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But small intestine adenocarcinomas are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers, so routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended. | Small intestine cancers are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers. Routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended. |
For people at high risk | For people at high risk |
锘縁or people with certain inherited genetic syndromes who are at increased risk of small intestine cancer, doctors might recommend regular tests to look for cancer early, especially in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). | 锘縎ome people with certain inherited genetic syndromes are at increased risk of small intestine cancer. Doctors may recommend regular tests to look for this cancer before symptoms are present. Especially for disease in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). |
Tests that might be done include upper endoscopy (in which a long tube with a tiny video camera on the end is passed down the throat, through the stomach, and into the duodenum), CT scans, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). | Tests that might be done include >upper endoscopy (in which a long tube with a tiny video camera on the end is passed down the throat, through the stomach, and into the duodenum). >CT scans. >endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). |
See Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) to learn more about these tests. | See Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) to learn more about these tests. |
Original Text | Simplified Text |
Screening is testing for a disease, such as cancer, in people without symptoms. | Screening is checking for disease, like cancer, in people who are not having any problems. |
Some of the tests that can be used to screen for stomach cancer (also known as gastric cancer), such as upper endoscopy, are described in Tests for Stomach Cancer . | Some of the tests that doctors can use to screen people for stomach cancer (also known as gastric cancer), like upper endoscopy, are talked about in Tests for Stomach Cancer . |
Stomach cancer screening in people at average risk | Stomach cancer screening in people at average risk |
No major medical organizations in the United States recommend routine screening for stomach cancer in people at average risk. | Most groups of doctors agree that you should not have routine screening for stomach cancer if you do not have problems that would give you a bigger chance of getting it. |
This is largely because this disease isn鈥檛 common in the US, so the benefits of screening most likely would not outweigh the possible harms (such as needing additional tests or procedures, even in some people who might not end up having stomach cancer). | This is mostly because this cancer does not happen very often in the US, so getting the screening tests would probably cause more bad than good. |
Because routine screening for stomach cancer is not done in the United States, most people are not diagnosed with stomach cancer until they have certain signs and symptoms that point to the need for medical tests. | Because routine screening for stomach cancer is not done in the United States, most people do not find out they have stomach cancer until they are having problems and need to have tests. |
In some countries in East Asia and South America, where stomach cancer is much more common, mass screening of the population has helped find many stomach cancers at an early, possibly more curable stage. | In some countries in East Asia and South America, where many more people have stomach cancer, it has been helpful to do more routine screening to find more stomach cancers when they are just starting and might be cured. |
However, it鈥檚 not clear if this has led to a lower number of stomach cancer deaths. | But, no one is sure if this will help lower the number of people who die from stomach cancer. |
Stomach cancer screening in people at increased risk | Stomach cancer screening in people at increased risk |
The benefits of screening might outweigh the risks in some people who are at increased risk for stomach cancer because they have certain risk factors (for example, certain potentially pre-cancerous stomach conditions or inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP]). | It might be helpful to screen people who have risk factors that give them a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer. Some of these factors are potentially pre-cancerous stomach conditions or inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP]). |
For example, upper endoscopy might be recommended at regular intervals in these people. | People with these risk factors might need to get endoscopies when their doctor says they should. |
If you have risk factors that might increase your risk of stomach cancer, talk to your doctor about the possible pros and cons of stomach cancer screening for you. | If you have risk factors that might give you a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer, talk to your doctor to see if you need to have cancer screening. |
Screening isn't usually recommended for people in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). | Most of the time, doctors do not think that people in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) need to have screening tests. |
