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Control of widespread invasive alien species requires sustained, large-scale efforts but can lead to improvement in the provision of a range of nature's contributions to people {Box 5.19}. Certain invasive alien plants, such as shrubs and trees, can reduce water availability, especially in scenarios of increasing drought caused by climate change {Box 5.4}. In South Africa, the Working for Water programme, an Expanded Public Works Programme, was introduced in 1995 and targeted historically disadvantaged communities, primarily women, youth and disabled people, creating jobs to reduce poverty nationally through the removal of widespread woody invasive
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Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.
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management approach, including ecosystem restoration, depends on long-term monitoring to assess management efficacy using ecological and social indicators (established but incomplete) {5.5.2, 6.6.3}. Long-term monitoring of sites ensures early detection of new introductions, reintroductions and re-emergence of invasive alien species (e.g., from a seed bank that includes invasive alien plants) and can inform further management actions (well established) {5.4.3.3.b, 5.5.6}. However, most studies failed to quantify the effectiveness of ecosystem restoration since they failed to measure the initial status of native vegetation. This has led to inconsistent conclusions regarding the best invasive alien plant control option which may lead to the most effective ecosystem restoration {5.4.3.3b; 5.5.6}. Regarding freshwater ecosystems, monitoring biodiversity using macroinvertebrate-based indices is a widely used method globally. However, knowledge is lacking on how invasive alien species may affect the metric scores and therefore classification of a river's status (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.3}. In marine and connected water systems, ecosystem restoration has so far proved to be largely ineffective because the systems are open, leading to difficulties in implementing and evaluating management actions (established but incomplete) {5.5.6, 5.6.1.1}.
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Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.
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C22 Tools and technologies increase efficiencies when managing biological invasions and controlling invasive alien species, with many new options emerging (established but incomplete) {5.4}. The development of tools and technologies ranging from biotechnology to bioinformatics and data analytics is ongoing for managing pathways, surveillance and detection, rapid response and eradication, local containment and control of widespread invasive alien species (well established) {5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.4.3}. eDNA-based approaches have been used for detection and identification of invasive alien, mostly aquatic, species such as Orconectes rusticus (rusty crayfish) (well established) {5.4.2.1}. New approaches can be integrated with existing management actions to support site- and
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Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.
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alien species threatening water conservation {Box 5.19}. The programme generated 20,000 jobs per year over the first 15 years and has helped to improve nature's contributions to people by improving water security {Box 5.19}. It has contributed to rural development by providing training in entrepreneurial and management skills while encouraging a sense of community and dignity among workers, especially women. The Working for Water programme shows how partnerships with rural communities to manage invasive alien species can bring both ecological and social benefits {Box 5.19}.
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ecosystem-based management and restoration (established but incomplete) {5.4}. Multi-stakeholder engagement, including risk communication and context-specific application of approaches through local communities, can improve public acceptability and adoption of new tools and technologies for managing biological invasions and the control of invasive alien species (well established) {5.2.1, 5.4.3, 5.6.2.1, 6.4.1}. Potential benefits and risks of novel technologies can be assessed using a risk assessment and risk management framework in line with a precautionary approach, as appropriate (well established) {5.4.3.2.f}. Using this framework in consultation with regulators, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities can limit the potential for unintended consequences (well established) {5.4.3.2}. However, most countries do not have the regulatory frameworks and/or technical capabilities needed to guide and support development and implementation of new tools and technologies (established but incomplete) {5.4.3.2, 6.3.3.4}. Access to modern tools and technologies and the ability to utilize them can be limited, particularly in developing countries, meaning greater capacity-building is required and improved technical and scientific cooperation (well established) {5.6.2.4, 6.7.2.7}.
