a cikin ƙasashe bakwai ta INSERM Paris, Faransa Gwajin Solidarity yana neman aiwatar da daidaituwa a cikin ɗaruruwan wuraren asibitoci a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban gami da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin haɓaka kayan aikin gwajin asibiti duk da haka ana buƙatar aiwatar da su cikin sauri. Kamar yadda John-Arne Røttingen, shugaban zartarwa na Research Council of Norway kuma shugaban Solidarity fitina duniya kwamitin shirya, da fitina za a yi la'akari tasiri idan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ake yi niyyar su "rage yawan marasa lafiya da bukatar ventilators ta, ka ce, 20 hakan na iya yin tasiri sosai ga tsarin kula da lafiya na kasa."
Zane mai daidaitawa A cewar Darakta Janar na WHO, makasudin gwajin shi ne "a rage lokacin da ake bukata don samar da kwararan hujjoji game da abin da kwayoyi ke aiki", wani tsari ta amfani da "tsari mai daidaitawa". Haɗin kai da Gwajin Ganowar Turai suna amfani da ƙira mai daidaitawa don canza sigogin gwaji da sauri lokacin da sakamako daga dabarun gwajin gwaji guda huɗu suka bayyana.
Zane-zane masu dacewa a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti na Mataki na III-IV mai gudana kamar Haɗin kai da ayyukan Gano iya rage lokacin gwaji da amfani da ƴan batutuwa, maiyuwa haɓaka yanke shawara don ƙarewa da wuri don adana farashi idan sakamakon wucin gadi ya kasance mara kyau. Idan aikin Solidarity ya nuna farkon shaidar nasara, za a iya yin canje-canjen ƙira a duk wuraren aikin na duniya cikin sauri don haɓaka sakamakon gaba ɗaya na mutanen da abin ya shafa da kuma hanzarta amfani da magungunan warkewa.
Masu neman magani a ƙarƙashin karatu Mutum ko haɗin magungunan da ake nazari a cikin ayyukan Solidarity da Discovery an riga an yarda da su don wasu cututtuka. Su ne: Remdesivir
Lopinavir/ritonavir a hade
Lopinavir/ritonavir hade da interferon-beta
Hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine (an daina saboda babu fa'ida, Yuni 2020)
Sakamakon damuwa na aminci da shaidar cututtukan zuciya da ke haifar da hauhawar mace-mace, WHO ta dakatar da hannun hydroxychloroquine na gwajin Solidarity a ƙarshen Mayu 2020, sannan ta dawo da shi, sannan ta sake janye ta lokacin wani ɗan lokaci. Binciken da aka yi a watan Yuni ya nuna cewa hydroxychloroquine bai ba da wani fa'ida ga mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 ba.
A watan Oktoba na 2020, gwajin hadin kai na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya fitar da wani rahoto na wucin gadi wanda ya kammala cewa "remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir da interferon sun bayyana ba su da wani tasiri ko kuma ba su da wani tasiri a kan COVID-19 na asibiti, kamar yadda aka nuna ta gaba daya mace-mace, fara samun iska da tsawon lokaci. na zaman asibiti." Gileyad wanda ya kera remdesivir soki tsarin gwajin Solidarity bayan bai nuna wani fa'idar jiyya ba, yana mai da'awar cewa yanayin gwajin Solidarity na duniya rauni ne, yayin da masana da yawa ke kallon binciken na kasa da kasa a matsayin karfi. Yarjejeniyar siya tsakanin EU da Gileyad don sake gyarawa da ba da izinin Amfani da Gaggawa ta FDA ta Amurka a watan Oktoba masana kimiyyar gwajin Solidarity sun yi tambaya ba bisa ingantattun bayanan gwaji na asibiti ba, lokacin da bincike na wucin gadi na gwajin Solidarity ya gano remdesivir ya kasance. m.
Taimako da shiga A cikin Maris, kudade don gwajin hadin kai ya kai daga gudummawar mutane 203,000 na daidaiku, kungiyoyin agaji da gwamnatoci, tare da kasashe 45 da ke da hannu wajen bayar da kudade ko sarrafa gwaji. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020, kusan marasa lafiya 5,500 a cikin ƙasashe 21 na 39 waɗanda ke da izinin ɗaukar aiki an ɗauke su don shiga cikin gwajin. Fiye da kasashe 100 a duk yankuna 6 na WHO sun nuna sha'awar shiga.
Gwajin hadin kai don masu neman rigakafin WHO ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyyar rigakafin rigakafi na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ma'anar Bayanan Samfurin Target na Duniya (TPP) don COVID-19, suna gano kyawawan halaye na amintattun alluran rigakafi a ƙarƙashin manyan nau'ikan guda biyu: "alurar rigakafi don dogon lokaci na kariya ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma. na COVID-19, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya", da sauran alluran rigakafi don samar da rigakafin gaggawa don sabbin barkewar cutar. An kafa ƙungiyar TPP ta ƙasa da ƙasa don 1) tantance ci gaban mafi kyawun rigakafin rigakafin ɗan takara; 2) Taswirar rigakafin 'yan takara da gwajin asibiti a duk duniya, suna buga "tsarin yanayi" akai-akai na maganin rigakafi a cikin ci gaba; 3) kimantawa da sauri da kuma bincika mafi kyawun allurar rigakafin ɗan takara lokaci guda kafin a gwada su a cikin ɗan adam; da 4) ƙira da daidaita rukunin yanar gizo da yawa, gwajin sarrafa bazuwar duniyaGwajin Solidarity don rigakafindon ba da damar kimanta fa'idodi da kasada na 'yan takarar rigakafin daban-daban a ƙarƙashin gwajin asibiti a cikin ƙasashen da ke da hauhawar cutar COVID-19, tabbatar da fassarar sauri da raba sakamako a duniya. Ƙungiyar rigakafi ta WHO za ta ba da fifiko ga waɗanne alluran rigakafin da ya kamata su shiga cikin gwaji na asibiti na Mataki na II da na III, da kuma ƙayyade ƙa'idojin da suka dace da Mataki na III don duk allurar rigakafin da za su cimma matakin gwaji mai mahimmanci Gwajin Solidarity Plus Hukumar ta WHO ta sanar a watan Agustan 2021 cewa za ta kaddamar da gwajin hadin kai na gaba a karkashin sunan gwajin Solidarity PLUS a kasashe 52. Gwajin za ta yi rajistar marasa lafiya a asibiti don gwada sabbin magunguna uku don yuwuwar maganin COVID-19. Wadannan kwayoyi sun hada da artesunate, imatinib da infliximab Wani kwamitin kwararru mai zaman kansa na WHO ne ya yi zaben wadannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. An riga an yi amfani da waɗannan magungunan don wasu alamomi: ana amfani da artesunate don zazzabin cizon sauro, imatinib don ciwon daji, da infliximab, ana amfani da wakili na TNF don cutar Crohn da cututtuka na rheumatoid. Za a ba da gudummawar magungunan don manufar gwaji ta masana'antun su.