Instead, doctors often recommend that people who have changes in the CDH1 gene that causes this syndrome consider having their stomach removed (total gastrectomy), because their risk of stomach cancer is very high. | But, a lot of the time, doctors want people who have changes in the CDH1 gene that causes this syndrome to think about having their stomach taken out (total gastrectomy), because their chance of getting stomach cancer is very big. |
Original Text | Simplified Text |
Stomach cancer is caused by certain changes to the way stomach cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. | Stomach cancer is caused by changes in stomach cells, mostly how they grow and split into new cells. |
There are many risk factors for stomach cancer, but many do not directly cause cancer. | There are a lot of risk factors for stomach cancer, but a lot of them do not actually cause cancer. |
Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to stomach cancer. | But, they give you a bigger chance of having changes in your cells that can turn in to stomach cancer. |
To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer? . | To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer? . |
A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. | A risk factor is anything that gives you a bigger chance of getting a disease (sickness). |
Some risk factors for stomach cancer, like tobacco use, can be changed. | Some risk factors for stomach cancer, like using tobacco, can be changed. |
However, risk factors also include things people cannot change, like their age and family history . | But, risk factors can also be things people cannot change, like their age and sicknesses in their family. |
Learning about risk factors for stomach cancer is important because it can help you make choices that might prevent or lower your risk of getting it. | Learning about risk factors for stomach cancer is important because it can help you make choices (or do things) that might keep you from or give you a smaller chance of getting it. |
Who gets stomach cancer | Who gets stomach cancer |
Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. | Stomach cancer is ranked #5 on the list of cancers that most people have. |
It is more common in countries in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South and Central America than in the United States and other Western countries. | It happens more in countries in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South and Central America than in the United States and other Western countries. |
Anyone can get stomach cancer. | Anybody can get stomach cancer. |
In the United States, the disease occurs more often among Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals than among White individuals. | In the United States, the disease happens more in Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native people than in White people. |
Males are nearly twice as likely as females to be diagnosed with stomach cancer, and Black males are nearly twice as likely as White males to die of it. | Men get it more than women and Black men get it more than White men. |
In recent years, stomach cancer rates have been increasing in younger females, particularly among Hispanic females. | In these past few years, the number of people who are getting stomach cancer has grown in younger women, mostly Hispanic women. |
Stomach cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but the risk increases as a person gets older. | You can get stomach cancer at any age, but your chances of getting it gets bigger as you get older. |
Risk factors for stomach cancer | Risk factors for stomach cancer |
There are several risk factors for stomach cancer. | There are some risk factors for stomach cancer. |
Different risk factors may increase the risk of cancer in different parts of the stomach. | Some risk factors can give you more of a chance of cancer in different parts of the stomach. |
For example, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection increases the risk of cancer in the lower and middle part of the stomach, while obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) increase the risk of cancer in the upper stomach. | Like, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection gives you more of a chance of getting cancer in the bottom and middle part of the stomach, and being too big and having gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) gives you more of a chance in upper stomach. |
H. pylori infection | H. pylori infection |
Chronic infection of the mucosal layer of the stomach with H. pylori is a major risk factor for stomach cancer. | H. pylori infection in the wall of the stomach that does not get better is a big risk factor for stomach cancer. |
This bacterium spreads from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit, or stool. | You can get this infection from someone who has the infection by touching their spit, throw-up or poop. |
Although many people with chronic H. pylori infections do not have symptoms, some develop stomach ulcers or an inflammation of the stomach called atrophic gastritis. | Many people who have had H. pylori infection for a long time do not have problems, but some get stomach ulcers or a swollen stomach called atrophic gastritis. |
In some people, atrophic gastritis leads to increasingly severe changes in the stomach lining and eventually to stomach cancer or gastric MALT lymphoma (see What Is Stomach Cancer? ). | In some people, atrophic gastritis can cause big changes in the wall of the stomach and can later turn into stomach cancer or gastric MALT lymphoma. |
Treatment of H. pylori infections reduces the risk of these types of stomach cancer. | Getting treatment for H. pylori infections gives you a small chance of getting one of these types of stomach cancer. |