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C23 Stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and sustained resourcing are critical to the success of adaptive management (well established) {5.2.1, 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.4, 6.4.1, 6.5.3, 6.5.6, 6.5.7}. Access to adequate and sustained financial and other resources, including international funding to support developing countries, underpins and improves the effectiveness of actions for long-term management of biological invasions, including eradication, control and ongoing monitoring, by, for example, providing access to modern tools and enhancing capacity to deploy them (well established) {5.3.1, 5.5.7, 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.4, 6.5, 6.5.7}. Engagement by all stakeholders, governments and the private sector helps to optimize management of biological invasions in terms of economic, environmental
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 37SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS and social outcomes, particularly when resources are limited (well established) {5.2.1, 6.5.1}. Societal support is important for eradication and control of some invasive alien species, particularly vertebrates, for which there are ethical considerations {5.3.1.4, 5.4.3.2, 5.6.2.1}. A lack of stakeholder participation in adaptive management can lead to negative consequences for good quality of life, especially for Indigenous Peoples and local communities who have adapted by using invasive alien species, that include loss of livelihoods, marginalization and/or gender inequity (well established) {Box 4.18, 5.2.1, 5.4.3.3.a, 5.5.3, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.1}. The involvement of all stakeholders can be achieved by using an adaptive co-management approach to the process, from decision-making to the implementation of management actions (well established) {5.4.3.3.a, 5.6.2.5}. Adaptive co-management includes capacity-building; co-creation, co-design, co-development and coimplementation; social learning; and broad partnerships (established but incomplete) {5.7, 6.4.2, 6.4.3.2, 6.4.4}. Collaboratively addressing the management of biological invasions around which there are conflicting values among different sectors, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities is a significant global policy challenge (well established) {5.6.1.2}. C24 The knowledge, practices, values and customary governance systems of Indigenous Peoples and local communities can improve management outcomes (established but incomplete) {5.2.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.3}. Many communities successfully manage invasive alien species on their lands (established but incomplete) {Box 5.6, 5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.5.5}, leading to increases in nature's contributions to people (Box SPM.4) (established but incomplete) {5.5.4, 5.5.5}. Consultation with Indigenous Peoples and local communities, through their free, prior and informed consent, by applying co-design principles for decision-making and actions helps to ensure efficacy of management outcomes at the local level (established but incomplete) {5.2.1, 6.4.3}. Co-delivered biocultural management plans based on shared scientific, technical and Indigenous and local knowledge systems have assisted surveillance and detection, eradication, containment and control of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {5.5.3, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.3.2}. Such co-governance structures improve quality of life for Indigenous Peoples and local communities (established but incomplete) {6.4.3}. D. Ambitious progress to manage biological invasions can be achieved with integrated governance D25 Management of biological invasions and prevention and control of invasive alien species can be achieved through a context-specific integrated governance approach with a set of complementary strategic actions (Figure SPM.7) (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.7.3}. Integrated governance for biological invasions consists of establishing the relationships between the roles of actors, institutions and instruments. This involves all those elements of the interactions between people and nature that act on biological invasion and their management, in order to identify the strategic interventions needed to improve outcomes of prevention and control of invasive alien species {Box 6.5}. A context-specific integrated governance approach provides flexibility for countries to identify which strategic actions should be prioritized and can help in managing trade-offs and policy conflicts and in avoiding unintended policy consequences and inefficient expenditure (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.1}. Strategic actions to prevent the introduction and impact of invasive alien species include: 1. Enhance coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.4, 6.7.2.1}; 2. Develop and adopt effective and achievable national implementation strategies (well established) {6.2.3.2, 6.3.3.1, 6.7.2.3}; 3. Share efforts and commitments and understanding of the specific roles of all actors (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.5}; 4. Improve policy coherence (well established) {6.3.1.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3.1, 6.7.2.2}; 5. Engage broadly across governmental sectors, industry, the scientific community, Indigenous Peoples and local communities and the wider public (established but incomplete) {6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.7.2.4}; 6. Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology (established but incomplete) {6.3.3.4, 6.7.2.7}; 7. Support information systems, infrastructures and data sharing (established but incomplete) {6.6.2.3, 6.7.2.6}. Effective implementation, robustness of relevant institutions, responsiveness and equitability are key properties of
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and social outcomes, particularly when resources are limited (well established) {5.2.1, 6.5.1}. Societal support is important for eradication and control of some invasive alien species, particularly vertebrates, for which there are ethical considerations {5.3.1.4, 5.4.3.2, 5.6.2.1}. A lack of stakeholder participation in adaptive management can lead to negative consequences for good quality of life, especially for Indigenous Peoples and local communities who have adapted by using invasive alien species, that include loss of livelihoods, marginalization and/or gender inequity (well established) {Box 4.18, 5.2.1, 5.4.3.3.a, 5.5.3, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.1}. The involvement of all stakeholders can be achieved by using an adaptive co-management approach to the process, from decision-making to the implementation of management actions (well established) {5.4.3.3.a, 5.6.2.5}. Adaptive co-management includes capacity-building; co-creation, co-design, co-development and coimplementation; social learning; and broad partnerships (established but incomplete) {5.7, 6.4.2, 6.4.3.2, 6.4.4}. Collaboratively addressing the management of biological invasions around which there are conflicting values among different sectors, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities is a significant global policy challenge (well established) {5.6.1.2}.