Duba kuma COVID-19 magani mai mayar da bincike
Ci gaban magungunan COVID-19 Gwajin gwaji na Mataki na III-IV
Gwajin FADAWA
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gwajin asibiti na 'Solidarity' don maganin COVID-19 ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
COVID-19 Tambayoyi Amsoshi na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
COVID-19 Q&A ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC)
Coronaviruses ta Cibiyar Nazarin Allergy da Cututtuka ta Amurka
COVID-19 Q&A ta Cibiyar Kariya da Kula da Cututtuka ta Turai
COVID-19 na Hukumar Lafiya ta China
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%20Kaita | Isa Kaita | Isa Kaita CON, CBE, LL. D (ABU), LL. D (BUK), DPA (Oxon) (An haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1912 zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1994), ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya ci gaba da rike Masarautu anamasa lakabi da Madawaki na jihar Katsina sannan kuma daga baya, da Waziri na jihar Katsina. Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya kasance fitaccen mai yada labarai a BBC A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa1960, ya kuma kasance ƙaramin Ministan Ayyuka da Ilimi a yankin Arewacin Najeriya Rayuwa da farkon aiki An haifi Isa Kaita a cikin jihar Katsina ga dangin mai martaba mahaifinsa, Malam Haruna shi ne Wazirin Masarautar jihar Katsina, mukamin da daga baya zai rike shi ma. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Firamare ta jihar Katsina (wacce daga baya aka sa mata suna Barewa College) sannan daga baya ya tafi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta jihar Katsina, shahararriyar kwalejin da ta samu halartar dimbin ‘yan siyasa daga Arewa kamar su Ahmadu Bello, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da Aliyu Bida Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1922, ya fara koyarwa a makarantar Midil ta jihar Katsina. Ya koyar a makarantar tsawon shekaru 19 kafin ya zama mai sanarwa a rediyo a shekara ta 1941. Ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon Zoy a gidan Rediyo da ke Accra, Ghana. Ya shiga tashar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma an san shi da yin watsa shirye-shirye game da labarai masu alaƙa kan yaƙin. Ya bar gidan rediyo a shekarar 1944 ya zama sakatare ga mai martaba sarkin jihar Katsina da kuma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin jihar Katsina. A cikin shekara ta 1948, ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya don samun difloma a harkokin mulki a Jami'ar Exeter, London UK
Harkar siyasa Siyasarsa ta fara ne lokacin da ya sami nasarar zama dan majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa a shekara ta 1951. Ya kuma tsaya takarar ne a karkashin tsarin siyasa na kungiyar Jama'ar Arewa. Kafin zaben, ya kasance memba na kafa kuma sanannen mai kamfen din jam’iyyar, ya kuma kasance sakataren kudi na jam’iyyar. A shekarar 1954, ya maye gurbin Ahmadu Bello a matsayin ministan ayyuka yayin shi ma ya kasance sakataren kudi na jam'iyyar. A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Nijeriya, shi ne ministan Ilimi na yankin kuma an san shi da himma don bunkasa ci gaban ilmantarwa da wayewar manufofin ilimi. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara mai mahimmanci ga Ahmadu Bello, firaministan yankin kuma babban jagoran siyasa.
Daga baya aiki Bayan an sanya ayyukan siyasa a shekara ta 1966 Isa Kaita ya yi ritaya zuwa Kaduna inda ya kasance memba na hukumar a wasu kamfanoni kalilan irin su United African Company da Chellarams. A lokacin Shagari gwamnati a shekarar 1980s, ya kasance shugaban Code of Tsawaita ofishin. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da himma don kirkirar Jihar Katsina. Mai sha'awar wasanni, ya kasance majiɓincin Fungiyar iveswararrun powararrun 'Yan Nijeriya da Polo ta Nijeriya. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kungiyoyi da dama kamar kungiyar Birtaniyya da Najeriya, kungiyar Indie Najeriya, Jama'atul Nasrul Islam, Rotary club da sauransu.
Iyali Daga cikin ‘ya’yan Isa Kaita akwai Abdulmalik wani kwamishinan‘ yan sanda mai ritaya, Shehu dan siyasa, Sadiq wani ma’aikacin Banki, Ibrahim jami’in diflomasiyya, Ali na Kwastam din Najeriya, Abdulaziz tsohon Kwamishinan Gidaje na Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Katsina kuma yanzu mamba ne na Manajan Julius Berger Nijeriya PLC, Mustapha dan kasuwa, Umar dan kasuwa, Ahmed na Julius Berger PLC da Musa.
Ya mutu a gidansa da ke jihar Kaduna a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1994.
Bayani Rosalynde Ainslie, Catherine Hoskyns, Ronald Segal; Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties, Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. p 119-120.
Billy J. Dudley. Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria, p 136.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Littafin Isa Kaita Biography
Jerin sunayen Ministocin a wancan taron Kasafin Kudi a shekarar 1955
Isa Kaita ne ya rawaito daga Yomi Solade Jam'iyyu da siyasa a arewacin Najeriya Daga Billy J. Dudley
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015424/http://katsinaemirate.com/
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29117 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Mulkin%20Mallaka%20na%20Arewacin%20Najeriya | Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya | TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
Arewacin Nigeria Hausa Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance wani yanki na Biritaniya wanda ya wanzu daga shekarar 1900 har zuwa shekarar 1914 kuma ta mamaye yankin arewacin kasar da yanzu ake kira Najeriya Yankin yana da fadin kuma ya hada da masarautun Daular Sokoto da wasu sassa na tsohuwar daular Bornu, wadda aka ci a shekarar 1902. Babban Kwamishina na farko na yankin shi ne Frederick Lugard, wanda ya kori cinikayyar bayi da hare-hare na kabilanci kuma ya kawo tsarin gudanarwa da aka kafa ta da hukumomin gargajiya na yankin.
An kawo karshen yankin na mulkin mallakan turawa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1914, lokacin da aka hade yankin da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma Legas, ta zamo lardin Arewa na Mulkin Mallakan na Najeriya.
Asali Taron Berlin na 1884 da 1885 ya samar da yankin da zai zama karkashin Kariyar Burtaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya. An kafa kamfanin Royal Niger Company a 1886 tare da George Taubman Goldie a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. Kamfanin ya koma cikin ƙasa kuma ya yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyin siyasa, wani lokacin tilastawa, tare da sarakunan cikin gida da yawa. A cikin shekarar 1897, Frederick Lugard shi ne aka nada shi shugaban rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma wanda aka dora wa alhakin dakile tsayin daka da fulani da yuwuwar kutsawa Faransawa a yankin arewa maso yamma. A ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 1900, an soke hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karbe iko, a wani bikin da Lugard ya karanta sanarwar. An biya Kamfanin Royal Niger Fam 865,000 kuma an ba shi haƙƙin rabin duk kuɗin da ake samu na hakar ma'adinai a wani yanki mai yawa na yankunan tsawon shekaru 99 don musayar yankin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. An nada Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Hukumar Kare Arewacin Najeriya da aka kirkiro. Lokoja ita ce babban birni daga shekarar 1900, amma Zungeru ya zama hedkwatar tsaro a 1902 saboda ita ce ke arewacin birnin wacce za'a iya shiga ta rafi.
Siyasan soji Ayyukan soji sun fara ne a shekara ta 1902 kuma sun ci gaba har na tsawon shekaru biyar ana gwabza kazamin fada. An ci ragowar Daular Bornu a shekarar 1902 da Daular Sokoto aka ci nasara a yakin Kano An ci gaba da gwabza fada a shekarar 1904 a Bassa A cikin 1906, tawayen Mahdist ya barke a wajen birnin Sakkwato a kauyen Satiru. An aike da wasu gungun Sojojin Gabar Yammacin Afirka don murkushe tawayen; Da jin labarin abin da ya faru, sai Muhammadu Attahiru II ya aike da gaurayawan runduna guda 300 na sojan doki na Sokoto da na kasa karkashin jagorancin Malam Isa. Rundunar hadin guiwa ta yi nasarar murkushe ‘yan tawayen, wanda ya zama misali na karshe na juriya da makami ga mulkin Birtaniya a yankin. Bayan 1907 an sami raguwar tawaye da amfani da karfin soja daga Burtaniya kuma babban kwamishinan ya karkata ga haraji da gudanarwa.
Gudanarwa Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fara da Frederick Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Farko. A cikin 1907, Lugard ya bar Najeriya zuwa Hong Kong kuma Percy Girouard ya zama sabon Babban Kwamishina. Girouard yana da dogon tarihin kera titin jirgi a Canada da Afirka kuma an ba shi aikin gina layin dogo mai yawa a cikin Kariya. A cikin 1909, Henry Hesketh Bell, gwamnan Uganda Protectorate an nada babban kwamishina. A cikin 1912, an kiyasta cewa yankin Arewacin Najeriya ya kai kusan kuma yana da kusan mutane miliyan 10. Charles Lindsay Temple ya zama babban kwamishinan riko a 1911 da 1912 kuma ya fara sa ido, tare da hadin gwiwa ta kut-da-kut da Lugard, samar da Mallaka da Kare Najeriya.