Other medical conditions | Other medical conditions |
The risk of stomach cancer is increased in people who have | The chance of getting stomach cancer is bigger in people who have |
>chronic atrophic gastritis (thinning of the stomach lining caused by long-term inflammation of the stomach) | >chronic atrophic gastritis (change in the wall of the stomach caused by swelling of the stomach that has been there a long time) |
>atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (a condition in which the cells that line the stomach are replaced by cells that normally line the intestines) | >atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (when the cells that are in the wall of the stomach are switched out by cells that are normally in the wall of the intestines) |
>Epstein-Barr virus infection | >Epstein-Barr virus infection |
>pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition in which the intestines can鈥檛 properly absorb vitamin B12 , resulting in a low red blood cell count) | >pernicious anemia (a disease where the intestines can鈥檛 take in vitamin B12 like they should which causes a low red blood cell count) |
>obesity (excess body weight) | >obesity (weighing too much or being too big) |
>gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus) | >gastroesophageal reflux disease (when the acid in the stomach keeps going back up into the esophagus). |
Genetics and family history | Genetics and family history |
The risk of stomach cancer is increased, sometimes to very high levels, in people who have | The chance of getting stomach cancer can be higher or very high in people who have |
>a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had stomach cancer | >a first-degree relative (mom/dad, brother/sister, or son/daughter) who has had stomach cancer. |
>familial adenomatous polyposis | >familial adenomatous polyposis |
>familial intestinal gastric cancer (FIGC), a type of stomach cancer that runs in families but does not have a known genetic cause | >familial intestinal gastric cancer (FIGC), a kind of stomach cancer that people in the same family can have but the reason is not known. |
>gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) | >gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) |
(To learn more, see GAPPS .) | (To learn more, see GAPPS .) |
>hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) (To learn more, see HDGC .) | >hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) (To learn more, see HDGC .) |
>juvenile polyposis syndrome | >juvenile polyposis syndrome |
>Li-Fraumeni syndrome | >Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
>Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and HNPCC) | >Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and HNPCC) |
>Peutz-Jeghers syndrome | >Peutz-Jeghers syndrome |
>Type A blood (To learn more, see the MedlinePlus page on blood types .) | >Type A blood (To learn more, see the MedlinePlus page on blood types .) |
Diet | Diet |
Eating a diet that is low in fruits and vegetables or that is high in salted, smoked, or poorly preserved foods may increase the risk of stomach cancer. | Not eating enough fruits and vegetables or eating foods that are salty, smoked or not kept fresh can give you a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer. |
Tobacco use | Tobacco use |
People who smoke have a higher risk of stomach cancer than nonsmokers. | People who smoke have a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer than people who do not smoke. |
Smoking also makes treatment for H. pylori infection less effective. | Smoking also makes treatment for H. pylori infection not work as well. |
Smokers who stop smoking lower their risk of having stomach cancer over time. | Smokers who stop smoking can have a smaller and smaller chance of having stomach cancer the longer they don鈥檛 smoke. |
Learn about different tools to help you quit smoking and how to use them. | Learn about different tools to help you quit smoking and how to use them. |
Environmental and occupational exposures | Environmental and occupational exposures |
The risk of stomach cancer is increased in people who | The chance of getting stomach cancer is bigger in people who |
>work in the rubber or coal industry | >work in the rubber or coal business |
>have been exposed to very high levels of radiation | >have worked around high levels of (or a lot of) radiation |
Having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean you will get stomach cancer. | Just because you have one or more of these risk factors doesn鈥檛 mean that you will definitely get stomach cancer. |
Many people with risk factors never develop stomach cancer, whereas others with no known risk factors do. | A lot of people with risk factors never get stomach cancer, but others with no risk factors (that they know about) do. |
Talk with your doctor if you think you might be at increased risk. | Talk to your doctor if you think you might have a bigger chance of getting stomach cancer. |
Stomach cancer screening or preventive surgery may be available to people at very high risk of stomach cancer, such as those with certain genetic conditions or family histories. | People who have a very big chance of getting stomach cancer (like people who have genetic problems or family members with cancer) might be able to get checked for stomach cancer or have surgery that will keep them from getting stomach cancer. |
Learn about stomach cancer screening . | Learn about stomach cancer screening . |