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D. Ambitious progress to manage biological invasions can be achieved with integrated governance
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D25 Management of biological invasions and prevention and control of invasive alien species can be achieved through a context-specific integrated governance approach with a set of complementary strategic actions (Figure SPM.7) (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.7.3}. Integrated governance for biological invasions consists of establishing the relationships between the roles of actors, institutions and instruments. This involves all those elements of the interactions between people and nature that act on biological invasion and their management, in order to identify the strategic interventions needed to improve outcomes of prevention and control of invasive alien species {Box 6.5}. A context-specific integrated governance approach provides flexibility for countries to identify which strategic actions should be prioritized and can help in managing trade-offs and policy conflicts and in avoiding unintended policy consequences and inefficient expenditure (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.1}. Strategic actions to prevent the introduction and impact of invasive alien species include: <Section-header> D. Ambitious progress to manage biological invasions can be achieved with integrated governance </Section-header>
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1. Enhance coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.4, 6.7.2.1};
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C24 The knowledge, practices, values and customary governance systems of Indigenous Peoples and local communities can improve management outcomes (established but incomplete) {5.2.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.3}. Many communities successfully manage invasive alien species on their lands (established but incomplete) {Box 5.6, 5.5.2, 5.5.4, 5.5.5}, leading to increases in nature's contributions to people (Box SPM.4) (established but incomplete) {5.5.4, 5.5.5}. Consultation with Indigenous Peoples and local communities, through their free, prior and informed consent, by applying co-design principles for decision-making and actions helps to ensure efficacy of management outcomes at the local level (established but incomplete) {5.2.1, 6.4.3}. Co-delivered biocultural management plans based on shared scientific, technical and Indigenous and local knowledge systems have assisted surveillance and detection, eradication, containment and control of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {5.5.3, 5.6.1.2, 6.4.3.2}. Such co-governance structures improve quality of life for Indigenous Peoples and local communities (established but incomplete) {6.4.3}.
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2. Develop and adopt effective and achievable national implementation strategies (well established) {6.2.3.2, 6.3.3.1, 6.7.2.3};
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4. Improve policy coherence (well established) {6.3.1.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.3.1, 6.7.2.2};
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5. Engage broadly across governmental sectors, industry, the scientific community, Indigenous Peoples and local communities and the wider public (established but incomplete) {6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.7.2.4};
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6. Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology (established but incomplete) {6.3.3.4, 6.7.2.7};
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Effective implementation, robustness of relevant institutions, responsiveness and equitability are key properties of
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 38SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS Integrated governance of biological invasions Properties of governance systems that support integration 3 - Share efforts and commitments; understand specific roles of actors 2 - Develop and adopt effective and achievable national implementation strategies 1 - Enhance coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms 4 - Improve policy coherence 5 - Engage broadly across all stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities 6 - Resource innovation, research and technology 7 - Support information systems, infrastructures and data sharing Robust institutions that maintain performance through sustained investment and commitment Responsive governance that adapts to different and changing contexts Effective implementation that results in the achievement of goals and targets Equitable and inclusive governance that is fair to all people, communities, and institutions affected by and responsible for the problem Figure SPM 7 Integrated governance of biological invasions. A context-specific integrated governance approach to biological invasions is enabled by a governance system with properties that support integration, and a set of strategic actions that together are designed to bring about the progress needed to meet national and international goals and targets for biological invasions. Integrated governance is rooted in four essential properties of governance
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<Caption> Properties of governance systems that support integration </Caption>
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Properties of governance systems that support integration
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e SPM 7 Integrated governance of biological invasions.
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A context-specific integrated governance approach to biological invasions is enabled by a governance system with properties that support integration, and a set of strategic actions that together are designed to bring about the progress needed to meet national and international goals and targets for biological invasions. Integrated governance is rooted in four essential properties of governance
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 39SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS systems (tree roots) that support the strategic actions (branches) to be achieved. Together, the properties and actions will bring about the step change needed for effective and sustainable management of biological invasions. Integrated governance for biological invasions reinforces the enabling conditions identified as necessary to fulfil the 2030 mission of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. An integrated governance approach activates specific strategic actions that promote transformative change to meet the goals of preventing and controlling biological invasions. The strategic actions are: 1. Enhance coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms. 2. Develop and adopt effective and achievable national implementation strategies. 3. Share efforts, commitments and understanding of the specific roles of all actors. 4. Improve policy coherence. 5. Engage broadly across governmental sectors, industry, the scientific community, Indigenous Peoples and local communities and the wider public. 6. Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology. 