Daya daga cikin muhimman mulkin gudanarwa na yankin shine sanya hakimai da sarakai a matsayin masu hanu da shuni na gargajiya a cikin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya.
Wadannan kalubalen kudi da na gudanarwa sun haifar da tattaunawa karkashin jagorancin Lugard don hadewar yankin mulkin mallaka na Legas Colony, Kudancin kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Ya kamata a gyara banbance-banbancen da ke tsakanin hukumomin tsaro ta hanyar samar da gwamnati ta tsakiya a Legas, inda kudaden shigar da kwastam daga kudu ke biyan ayyukan da ake yi a arewa. Hadaddiyar Mallaka da Mallaka ta Najeriya ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 kuma tana da hakimai biyu da daya ke kula da yankin lardin kudu daya kuma ke kula da lardin arewa. Gwamnati a arewa ta kasance daban kuma ta haɗa da zurfafa amfani da hukumomin ƙasa. An gano cewa wadannan rarrabuwa sun dawwama ta fuskoki da dama har zuwa yau.
Duba kuma Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka
Jaridar Arewacin Najeriya
Scramble don Afirka
Sunan mahaifi Richmond Palmer
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daular Burtaniya Arewacin Najeriya
Tsaffin yankunan mulkin mallakan Burtaniya/
Shekarun 1910s a Najeriya
Mulkin Mallakan Turawa na Najeriya
Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya
Mulkin mallakan Turawa na |
21951 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgadikgadi%20Pan | Makgadikgadi Pan | Makgadikgadi Pan di (lafazin Tswana di], kwanon gishirin da ke tsakiyar busassun savanna na arewa maso gabashin Botswana, ɗayan manyan gidaje ne na gishiri a duniya. Kwanon ruhun shine abin da ya saura na babban tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya taɓa rufe yankin da ya fi Switzerland girma, amma ya bushe dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata. Karatun baya-bayan nan game da DNA na mitochondrial na mutum ya nuna cewa Homo sapiens na zamani sun fara rayuwa a wannan yankin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da yake da fadi da keɓaɓɓen yanki na tabkuna, koguna, dausayi, dazuzzuka da filayen ciyayi musamman masu kyau wurin zama ta hanyar cigaban dabbobi da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Wuri da bayanin Da yake kwance a kudu maso gabas na Okavango Delta kuma kewaye da Hamadar Kalahari, Makgadikgadi a zahiri ba fanfo ɗaya ba ce, amma kwanuka da yawa tare da hamada mai yashi a tsakani, mafi girma shine Sua (Sowa), Nwetwe da Nxai Pans. Mafi girman kwanon rufi mutum kusan 1,900 sq mi (4,921.0 km2). Idan aka kwatanta, Salar de Uyuni a Bolivia gida ne mai gishiri daya na 4,100 sq mi (10,619.0 km2), ba safai yake da ruwa mai yawa ba, kuma galibi ana da'awar shine babban kwanon gishiri a duniya. Wani bushe, gishiri, yumɓu mai yumɓu a mafi yawancin shekara, kwanukan ruɓaɓɓen lokaci ana rufe su da ruwa da ciyawa, sannan mafaka ne ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi a wannan yanki mai tsananin bushewa na duniya. Yanayin yana da zafi da bushe, amma tare da ruwan sama na shekara shekara.
Babban tushen ruwan shine Kogin Nata, wanda ake kira da Amanzanyama a Zimbabwe, inda yake hawa a Sandown kimanin mil 37 (kilomita 59.5) daga Bulawayo. Ana ba da ƙaramin ruwa ta Kogin Boteti daga Delta Okavango.
Wadannan kwanon gishirin sun rufe 6,200 sq mi (16,057.9 km2) a cikin Kogin Kalahari kuma sun samar da gadon tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama da suka shude. Farfaɗar da kayan tarihi a cikin Makgadikgadi Pan ya bayyana kasancewar mutun mai tarihi ta hanyar wadatattun kayan aikin dutse; wasu daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin an basu kwanan wata da wuri don tabbatar da asalin su kamar yadda yake a gaban zamanin Homo sapiens. Makiyaya sun yi kiwon dabbobin kiwo a nan lokacin da ruwa ya wadata a farkon a cikin Holocene.
Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin kwamin shine Sua Pan tare da hawa ƙafa na 2,920.
Ilimin kasa Kamar yadda tafkin Makgadikgadi na kakannin ya yi ta raguwa, sai ya bar gabar tekun, wadanda suka fi bayyana a yankin kudu maso yammacin tafkin. Yayin da tabkin ke taƙaita ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da aka kafa tare da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a hankali. Ana iya ganin tsaunukan rairayin bakin teku masu tsawo a ƙafa 3100 da ƙafa 3018 galibi a sauƙaƙe akan Gidikwe Ridge, yamma da Kogin Boteti.
Ba a fahimci yadda ake tafiyar da ilimin ƙasa ba yadda ya kamata. Abun zato ne cewa akwai sassaucin sassauƙar ɓawon burodi, tare da rakiyar ɗimbin ɗimbin maganganu da lamuran haɗi; duk da haka, ba a gano manyan lamuran iyaka ba. Babban ginshiƙan tsarin ci gaba yana gudana arewa maso gabas-kudu maso yamma.
Tsibirin Kubu da Tsibirin Kukome tsibirai ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi "tsibirai" a cikin gidan gishirin Sua pan. Tsibirin Kubu yana yankin kudu maso yamma na yankin Sua Pan, ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi da yawa, kuma an kiyaye shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa.
Flora Pans din kansu dajin gishiri ne wanda rayuwarsu kawai ta tsiro-shuɗi mai shuɗi-koren algae. Duk da haka gefe gefen kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gishirin ne kuma gabaɗa waɗannan ana kewaya su ne da ciyawa sannan kuma a tsire-tsire a savanna. Mashahuran bishiyar baobab da aka samo a yankin suna matsayin alamun ƙasa. Ofayansu, mai suna James Chapman, ya yi aiki azaman ofishin aika wasiƙa mara izini don masu binciken ƙarni na 19.
Fauna Kananan dabbobin daji na iya wanzuwa a nan a lokacin tsananin bushewar iska mai tsananin zafi da ruwan gishiri kawai, amma bayan ruwan sama kwanon rufin ya zama muhimmin mazauni na dabbobi masu ƙaura ciki har da namun dawa da kuma ɗayan manyan alfadarin dawa, da manyan dabbobin da ke cin abincinsu. su. lokacin damshi kuma yana kawo tsuntsayen masu kaura kamar su agwagwa, geese da manyan fararen pelicans. Gwanon yana gida ne daga ɗayan mutane biyu da suka fi girma a flamingos a kudancin Afirka, kuma a kan Soa pan ne kawai, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Makgadikgadi Pans. Sauran adadin kiwo a Etosha ne, a Arewacin Namibiya. Tsuntsayen da ke nan a lokacin rani su ne jimina, masu hada-hadar kirji (Charadrius pallidus) da na Kittlitz (Charadrius pecuarius). Yankin ciyawar da ke gefen gefen kwanon ya kasance gida ne na dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar kunkuru, lura da dutse (Varanus albigularis), macizai da ƙadangare gami da ƙarshen Makgadikgadi spiny agama (Agama hispida makgadikgadiensis). Ruwan gishirin yankin gida ne na crustacean Moina belli.