7. Support information systems, infrastructures and data sharing. The proposed strategic actions are enabled when the system-wide properties of governance (roots) are robust, equitable and inclusive, responsive and focused on effective implementation. The numbers on the branches do not imply a ranking. governance systems that enable integrated governance (Figure SPM.7), while the importance of contextappropriate solutions is acknowledged (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.3}. D26 One of the most effective ways to manage biological invasions is to develop coherent policy instruments that reinforce strategic actions across sectors and scales (established but incomplete) {6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.5.4}. Many policy instruments aimed at preventing the introduction of invasive alien species have been adopted, including multilateral agreements, national laws, multi-level regulations and voluntary codes of conduct (well established) {6.1.2, 6.3.1}. They have jointly contributed to reducing the impacts of invasive alien species on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life (established but incomplete) {5.5.1, 6.1.3}. The work under various relevant international organizations, partnerships and multilateral environmental agreements (e.g., the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Trade Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the International Plant Protection Convention, the World Organisation for Animal Health, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is not adequately aligned to address the problem posed by invasive alien species (well established) {6.3.1.3, 6.3.1.4}. Enhanced coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms are key strategic actions for rapid and transformative progress (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.1} and could help international, national and local agencies that implement policies for the environment, agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, horticulture, border control, tourism and trade (e.g., in wildlife, but also including online trade in other animals, plants and other organisms), community and regional development (including infrastructure), transportation and health deliver a coherent approach to biological invasions (well established) {6.3.1.1}. Such coordination and collaboration efforts would consider the trade-offs across sectors {6.3.1.1(2), 6.3.1.3}, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities {1.5.1}, and the interdependence between invasive alien species and other drivers (established but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.1.5, 6.2.3.2, 6.7.2.2}. Collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary approaches (such as One Health) provide frameworks to prevent and control invasive alien species by strengthening the interconnections between the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors, including biosecurity (e.g., as outlined in the One Biosecurity framework among others) (established but incomplete) {1.6.7.2, 6.3.1, 6.7.2.2}. D27 National-scale strategies and action plans are instrumental to successfully managing biological invasions as part of a context-specific integrated governance approach (well established) {6.2.3.2, 6.3.2.1, 6.7.2.3}. The national strategies and action plans could be developed or updated to align with and implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, particularly Target 6, as well as other relevant international guidelines for sustainable development, through aspirational, ambitious and realistic approaches (well established) {6.1.2, 6.2.3.2, 6.3.2.1, 6.6.3, 6.7.2.3}. Coordinated efforts to strengthen national regulatory instruments, including for the regulation of online trade {6.3.1.4(3)}, are key to reducing the transport and introduction of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.3.1.1, 6.7.2.1}. Voluntary
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systems (tree roots) that support the strategic actions (branches) to be achieved. Together, the properties and actions will bring about the step change needed for effective and sustainable management of biological invasions. Integrated governance for biological invasions reinforces the enabling conditions identified as necessary to fulfil the 2030 mission of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. An integrated governance approach activates specific strategic actions that promote transformative change to meet the goals of preventing and controlling biological invasions.
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The strategic actions are:
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1. Enhance coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms.
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2. Develop and adopt effective and achievable national implementation strategies.
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3. Share efforts, commitments and understanding of the specific roles of all actors.
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4. Improve policy coherence.
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5. Engage broadly across governmental sectors, industry, the scientific community, Indigenous Peoples and local communities and the wider public.
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6. Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology.
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7. Support information systems, infrastructures and data sharing.
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The proposed strategic actions are enabled when the system-wide properties of governance (roots) are robust, equitable and inclusive, responsive and focused on effective implementation. The numbers on the branches do not imply a ranking.
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governance systems that enable integrated governance (Figure SPM.7), while the importance of contextappropriate solutions is acknowledged (established but incomplete) {6.2.3, 6.7.3}.
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D26 One of the most effective ways to manage biological invasions is to develop coherent policy instruments that reinforce strategic actions across sectors and scales (established but incomplete) {6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.5.4}. Many policy instruments aimed at preventing the introduction of invasive alien species have been adopted, including multilateral agreements, national laws, multi-level regulations and voluntary codes of conduct (well established) {6.1.2, 6.3.1}. They have jointly contributed to reducing the impacts of invasive alien species on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life (established but incomplete) {5.5.1, 6.1.3}. The work under various relevant international organizations, partnerships and multilateral environmental agreements (e.g., the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Trade Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the International Plant Protection Convention, the World Organisation for Animal Health, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is not adequately aligned to address the problem posed by invasive alien species (well established) {6.3.1.3, 6.3.1.4}. Enhanced coordination and collaboration across international and regional mechanisms are key strategic actions for rapid and transformative progress (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.1} and could help international, national and local agencies that implement policies for the environment, agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, horticulture, border control,
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tourism and trade (e.g., in wildlife, but also including online trade in other animals, plants and other organisms), community and regional development (including infrastructure), transportation and health deliver a coherent approach to biological invasions (well established) {6.3.1.1}. Such coordination and collaboration efforts would consider the trade-offs across sectors {6.3.1.1(2), 6.3.1.3}, stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local communities {1.5.1}, and the interdependence between invasive alien species and other drivers (established but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.1.5, 6.2.3.2, 6.7.2.2}. Collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary approaches (such as One Health) provide frameworks to prevent and control invasive alien species by strengthening the interconnections between the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors, including biosecurity (e.g., as outlined in the One Biosecurity framework among others) (established but incomplete) {1.6.7.2, 6.3.1, 6.7.2.2}.