Barazana da adanawa Kwanon gishirin ba shi da matsala sosai kuma sa hannun ɗan adam ya yi kadan don haka ba su cikin damuwa ba, ko da yake ana amfani da ƙasar da ke kewaye da kwanon don kiwo kuma an killace wasu yankuna, suna hana ƙaurawar dabbobin daji. Ayyukan kasuwanci na zamani don cire gishiri da tokar soda sun fara akan Sua Pan a cikin 1991, kuma akwai kuma shirin karkatar da ruwa daga Kogin Nata don ban ruwa, wanda zai haifar da mummunan lahani ga yanayin halittar kwanon gishirin. Wata barazanar ita ce ta amfani da kekuna hudu da motocin da ke kan hanya daga masu yawon bude ido, wanda ke dagula mazaunan kirar flamingos. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a wuraren shakatawa na kasa matsala ce ta ci gaba.
Akwai wasu yankuna masu kariya a cikin Makgadikgadi da Nxai Pan National Park. Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve shi ne wurin da aka yi ƙaura da yawa daga kogin Boteti har zuwa Nwetwe Pan, yayin da Wuraren Nata da ke Sua Pan wuri ne na ganin rayuwar tsuntsaye da dabbobin daji. A cikin Nxai Pan baobabs wanda zane-zane ɗan Biritaniya mai suna Thomas Baines ya zana har yanzu ana gani. Ana iya shiga yankin tsakanin garuruwan Nata da Maun, ko kuma daga garin Gweta.
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17406 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Littafin%20Taswira | Tsarin Littafin Taswira | Atlas Ya kasan ce wani tarin taswira ne galibi tarin taswirar Duniya ne ko yankin Duniya Atlases a al'adance ana ɗaure su ne a cikin sigar littafi, amma a yau atlass da yawa suna cikin sifofin multimedia Bugu da kari ya gabatar da yanayin siffofin da kuma siyasa iyaka, da yawa atlases sau da yawa kunshi geopolitical, zamantakewa, addini da kuma tattalin arziki statistics Suna kuma da bayanai game da taswira da wuraren da ke ciki.
Bayanin Lantarki Tunanin atlas a wajan tunaninta na zamani da kuma nau'ikan atlas a yadda ya dace sune aka kirkira kuma daga cikin gudummawar farko na masu zane-zanen Netherlandish na zamani, masu ilimin kasa da kasa galibi Gerardus Mercator (wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar 'atlas' don tarin taswira) da kuma Abraham Ortelius (wanda galibi aka san shi a matsayin mahaliccin atlas na farko na gaskiya a yanayin zamani Amfani da kalmar "atlas" a cikin mahallin yanki ya faro ne daga 1595 lokacin da Bajamushe-Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator ya buga Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura Atlas ko canjin yanayin duniya game da halittar duniya, da kuma duniya kamar yadda halitta ).Wannan taken yana ba da ma'anar kalmar Mercator a matsayin kwatancin halitta da sifar dukkan duniya,ba wai kawai a matsayin tarin taswira ba. Thearar da aka buga bayan mutuwar shekara guda bayan mutuwarsa rubutu ne mai fadi amma amma, yayin da bugu suka samo asali,ya zama kawai tarin taswira kuma a cikin wannan ma'anar ne aka yi amfani da kalmar daga tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai. Addinin neologism wanda Mercator ya kirkira alama ce ta girmamawa ga Titan, Atlas, "Sarkin Mauritania", wanda yake ganin shine babban masanin kasa.
Tarihin atlases Ya yi Aikin sa na farko wanda ya ƙunshi tsararren taswirori masu girman tsari iri ɗaya wanda yake wakiltar atlas na farko na zamani an shirya shi ta mai zane mai zane na Italiya Pietro Coppo a farkon ƙarni na 16, amma ba a buga shi a lokacin ba saboda haka ba a la'akari da atlas na farko. Maimakon haka, an ba da wannan take ga tarin taswirar Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ta mai ɗaukar hoto na Brabantian Abraham Ortelius wanda aka buga a 1570. Akwai, duk da haka, akwai bambanci sosai akan yadda aka buga atlases a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19 kuma a zamanin yau. Sabanin yanzu yawancin atlass ba a ɗaure suke ba kuma a shirye suke don abokin ciniki ya saya, amma abubuwan da suke iya yiwuwa an ajiye su daban. Abokin ciniki na iya canza abin da ke ciki zuwa yadda suke so, sanya taswirar launi haske ko ba haka ba kuma bayan mai bugawa da abokin ciniki sun yarda an ɗaura atlas. Saboda haka yana iya yiwuwa atlas ɗin da aka fara bugawa tare da shafi iri ɗaya suna iya zama daban-daban cikin abubuwan ciki.
Nau'in atlases Ana yin atlas ɗin tafiya don sauƙin amfani yayin tafiye-tafiye, kuma galibi yana da alaƙa ta karkace don haka za a iya ninka shi ƙasa (misali Kamfanin Taswira na AZ sanannen A-Z atlases). Yana da taswira a babban zuƙowa don haka za'a iya sake duba taswirar a sauƙaƙe. Hakanan ana iya kiran taswirar tafiya azaman taswirar hanya Atlas na tebur an yi kama da littafin tunani. Yana iya zama a cikin tsari ko takarda.
Akwai atlases na sauran duniyoyin (da tauraron dan adam dinsu) a cikin Tsarin Rana Atlases na anatomy ya wanzu, zana taswira daga gabobin jikin mutum ko wasu kwayoyin.
Zaɓaɓɓun atlases Wasu zane-zane masu mahimmanci ko kasuwanci sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
17th karni na baya
Atlas Sive Cosmographicae (Mercator, Duisburg, a cikin ƙasar yau ta Jamus, 1595)
Atlas Novus (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1635-1658)
Atlas Maior (Blaeu, Netherlands, 1662-1667)
Cartes générales de toutes les jam'iyyun du monde (Faransa, 1658-1676)
Dell'Arcano del Mare (Ingila Italia, 1645-1661)
Taswirar Piri Reis (Daular Ottoman, 1570-1612)
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius, Netherlands, 1570-1612)
Klencke Atlas (1660; ɗayan manyan littattafai a duniya)
Burtaniya John Ogilby, 1670-1676). 18th karni
Atlas Nouveau (Amsterdam, 1742)
Britannia Depicta (London, 1720)
Sabon Ingilishi na Ingilishi na Cary da Ingantacce (London, 1787)
19th karni
Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Jamus, 1881-1939; a Burtaniya kamar Times Atlas of the World, 1895)
Rand McNally Atlas (Amurka, 1881 yanzu)
Stielers Handatlas (Jamus, 1817-1944)
Times Atlas na Duniya (United Kingdom, 1895 present)
20th karni
Atlante Internazionale del Touring Club Italiano (Italia, 1927-1978)
Atlas Linguisticus (Austria, 1934)
Atlas Mira (Tarayyar Soviet Rasha, 1937 zuwa yanzu)
Masana ilimin geographers 'A-Z Street Atlas (United Kingdom, 1938 present)
Gran Atlas Aguilar (Spain, 1969/1970)
Atlas na Tarihi na Sin (China)
National Geographic Atlas na Duniya (Amurka, 1963 –a yanzu)
Pergamon Duniya Atlas (1962/1968)
21st karni
Arewacin Amurka Atlas.
Duba kuma Atlas of Our Changing Environment Bird atlas Cartogrphy
Cartopedia
Claud atlas
European Atlas of the Seas
Fictitious entry Geography Google Map Manifold NASA World Wind
National Atlas of the United States Star atlas TerraServer-USA
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Majiya
Akan asalin kalmar "Atlas" Atlases na kan layi
Duniya Atlas
ÖROK-Atlas Online Atlas akan ci gaban sararin samaniya a Austria
Geography Network
Taswirar Taswira ta Duniya, taswirar kan layi kyauta tare da taswira mai ma'amala game da batutuwa kamar yanayin ƙasa, tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya da muhalli.
Taswirar Kasa ta Kasa
Tarihin atlases
Atlases, a shafin karatun Laburaren Amurka na majalisar wakilai tattaunawa akan manyan atlass, tare da wasu zane-zane. Wani ɓangare na yanayin ƙasa da taswira, Jagora mai zane.