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D27 National-scale strategies and action plans are instrumental to successfully managing biological invasions as part of a context-specific integrated governance approach (well established) {6.2.3.2, 6.3.2.1, 6.7.2.3}. The national strategies and action plans could be developed or updated to align with and implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, particularly Target 6, as well as other relevant international guidelines for sustainable development, through aspirational, ambitious and realistic approaches (well established) {6.1.2, 6.2.3.2, 6.3.2.1, 6.6.3, 6.7.2.3}. Coordinated efforts to strengthen national regulatory instruments, including for the regulation of online trade {6.3.1.4(3)}, are key to reducing the transport and introduction of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.3.1.1, 6.7.2.1}. Voluntary
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 40SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS codes of conduct (Box SPM.1) have limitations but they can be a valuable part of integrated systems to reduce the risk of biological invasions, when in line with relevant international obligations and national legislations (established but incomplete) {6.3.1.4(4)}. Adequately designed and implemented national biodiversity strategies and action plans are instruments to help manage biological invasions and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.1.2, 6.3.3.1}. Implementation of strategies could be accelerated by measuring and monitoring resourcing of actions, implementation processes, outputs and outcomes of policy management (established but incomplete) {Table 6.5, Box 6.3, 6.6.3}, which could also create a conducive policy environment for the utilization of environmentally sound technologies (established but incomplete) {6.3.3.4}. D28 Long-term commitment and resourcing from governments and institutions will support the implementation of strategic actions to underpin the integrated governance of biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.3, 6.5.7}. With adequate levels of sustained investment and resources (Table SPM.2), including support to developing countries {6.5.7}, specific options that address the gaps and inconsistencies in current policy instruments and coordination can be implemented over appropriate timeframes (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.3}. Regulatory and market-based instruments such as tax relief and subsidization can be used to incentivize action on and investment in prevention and control of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.3.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2}, especially when responsibility for the burden of biological invasions, including environmental liability, is shared (Figure SPM.7). These instruments may be non-market mechanisms or voluntary codes of conduct (Box SPM.1) {6.3.1.4}, transparent and conducive regulatory settings for new technologies {6.3.3.4, 6.7.2.7}, information-sharing {6.6.2, 6.7.3}, product labelling {6.3.1.4} or direct regulatory intervention {6.3.3.1, 6.3.3.3}. Regulations could be enforced with economic penalties and tariffs (established but incomplete) {6.5.1, 6.5.2}. However, taxation incentives, international standards and cost-sharing mechanisms are generally the preferable policy instruments for encouraging entities to participate in prevention and control activities (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.4, 6.5.5, 6.5.6}. Efforts to overcome the asymmetries and differences in resource capacity among stakeholders and the potential unequal burden and responsibilities of addressing the causes and impacts of invasive alien species can be embedded in policies (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.4.3}. Cost-benefit and "willingness to pay" analyses and stakeholder consultation can support the development of national policies to assist in justifying the use of public resources and developing the most appropriate incentives (established but incomplete) {5.2.2.1.i, 6.2.3.1(2), 6.2.3.4}. D29 Public awareness and engagement contribute to the effective management of biological invasions (well established) {5.6.2.1, 6.2.2(9), 6.3.1.4, 6.4.1, 6.6.2.1, 6.7}. Public understanding of the risks associated with invasive alien species is particularly important for preventing new introductions (well established) {6.2.2(9), 6.4.1}. Increased understanding of possible biological invasions and the negative impacts of invasive alien species can be achieved through public awareness campaigns {Box 6.11, 6.7.2.5}, education across all age groups {6.7.2.4} and citizen science (established but incomplete) {5.4.2.2.a, 6.6.2.1}. Engagement of the general public via citizen science platforms, awareness campaigns and community-driven eradication campaigns also contributes to establishing shared responsibilities for managing biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.5}. Surveillance for detecting invasive alien species through citizen science and social media provides broader security by empowering and engaging the public (established but incomplete) {5.4.2.1.a, 5.4.2.2.a, 6.6.2.1}. Communication is an effective tool for inspiring collective action to monitor and control invasive alien species {6.2.3.1(4), 6.2.3.4, 6.4.4.4} by supporting the co-design of management actions, knowledge exchange and enhanced partnerships among stakeholders and researchers (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.4.3}. It can also enable alignment of resource managers' responses with national plans and policy priorities (well established) {6.3.1.3, 6.3.2.1}. An effective communications strategy considers the most appropriate timing, media and channels/interfaces for the target audience (established but incomplete) {Box 6.13, 6.6.2.6}. D30 Indigenous Peoples and local communities have invaluable knowledge systems that could contribute to addressing biological invasions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.18, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 