Atlases na Tarihi akan layi
Tarihin Tarihin Centennia ya buƙaci karatu a Kwalejin Naval na Amurka har tsawon shekaru goma.
Jerin shafukan yanar gizo na taswirar tarihi, Laburaren Perry Castañeda, Jami'ar Texas
Ryhiner Collection Composite atlas tare da taswira, tsare-tsare da ra'ayoyi daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18, suna mamaye duniya, tare da kusan hotuna 16,000 baki ɗaya.
Atlases na Manuscript waɗanda aka gudanar da Libakunan karatu na Jami'ar Pennsylvania an ba su cikakken lamba tare da kwatanci.
Atlas na Tarihi a cikin Cartography mai jan hankali, Tsarin PJ Mode, Laburaren Jami'ar Cornell
Sauran hanyoyin
Google Earth: zane-zanen 3D mai gani na gani.
NASA software ta duniya Wikimapia wikiproject ne wanda aka tsara shi don bayyana duk duniya.
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20332 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Jihar%20Kogi | Jami'ar Jihar Kogi | Jami'ar Jihar Kogi, (yanzu Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu) da ke Anyigba, ita ce jami'ar jihar ta Kogi, Nijeriya. Yarima Abubakar Audu, tsohon gwamnan jihar ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1999. A lokacin kafuwar ta, an san ta da sunan; Jami'ar Jihar Kogi, Daga baya aka sanya mata suna Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu (PAAU) a 2002, bayan gwamna mai ci a lokacin na jihar Kogi, wanda ya yi sanarwar kafa ta, daga baya kuma aka sauya mata suna. Jami'ar Jihar Kogi (KSU) a 2003 ta tsohon gwamna Ibrahim Idris sannan daga baya Gwamna Alhaji Yahaya Adoza Bello ya sauya mata suna zuwa; Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu a shekarar 2020 dangane da marigayi Abubakar Audu.
Farfesa SK Okwute (Farfesa na Chemistry) ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (2000-2005) kuma a yanzu ya koma Jami'ar Abuja. Farfesa FS Idachaba (OFR), Farfesa a fannin Noma-Tattalin Arziki, ya hau mulki tsakanin 2005 da 2008 sannan ya yi ritaya ya yi aiki a gidauniyar sa (FS Idachaba Foundation for Research and Scholarship) kafin rasuwarsa. Farfesa I. Isah (Farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar sinadarai), daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya fara aiki ne a watan Oktoba na 2008. Mataimakin shugaban gwamnati mai ci Farfesa Marietu Tenuche A cikin shekarar 2017 kungiyar malaman jami'o'in (ASUU) reshen KSU ta kasance cikin rikicin masana'antu tare da gwamnatin jihar kan rashin biyan albashi na wasu watanni. Gwamnatin jihar ta zargi malaman makarantar da siyasantar da rikice-rikicen masana’antar sannan ta ba da umarnin komawa cikin aji kai tsaye ko kuma mukamansu za su ayyana babu komai a kan sabbin aikace-aikace. Bayan kwanaki da yawa na kin komawa ajin, Gwamna Bello wanda ke Ziyartar makarantar ya sanar da haramta kungiyar ASUU da kuma ficewa daga kungiyar ta ASUU.
Fannonin (Kwaleji) Jami'ar Jihar Kogi tana da fannoni 7
Fannin Noma Tattalin Arziki da Fadada
Noman amfanin gona
Dabarar kiwon Dabbobi da ƙirƙirar su
Masunta da Kiwon kifi
Kimiyyar Kasa
Gwaninta da abinda ya shafi Ɗan'adam Tarihi da karatun duniya
Turanci da Nazarin Adabi
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da gwaninta
Larabci
Falsafa
Doka Dokar gama gari
Shari'ar Musulunci
Kimiyyar Zamani Ɓangaren Sadarwa da yaɗa labarai
Tattalin arziki
Kimiyyar Siyasa
Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma
Ilimin hasas hen yanayi Tsare-tsare
Abinda ya shafi Ilimi Ilimin Lissafi
Ilimin sinadarai
Ilimin da ya shafi jiki
Ilimin ilimin halittu
Ilimin CRS
Ilimin Musulunci
Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai
Ilimin ɗan adam da Ilimin Kiwan lafiya
Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma
Ilimin Tattalin Arziki
Ilimin Ingilishi
Ilimin ilimin kasa
Kimiyyar Halitta Kimiyyar lissafi
Ingantaccen Masana'antu
Jiki
Shuka da Fasahar kere kere
Ilimin kasa da kasa
Ilimin halittu kanana
Biochemistry
Ilimin dabbobi
Kimiyyar Gudanarwa Accounting
Banki da Kudi
Gudanar da Jama'a
Gudanar da Kasuwanci
Jami'ar Jihar Kogi ta fara ayyukan ilimi a cikin Afrilu, 2000 tare da fannoni shida: Kwarewar Aikin Noma, Arts da Humanities, Dokar, Kimiyyar Gudanarwa, Kimiyyar Halitta da Kimiyyar Zamani. Jami'ar ta kara da kafa Fannin ilimin magani tare da ofis mai fadi da hadaddun dakin gwaje-gwaje. An kafa Cibiyar Bada Digiri da Nazarin Diploma ne a karkashin gwamnatin yanzu ta Jami’ar don gudanar da shirye-shiryen difloma da digiri. Dalibai na shirin digiri na farko zasu iya samun shiga cikin shirin digiri idan sun yi nasara a cikin gwaji na ciki kuma ba sa buƙatar rubuta jarrabawar Post-UTME.
Dukkan fannonin da cibiyar karatun kwaskwarima da difloma suna wuri guda saboda an shirya jami'a ta zama birni na kanta. Babu wuraren karatun tauraron dan adam. Koyaya akwai kira da yawa cewa jami'ar ta rarraba ta hanyar tura wasu daga cikin ikonta musamman Kwalejin Magani zuwa yamma ko Tsakiyar jihar.
Jami'ar na ba da kwasa-kwasai da yawa kan batutuwa kamar su magani, shari'a, microbiology, biochemistry, geology (haɗin injiniya da ilimin ƙasa), kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, kimiyyar kwamfuta, gudanarwar jama'a, kimiyyar ɗan adam, ilimin sunadarai na masana'antu, ƙididdiga, gudanar da kasuwanci, lissafi, banki kudi, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, abinci, abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar gida, injiniyan noma, noman kayan gona, samar da dabbobi, kimiyyar kasa, kimiyyar abinci da fasaha, masunta da gandun daji, karatun addinin musulunci, addini da falsafa, Ingilishi, tarihi da karatun kasa da kasa, ilimin halayyar dan adam, taro sadarwa, tattalin arziki, da ilmin sunadarai. Kashi 98% na kwasa-kwasan da aka bayar a jami'ar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Najeriya (NUC) ce ta amince da su.
Kodayake ba sanannen mashahuriya bace jami'ar na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawu a Afirka, tare da sanya wasu daga cikin sassan ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masanan Najeriya da ƙungiyoyin ilimi a matsayin mafi kyawu a Najeriya. Wasu 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an bayyana Fannin Shari'a a matsayin mafi kyau a Nijeriya, kuma ya kasance cikin mafi kyau a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Hakanan an ƙaddamar da sashen Geology a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyau a Afirka, tare da Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, da Jami'ar Ibadan. A halin yanzu, tana ɗaukar ɗakin karatu wanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin tarin littattafai na musamman masu tsada, kayan aiki, da tashar Geologic, waɗanda ƙungiyar Ci gaban Man Fetur ta Shell ta ba da gudummawarsu a matsayin yabawa da sashen keɓaɓɓiyar halayyar haɓaka ƙwarewar ilimi. Har ila yau, jami'ar na cike da kayayyakin aiki wanda a cewar wasu majiyoyin da ba a bayyana ba, ga daliban za su iya samun damar gudanar da bincike na ilimi, gata ce da ba a saba da ita ba a tsakanin sauran jami'o'in Najeriya. Sananne ne E-laburaren Jami'ar; babban tsari mai kayan aiki wanda yake shi kaɗai ne kuma ya banbanta da babban ɗakin karatun makarantar. Majiyoyi suna da cewa akwai wasu 'yan jami'o'in Najeriya kamar su Jami'ar covenant (jami'a mai zaman kanta) waɗanda ke alfahari da ɗakunan karatu na E-shi kaɗai.
Duk da rashin isassun kudade wanda shine babban kalubale na jami'o'in jihohi idan aka kwatanta da jami'o'in tarayya, KSU an sanya mata jami'a tare da mafi kyawun aiwatar da albarkatu don ci gaba ta Gidauniyar Ilimi don Tasiri.
Dalibai Jami'ar ta fara ne da ɗalibai kimanin 751in 2000, amma wanda kamar yadda a shekarar 2009/2010 gurbin bada shigar jami'an ya karu zuwa kusan 16,000, kuma yanzu ya kai kusan 50,000 a 2016. Hakanan an san shi da ɗayan mafi kyawun jami'oi a cikin aikin shigarta, shigar da ɗalibai ta hanyar cancanta, kuma ƙari bisa cancanta. An sanya shi a matsayin babbar jami'a mai tasowa a Nijeriya, kuma ɗayan irinta, a Afirka. Jami'ar kamar sauran mutane tana da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Dalibai (SUG) mai aiki. A cikin 2014 duk da haka an dakatar da SUG saboda tashin hankali yayin zabukan kuma daga baya aka dawo da shi a cikin 2016 (gwamnatin rikon kwarya ce ke tafiyar da ita har zuwa lokacin). Zabe na gaba ya fi nasara sosai kuma ya samar da Phillip Omepa a matsayin shugaba da Suleiman, Farouq Omale a matsayin Daraktan walwala. A cikin shekarar 2018 an zargi Gwamna Yahaya Bello da shirin kulla makarkashiyar sanya ‘yan takarar da aka zaba a matsayin shugabannin kungiyar daliban. Kodayake ba su da shahara kamar takwarorinta na tarayya kamar Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'o'in Jihar Kogi da yawa daga cikin manyan kamfanoni sun sanya suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in Afirka bisa la'akari da tsarin ilimi na musamman na wadanda suka kammala karatunsu. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2017, Jami'ar a hukumance ta yanke jiki da kanta daga Kungiyar Hadaddiyar Ma’aikatan Jami’o’i: inuwar kungiyar ma’aikatan jami’o’in Najeriya. Saboda haka, shirye-shiryen ilimi sun daidaita kuma suna sauri, ba tare da yajin aiki da ya sabawa na jami'o'in membobin ASUU ba. An sabunta 2019
Duba kuma Jami'ar Tarayya, Lokoja
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jami'ar Confluence Tashar yanar gizo Pages with unreviewed translations
Jami'o'i a |
41969 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laayoune | Laayoune | Laâyoune j n lah-YOON, kuma UK l aɪ ly-, French: [la.ajun] ko El Aaiún ɛ l aɪ j n EL eye- (Y)OON, Spanish: [el (a) ʝun] Hassaniya Larabci romanized: Berber languages The Springs birni ne mafi girma a yankin yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, yana da yawan jama'a 217,732 a shekara ta 2014. Birnin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Maroko. Ana zaton kyaftin ɗin Spain, Antonio de Oro ne ya kafa birnin na zamani a shekara ta 1938. A cikin 1940, Spain ta ayyana shi a matsayin babban birnin Saharar Spain lardin Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra ne wanda Morocco ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin kulawar tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, MINURSO.
An raba birnin gida biyu daga kogin Saguia el-Hamra (river). A gefen kudu kuma akwai tsohon ƙaramin gari, wanda ƴan mulkin mallaka na Spain suka gina. Tun daga wannan zamanin yana aiki har yanzu; (priests) suna hidima a wannan birni da Dakhla dake a yankin kudu.
Tarihi Laâyoune ko El Aaiún su ne fassarar Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya na ɗaya daga cikin yiwuwar Romanized Maghrebi Arabic, sunayen Larabci na birni: Layoun, wanda ke nufin "maɓuɓɓugan ruwa", dangane da tudun ruwa da ke samar da ruwan garin. Garin dai ya kasance wurin da ake kira Zemla Intifada hakan ya faru a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, 1970, wanda ya kai ga kisan kiyashin da, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 2 zuwa 11.
Yanayi Birnin Laayoune, na da yanayin hamada mai zafi Köppen climate classification BWh wanda Canary Current ya daidaita shi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara fiye da matakin Canjin yanayi A rahoton shekara ta 2019 wanda aka buga a jaridar PLOS One, an kiyasta cewa ƙarƙashin Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, yanayin "matsakaici" na canjin yanayi inda ɗumamar duniya ta kai zuwa 2100, yanayin Laayoune a cikin 2050 zai fi kama da yanayin Alexandria na yanzu. Yanayi na shekara-shekara zai ƙaru da da zafin rana mafi zafi a matakin, yayin da zafin watan mafi sanyi zai ragu da A ta bakin Climate Action Tracker, yanayin zafi na yanzu yana bayyana daidai da wanda yayi daidai da RCP 4.5.
Alkaluma Birnin Laayoune, na da yawan jama'a 217,732 kuma shine birni mafi girma a Yammacin Sahara.
Tattalin arziki da matsayi Birnin ya kasance cibiyar kamun kifi da kuma hako ma'adinan phosphate a yankin. A shekara ta 2010, ƙasar ta yi tattaunawa da sabuwar yarjejeniyar kamun kifi da Turai kan kamun kifi a teku.
Wasanni Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta birnin ita ce Jeunesse Massira. Kulob ɗin yana taka leda a rukunin na biyu na Morocco, gasar kwallon kafa ta biyu mafi girma a ƙasar. Jeunesse Massira na amfani da filin wasa na Stade Sheikh Mohamed Laghdaf, domin atasayen ƴan wasa, gami da buga wasanni a ciki.
Sufuri Filin jirgin saman Hassan I ne ke hidima ta zirga-zirga a birnin na Laayoune.
Ilimi Makarantu a Laâyoune sun haɗa da makarantar Sipaniya ta duniya, Colegio Español La Paz, mallakar gwamnatin Spain.
Ofishin jakadanci A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2019, Comoros ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta buɗe ofishin jakadancinta a Laayoune don tallafawa da'awar Moroccan ga Yammacin Sahara. A watan Janairu 2020, ƙasar Gabon ta buɗe ƙaramin ofishin jakadancin a Laayoune. Daga baya sai, São Tomé and Principe, Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Burundi, Eswatini, Zambia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Bahrain, kuma sun buɗe ofisoshin jakadancin a Laayoune.
Hotuna
Duba kuma Jerin garuruwa a Yammacin Sahara
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Official TV channel
Official radio channel
Laayoune
Articles containing Arabic-language |
6232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri | Warri | Warri birni ne, da ke a jihar Delta, a Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Delta. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane dubu dari shida da sittin da uku. Birnin Warri cibiya ne na man-fetur da ke kudu-maso-kudancin kasannan, kuma gidan gwamnati na Jihar Delta na cikinta. Itace matsayin yankin gundumar Turawan Mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Warri ta hada yanki da Sapele, duk da cewa a yanzu an hade yankunan Sapele kamar su Okere, Agbassa, Uvwie, Okpe, da kuma Udu a matsayin yankin babban Birnin Warri. Akwai gidajen Osubi da filin jirgin sama guda daya a garin. Kalmar "Gundumar Warri" a da tana nufin wani yanki na jihar Delta, wanda ke karkashin mulkin turawa na yankin Kudancin Najeriya. Ta hada yanki da Sapele daga Arewa-maso-Gabas, da kuma Rafin Forcados daga Kudu-maso-Gabas, sai kuma Jameson Creek daga kudu-maso-yamma wanda daga baya ta koma karkashin gundumar Delta. Effurun itace matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin birnin. Birnin Warri tana daya daga cikin maya-manyan cibiyoyi sarrafa da kuma kasuwancin man-fetur dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace babban birnin kuma cibiyar kasuwanci na jihar Delta, da yawan mutane akalla mutum 311,970 dangane da kidayar shekara ta 2006. Asalin mazauna birnin sun kasance mutanen harsunan Urhobo, Ijaw da Itsekiri. Sannan mafi aksarin mazauna garin kiristoci ne, duk da dai har yanzu akwai kadan dake bin akidar bautan gargajiya na kudancin Najeriya. Birnin tayi fice a harshen Turancin Pijin (Pidjin English).