6.4.3.2}, yet their lack of land tenure and access rights can limit the extent to which they are able to take action (well established) {3.2.5, 6.4.3.1}. Indigenous Peoples and local communities can be partners in co-developing policies and strategies to address biological invasions while giving consideration to the challenge of conflicting perceptions and values in order to achieve consensus on management actions (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2, 6.2.3.3, 6.4.3.1}. Participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities can be enhanced with sufficient legal, political and financial support (well established) {6.4.3, Box 6.16}. Successful strategies respect the knowledge, priorities and rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, including customary governance systems, in accordance with national legislation (established but incomplete) {5.1.3, 5.2.1, 5.6.2, 6.4.3}. In cases where the impact of invasive alien species on the quality of life of Indigenous Peoples and local communities is unavoidable, those communities need ongoing support and
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codes of conduct (Box SPM.1) have limitations but they can be a valuable part of integrated systems to reduce the risk of biological invasions, when in line with relevant international obligations and national legislations (established but incomplete) {6.3.1.4(4)}. Adequately designed and implemented national biodiversity strategies and action plans are instruments to help manage biological invasions and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.1.2, 6.3.3.1}. Implementation of strategies could be accelerated by measuring and monitoring resourcing of actions, implementation processes, outputs and outcomes of policy management (established but incomplete) {Table 6.5, Box 6.3, 6.6.3}, which could also create a conducive policy environment for the utilization of environmentally sound technologies (established but incomplete) {6.3.3.4}.
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D28 Long-term commitment and resourcing from governments and institutions will support the implementation of strategic actions to underpin the integrated governance of biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.3, 6.5.7}. With adequate levels of sustained investment and resources (Table SPM.2), including support to developing countries {6.5.7}, specific options that address the gaps and inconsistencies in current policy instruments and coordination can be implemented over appropriate timeframes (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.3}. Regulatory and market-based instruments such as tax relief and subsidization can be used to incentivize action on and investment in prevention and control of invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {6.3.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2}, especially when responsibility for the burden of biological invasions, including environmental liability, is shared (Figure SPM.7). These instruments may be non-market mechanisms or voluntary codes of conduct (Box SPM.1) {6.3.1.4}, transparent and conducive regulatory settings for new technologies {6.3.3.4, 6.7.2.7}, information-sharing {6.6.2, 6.7.3}, product labelling {6.3.1.4} or direct regulatory intervention {6.3.3.1, 6.3.3.3}. Regulations could be enforced with economic penalties and tariffs (established but incomplete) {6.5.1, 6.5.2}. However, taxation incentives, international standards and cost-sharing mechanisms are generally the preferable policy instruments for encouraging entities to participate in prevention and control activities (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.4, 6.5.5, 6.5.6}. Efforts to overcome the asymmetries and differences in resource capacity among stakeholders and the potential unequal burden and responsibilities of addressing the causes and impacts of invasive alien species can be embedded in policies (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.4.3}. Cost-benefit and "willingness to pay" analyses and stakeholder consultation can support the development of national policies to assist in justifying the use of public resources and developing the most appropriate incentives (established but incomplete) {5.2.2.1.i, 6.2.3.1(2), 6.2.3.4}.
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D29 Public awareness and engagement contribute to the effective management of biological invasions (well established) {5.6.2.1, 6.2.2(9), 6.3.1.4, 6.4.1, 6.6.2.1, 6.7}. Public understanding of the risks associated with invasive alien species is particularly important for preventing new introductions (well established) {6.2.2(9), 6.4.1}. Increased understanding of possible biological invasions and the negative impacts of invasive alien species can be achieved through public awareness campaigns {Box 6.11, 6.7.2.5}, education across all age groups {6.7.2.4} and citizen science (established but incomplete) {5.4.2.2.a, 6.6.2.1}. Engagement of the general public via citizen science platforms, awareness campaigns and community-driven eradication campaigns also contributes to establishing shared responsibilities for managing biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.7.2.5}. Surveillance for detecting invasive alien species through citizen science and social media provides broader security by empowering and engaging the public (established but incomplete) {5.4.2.1.a, 5.4.2.2.a, 6.6.2.1}. Communication is an effective tool for inspiring collective action to monitor and control invasive alien species {6.2.3.1(4), 6.2.3.4, 6.4.4.4} by supporting the co-design of management actions, knowledge exchange and enhanced partnerships among stakeholders and researchers (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.4.3}. It can also enable alignment of resource managers' responses with national plans and policy priorities (well established) {6.3.1.3, 6.3.2.1}. An effective communications strategy considers the most appropriate timing, media and channels/interfaces for the target audience (established but incomplete) {Box 6.13, 6.6.2.6}.