Tarihi Warri a da ta kasance babban birnin gundumar mulkin Turawa. Daga bisani an hade Lagos da Yankin Kudancin Najeriya a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallakan Turawa a ranar 28 ga watan February 1906, kuma an daura Walter Egerton a matsayin gwamnan yankin wanda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1912.
Birnin Warri na nan a gaban kogin Warri wacce ta hade kogin Forcados da na Escravos ta Jones Creek a can yankin Delta. Tarihin garin ya fara ne a karni na 15 lokacin da malaman kiristoci daga Portugal suka kawo masu ziyara. Daga baya kuma ta zamo cibiyar cinikayyar bayi tsankanin Portugal da Germany. Warri ta zamo birni mai daraja a karni na 19 musamman ta dalilin tashan jirgin ruwa da ake sufurin man-ja zuwa kasashen ketare.
Sannan Warri ta zamo cibiyar gundumomi na Turawa a karni na 20. Ta samu cigaba sosai, ta tashi daga kauye ta zamo birni.
Jama'a Mafi akasarin mutanen warri sun kasance daga harsunan Urhobo, Itsekiri da kuma Ijaw. Amma saboda bunkasa da cigaban garin, akwai mutane dayawa daga sassa daban daban na kasar.
Yanayi Birnin na fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama da kuma matsakaicin danshi. Yanayin garin ya fada a monsoon wanda ya rabu zuwa yanayi biyu; lokacin damuna da lokacin rani. Rani yakan fara a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa April kuma ya kunshi yanayin sanyin harmattan mai zuwa da kura da hazo. Lokacin damunan yana farawa ne daga watan Mayu zuwa October da rashin ruwa na dan lokaci acikin watan Augusta. Yanayin garin na da halayyar tropical monsoon climate da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara a 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Ruwan sama a shekara yakan kai 2,770 mm (109 in). Yanayi na zafi yakan kai 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). Kasan garin na dauke da isassun ciyayi, sannan akwai itacen timber, Palm da sauran itacen marmari.
Arziki da gine-gine Akwai Warri Refinery da kuma Petrochemicals a Ekpa, da sauran kamfanonin mai na gida da na kasashen waje a sassa daban daban da ke kusa. Tana daya daga cikin manya manyan tashoshi jiragen ruwa na Najeriya wanda ke nan a Ugbuwangue, Warri.
Saboda rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman na 1999, mafi yawanci kamfanonin sun ruga zuwa babban birnin da kuma sassan gefe-gefe.
Tsaro Akwai barikin sojoji a garin Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) wanda ke nan a Effurun.
Sojin ruwan Najeriya suna gudanar da harkokinsu a yankin tashar.
Sannan har wayau sojin saman Najeria na da bariki a garin (61 Nigerian Air force).
Wasanni Warri na da filin wasannin kwallon kafa wanda ke da fadin dibar mutane 30,000. Wanda shine filin wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa na gida na Warri Wolves.
Sarrafe-sarrafe A cikin birin akwai manya manyan matatun man fetur, sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafe karafa watau Delta Steel Company wanda kenan a yankin Ovwian–Aladja dake karamar hukumar Udu. Sanna akwai kamfanin sarrafa gilasai na Beta Glass daga wajen birnin Ughelli, wanda ke da tarin silica da silicates da ake amfani dasu wajen hada gilasai. Sannan har wayau akwai kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Transcorp Power wanda kenan a Ughelli.
Sufuri
Jirgin kasa A farkon shekara ta 1991, an fara hada titin jirgin kasan daga kamfanonin sarrafa karafa na Ajaokuta zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Warri wanda ke da nisan kiloitoci 275. Zuwa shekara ta 2006, titin jirgin ya kai kilomita 329 amma har yanzu ba'a kammala sauran kilomita 27 da ya rage zuwa Warri ba. An cigaba da aikin titin a shekara ta 2010. Gwamnati tayi bikin bude titin a watan Satumba shekara ta 2020.
Tituna Gwamnatin garin ta kara gyara manyan hanyoyin garin don kara wa garin kyawu.
Jirgin Sama Akwai wuraren saukan helikoptoci a wasu manyan kamfanonin man fetur a garin
Jiragen Ruwa Sufurin kayayyaki ta ruwa na gudana ne karkashin kulawar Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) wanda yawanci ya kunshi shigowa da kaya da fitasu daga wasun manyan kamfanoni.
Wuraren Ilimi
Jami'oi Akwai manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare da dama da suka hada da;
College of Education at Edjeba, Warri
The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri
Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri
Nigeria Maritime University Okerenkoko, Warri
Makarantun Sakandare Makarantun Sakandare sun hada da:
Yonwuren Secondary School, Warri
College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri
Twin Fountain Group of Schools
Cambridge International School
Delta Careers College
Federal Government College
Hussey College, Warri
Nana College, Warri
Dom Domingos College, Warri
Delta Secondary School, Warri
Dore Numa College, Warri
Essi College, Warri
Uwangue College, Warri
Urhobo College, Effurun
Classical International Schools
Ugborikoko Secondary School
Army Day Secondary School, Effurun College of Commerce Warri
DSC Technical High School, Ovwian-Aladja
Our Lady's High School, Effurun
Mega Stars Christian School, Udu
Eagles Height School, Ajamhimogha
Makarantun firamare
Makarantun firamare sun hada da:
Ogiame Primary School, Warri
Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri
Cavagina Primary School, Warri
Twin Fountain Group of Schools
HillTop
International Unity School (IUS)
NNPC Staff Primary School
SNAPS
Alderstown School for the Deaf
Kids Compute Academy
Wuraren bude ido Akwai wuraren bude ido da dama da mutum zai iya ziyarta a Warri.
Nana Living History Museum
Red Mangrove swamp
Falcorp Mangrove Park Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery.
Warri Township Stadium
Shell club, Ogunu
Shahararrun mutanen
Isaiah Ogedegbe, faston kuma marubuci
Manazarta
Biranen |
49035 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashohin%20jini | Tashohin jini | Tasoshin jini sune abubuwan d suka shafi tsarin zagayen jini wanda ke jigilar jini a cikin jikin dan-Adam. Wadannan tasoshin suna jigilar kwayoyin jini, kayan abinci, da iskar oxygen zuwa namar jikin mutum. Hakanan suna ɗaukar abubuwan da jiki baya bukarta da carbon dioxide daga gabban tissue. Ana buƙatar tasoshin jini don ci gaba da rayuwa, saboda dukkanin gabobin tissues na jiki sun dogara da ayyukan su. Akwai nau'ikan tasoshin jini guda biyar: arteries, wadanda ke fitar da jini daga zuciya arterioles capillaries, inda musayar ruwa da sinadarai tsakanin jini da tissues ke faruwa; venules da veins, waɗanda ke ɗaukar jini daga capillaries zuwa zuciya.
Kalmar vascular, ma'anar da ke da alaka da tasoshin jini, ta samo asali ne daga Latin vas, ma'ana rumbu. Wasu tsaruka irin su guringuntsi, epithelium, da lens da cornea na ido ba su da alaka da tasoshin jini kuma ana masu lakabi da avascular Ma'anonin kalmomi artery: Turancin karshen Tsakiyar Zamani; daga Latin arteria, daga Girkanci artēria, mai yiwuwa daga airein ("tasowa")
vein jijiya Turancin Tsakiyar Zamani; daga tsohuwar Faransanci veine, daga Latin vena. Abubuwan da aka sani na farko sune "tashohin jini" da "kananan tashar ruwa ta karkashin kasa".
capillary tsakiyar karni na 17; daga Latin capillaris, daga capillus ("gashi"), ya samo tushe daga Tsohon Faransanci capillaire Tsari Jijiyoyin j wato atteries da veins suna da shimfidu guda uku. Shimfida ta tsakiya ta fi kauri a cikin wadannan jinjiyoyin jini wato arteries fiye da yadda a cikin jijiyoyin veins:
Shimfida ta ciki, tunica intima, itace shimfida mafi siranta daga ciki. Nau'i ce ta kwayar halittar sel mai shimfida guda ɗaya mai sauƙi squamous epithelium wanda aka manne ta hanyar polysaccharide intercellular matrix, kuma an kewaye ta da wata shimfida mara kauri na subendothelial connective tissue an nannade ta tare da wani nau'i na abubuwa da suke a zagaye wanda ake kira da internal elastic lamina. Wani siririn membrane mai talewa a cikin tunica intima yana tafiya daidai da wannan rumbu na jini.
Shimfida ta tsakiya tunica media itace mafi kauri a cikin shimfidun na jijiyoyin arteries. Ta ƙunshi wani nau'in elastic fiber, connective tissue, da abubuwan polysaccharide, Shimfida ta biyu da ta uku an raba su da wani bandeji mai kauri da ake kira lamina wanda ke talewa ta waje. Kafofin tunica media na iya zama wadatattu (musamman a cikin arteries) da tsoka masu santsi na jijiyoyin jini, wanda ke sarrafa ma'aunin tashohin jini. Jijiyoyin ba su da lamina mai talewa ta waje, amma na ciki ne kawai. Tashohin tunica media sun fi kauri a cikin arteries maimakon veins.
Layer na waje itace tunica adventitia kuma itace shimfida mafi kauri acikin veins. An yi shi gaba ɗaya da connective tissue. Har ila yau, ta ƙunshi jijiyoyi waɗanda kejigilar jini da kuma kayan abinci na gina jiki vasa vasorum a cikin manyan hanyoyin jini.
Capillaries sun ƙunshi nau'in shimfida guda ɗaya na endothelial cell tare da subendothelium mai goyan baya wanda ya ƙunshi membrane na ginshiƙi da nama mai haɗi.
Ire-ire Akwai ire-iren tashohin jini daban daban:
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins
Manyan tashohin jini, irinsu subclavian vein, jugular vein, renal vein da kuma iliac vein.
Venae cavae (jijiyoyin veins guda biyu mafi girma, suna daukar jini zuwa zuciya).
Sinusoids
Kananan tashohin jini da ke a tsakanin bone marrow, da spleen, da kuma hanta.
Amfani Muhimmin amfanin tashoshin jini shine sufurin Jini. A dunkule, jijiyoyi da arterioles suna sufurin jini mai dauke da oxygen daga Huhu zuwa jiki da sauran gabobin jiki, sa'annan kuma jijiyoyin veins suna daukar jini da bai dauke da oxygen (wato deoxygenated blood) daga sassan jiki zuwa huhu. Har ila yau, tashohin jini (artery) suna zagayar da jini zuwa daukakin Circulatory system. Iskar Oxygen (wanda ke alaka da hemoglobin acikin red blood cells) shine nau'in kayan abinci na gina jiki mafii muhimmanci da jinin ke dauka. A cikin dukkanin wadannan jijiyoyi, amma banda Pulmonary artery, kowannensu cike yake makil da hemoglobin (95–100%) da kuma oxygen. A cikin dukkanin jijiyoyin veins su ma, amma banda pulmonary vein, adadin yawan Hemoglobin ya kai kusan kashi 75%. (Adadin suna zama ko akasin hakan acikin pulmonary circulation). Bayan sufurin iskar oxygen, har ila yau jini yana daukar hormones, abubuwan da jiki baya bukata, da kuma sinadaran gina jiki daga cikin kwayoyin halittar jiki.
Tashoshin jini ba kai tsaye suke gudanar da sufurin jini ba. An tunkuda jini cikin jijiyoyin arteries da arterioles ta hanyar wani matsin lamba wanda bugun zuciya ke haifarwa. Har ila yau, tashoshin jini suna sufurin jajayen kwayoyin jini red blood cells wanda ke dauke da iskar oxygen da jiki ke bukata don gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullum. Adadin jajayen kwayoyin sel da ke cikin tashoshin jinin mutum na da illa ga lafiyarsa. Ana iya gudanar da gwajin Hematocrit don lissafa adadin yawan jajayen kwayoyin sel acikin jinin mutum. Idan adadin yayi yawa sosai ka iya haifar da matsalar ruwan jiki wato dehydration ko kuma cututtukan zuciya, yayin da karancinsa kuma na iya haifar da cutar Anemia ko kuma asarar jini na tsawon lokaci.
Girman Tashar jinin Jijiyoyin Arteries— da veins zuwa wani matsayi— sukan iya sarrafa girman cikinsu hadewar shimfidar jijiya. Hakan yana sanya gudanar jini zuwa gabobin da ke kasa, kuma hakan ya danganta da tsarin autonomic nervous system.
Girman wadannan tashoshin jini sun bambanta a tsakaninsu. Sun fara daga girman dayamita na 25 millimeters a aorta, zuwa 8 micrometers acikin capillaries. Wannan yana fitowa har zuwa ninki 3000. Vasoconstriction shine matsewar tashar jini (zama karama) ta hanyar matsewar jijiyar vascular smooth muscle a jikin bangon tashar jini. Vasoconstrictors (abubuwan da ke janyo vasoconstriction) ne ke sarrafa ta.
Gudanar jini Tsarin circulatory system yana amfani da tashoshin jini wajen jigilar jini zuwa sassa daban daban na jiki. Wannan na faruwa ne a dalilin gabobin dama da na hagu da ke aiki a tare wajen tabbatar da gudanar jini zuwa huhu da wasu sassan jikin mutum. Jinin da ke dauke da karancin oxygen yana shiga gefen zuciya ta dama ta cikin waje jijiyoyi manya guda biyu. Jinin da ke cike makil da iskar oxygen daga huhu tana shiga gefen hagu cikin aorta zuwa sauran sassan jiki. Capillaries ke da alhakin barin jini ya samu oxygen ta hanyar wasu 'yan kananan ramuka acikin huhu. Haka zalika, wannan ma yana faruwa acikin huhu inda ake kirkirar jini.
Ana auna tunkudar jini a cikin tashohin jini a matsayin millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg 133 Pa). Acikin tsarin Artey ya kan kai kimanin 120 mmHg (high pressure wave a dalilin motsin zuciya) da kuma 80 mmHg (low pressure wave). Bambancin kuma, tumkuda acikin jijiyoyin veins madawwama ne mawuyaci ne su wuce 10 mmHg.
Tsawon tashar jini itace gabaki daya tsawon tashar jini idan aka auna daga zuciya.
Cuta Tashoshin jini suna taka muhimmiyar rawa acikin akalla kowanne yanayi da lafiya. Misali, cancer bata iya yaduwa har sai kumburin ya janyo angiogenesis {kirkirar sabbin tashoshin jini) don isar da harkokin ruwa da kwayoyin halitta ke bukata. Atherosclerosis wanda ke nufin ruftawar tashoshin jini a dalilin ginuwar plaque samuwar wasu sabbin abubuwa acikin jijiyoyin veins, da kuma coronary artery disease wanda ke biyo bayan hakan kan janyo, heart attack, ko kuma cardiac arrest kuma shine abinda yafi komai kashe mutane a duniya, wanda ya yanyo mutuwar akalla mutum miliyan 8.9 ko kuma kaso 16% na gabaki daya adadin mace-mace a duniya.
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