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D30 Indigenous Peoples and local communities have invaluable knowledge systems that could contribute to addressing biological invasions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.18, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 6.4.3.2}, yet their lack of land tenure and access rights can limit the extent to which they are able to take action (well established) {3.2.5, 6.4.3.1}. Indigenous Peoples and local communities can be partners in co-developing policies and strategies to address biological invasions while giving consideration to the challenge of conflicting perceptions and values in order to achieve consensus on management actions (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2, 6.2.3.3, 6.4.3.1}. Participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities can be enhanced with sufficient legal, political and financial support (well established) {6.4.3, Box 6.16}. Successful strategies respect the knowledge, priorities and rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, including customary governance systems, in accordance with national legislation (established but incomplete) {5.1.3, 5.2.1, 5.6.2, 6.4.3}. In cases where the impact of invasive alien species on the quality of life of Indigenous Peoples and local communities is unavoidable, those communities need ongoing support and
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ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO
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41SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 41SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS adequate resources to respond to the challenges of living with invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {1.6.7.2, 6.2.3.2, 6.2.3.5}. D31 Open and interoperable information systems, supported by international cooperation, play a critical role in tackling biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.1(3), 6.6.2.2, 6.7.2.6}. Strengthening existing open information systems can facilitate the management of biological invasions, including prioritization of actions, early detection and rapid response, and can improve the effectiveness of regulations (established but incomplete) {5.4.1, 6.6.2.3}. Open information systems can substantially reduce the costs of management by ensuring targeted and appropriate responses, avoiding duplication of efforts and facilitating the evaluation of the effectiveness of policy instruments using indicators (Table SPM.2) (well established) {6.6.2.4, 6.6.2.6, 6.6.3}. The "rate of invasive alien species establishment" headline indicator adopted for monitoring progress towards Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework provides opportunities to build on existing indicators of biological invasions (Table SPM.A1) {6.6.3}. Collaboration and networking among stakeholders and governments can ensure equitable knowledge access (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.2.3.4} and improve understanding of the context-specific features of biological invasions. It can also improve the availability of data and Table SPM 2 Options for strengthening the governance of biological invasions at national, regional and global scales. Indication of the duration of investment needed to implement different options. The contribution of each of these options, together forming integrated governance, are given in Figure SPM.7. This table presents concrete options for action. Governance purpose Options Duration of investment needed Coordination and resourcing Enhance multilateral coordination and collaboration to support the integrated governance of biological invasions Engage broadly across affected and responsible parties Build capacity to enable strategic actions Policy Share efforts, commitments and understanding of the specific roles of all Strengthen compatibility of relevant regulatory instruments Use national strategy and planning for invasive alien species to achieve policy implementation Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology Support information systems, infrastructures and open and equitable access to information on invasive alien species Research, information, and technology Invest in information systems for invasive alien species for information-sharing within and across countries Maintain up-to-date information on necessary and enabling indicators Monitor policy and management effectiveness and resourcing levels Develop new solutions through research and technology Short Periodic Ongoing
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Table SPM 2 Options for strengthening the governance of biological invasions at national, regional and global scales.
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Table SPM 2 Options for strengthening the governance of biological invasions at national, regional and global scales.
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Indication of the duration of investment needed to implement different options. The contribution of each of these options, together forming integrated governance, are given in Figure SPM.7. This table presents concrete options for action.
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Governance purpose Options Duration of investment needed Coordination and resourcing Enhance multilateral coordination and collaboration to support the integrated governance of biological invasions Engage broadly across affected and responsible parties Build capacity to enable strategic actions Policy Share efforts, commitments and understanding of the specific roles of all Strengthen compatibility of relevant regulatory instruments Use national strategy and planning for invasive alien species to achieve policy implementation Support, fund and mobilize resources for innovation, research and environmentally sound technology Support information systems, infrastructures and open and equitable access to information on invasive alien species Research, information, and technology Invest in information systems for invasive alien species for information-sharing within and across countries Maintain up-to-date information on necessary and enabling indicators Monitor policy and management effectiveness and resourcing levels Develop new solutions through research and technology Short Periodic Ongoing
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adequate resources to respond to the challenges of living with invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {1.6.7.2, 6.2.3.2, 6.2.3.5}.
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D31 Open and interoperable information systems, supported by international cooperation, play a critical role in tackling biological invasions (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.1(3), 6.6.2.2, 6.7.2.6}. Strengthening existing open information systems can facilitate the management of biological invasions, including prioritization of actions, early detection and rapid response, and can improve the effectiveness of regulations (established but incomplete) {5.4.1, 6.6.2.3}. Open information systems can substantially reduce the costs of
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management by ensuring targeted and appropriate responses, avoiding duplication of efforts and facilitating the evaluation of the effectiveness of policy instruments using indicators (Table SPM.2) (well established) {6.6.2.4, 6.6.2.6, 6.6.3}. The "rate of invasive alien species establishment" headline indicator adopted for monitoring progress towards Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework provides opportunities to build on existing indicators of biological invasions (Table SPM.A1) {6.6.3}. Collaboration and networking among stakeholders and governments can ensure equitable knowledge access (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.2.3.4} and improve understanding of the context-specific features of biological invasions. It can also improve the availability of data and
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 42SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS knowledge across geographic regions, habitats and taxonomic groups and reduce the wide variation in response capability (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.1, 6.7.2.6}. Through citizen science, information systems have the potential to engage people, raise awareness and increase the availability of data (established but incomplete) {6.6.2.1}. D32 Existing evidence of the magnitude and extent of the impacts of invasive alien species supports immediate, strategic and sustained action to successfully address biological invasions (well established) {1.1, 2.2, 3.6.3, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 5.6.2.5, 6.7.2}. The available data and knowledge reviewed for this assessment vary across regions, units of analyses, taxonomic groups and time because of language barriers, lack of targeted policies and legislation, lack of resources, uneven research capacity, data accessibility and other factors (Table SPM.A1), contributing to gaps in data and knowledge (well established) {2.7, 3.6.1, Box 3.12, Box 3.13, 4.7.2, 6.6, Table 6.10}. Nonetheless, filling knowledge and data gaps, particularly at local scales, can bring about important improvements in the cost-effectiveness and success of prevention and management actions (well established) {6.6.1, 6.6.2}. For example, it would be particularly beneficial to increase the availability of information on invasive alien invertebrates and microorganisms; improve knowledge of the impacts of invasive alien species in parts of Africa, Central Asia and Latin America; gain a better understanding of the role of indirect and interacting drivers; develop management options for invasive microorganisms and marine species; and establish the effectiveness of different policy instruments (established but incomplete) (see Table SPM.A1 for a comprehensive presentation of knowledge gaps). Enhancing research capacity in some regions and collaboration between biological invasion experts in the developed and developing world and across knowledge systems could improve data and information availability as well as understanding of the context-specific features of invasive alien species and their impacts (established but incomplete) {6.2.4, 6.6.1.1(3)}. With political will, strategic long-term commitment and sufficient resources, management of biological invasions is an attainable goal (well established) {Boxes 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.19, 5.21, 6.7.3}. D33 Successfully addressing biological invasions can also strengthen the effectiveness of policies designed to respond to other drivers (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.3, 6.3, 6.7.2.2}. Mitigating the risks of invasive alien species will contribute to the effective delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals, especially those addressing the conservation of marine (Goal 14) and terrestrial biodiversity (Goal 15 including, but not restricted to, Target 15.8), food security (Goal 2), sustainable economic growth (Goal 8), sustainable cities (Goal 11), climate change (Goal 13), and good health and well-being (Goal 3) (established but incomplete) {6.7}. An integrated governance approach that acknowledges the interactions between invasive alien species and other drivers, including climate change, direct exploitation of natural resources, pollution and land- and sea-use, alongside human, animal and plant health, can identify where to best direct policy alignment and mutually supportive efforts (established but incomplete) {3.1.5, 6.2.4, 6.7.2.1, 6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.5}. Evidence-based policy planning can reflect the interconnectedness of the drivers so that efforts to solve one problem do not exacerbate the magnitude of others and may even have multiple benefits (established but incomplete) {3.2.5, Box 3.9, 5.6.1.3, 6.2.4, 6.3.1.1(1), 6.7.2.2}.
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knowledge across geographic regions, habitats and taxonomic groups and reduce the wide variation in response capability (established but incomplete) {6.2.3.3, 6.4.1, 6.7.2.6}. Through citizen science, information systems have the potential to engage people, raise awareness and increase the availability of data (established but incomplete) {6.6.2.1}.
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D32 Existing evidence of the magnitude and extent of the impacts of invasive alien species supports immediate, strategic and sustained action to successfully address biological invasions (well established) {1.1, 2.2, 3.6.3, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 5.6.2.5, 6.7.2}. The available data and knowledge reviewed for this assessment vary across regions, units of analyses, taxonomic groups and time because of language barriers, lack of targeted policies and legislation, lack of resources, uneven research capacity, data accessibility and other factors (Table SPM.A1), contributing to gaps in data and knowledge (well established) {2.7, 3.6.1, Box 3.12, Box 3.13, 4.7.2, 6.6, Table 6.10}. Nonetheless, filling knowledge and data gaps, particularly at local scales, can bring about important improvements in the cost-effectiveness and success of prevention and management actions (well established) {6.6.1, 6.6.2}. For example, it would be particularly beneficial to increase the availability of information on invasive alien invertebrates and microorganisms; improve knowledge of the impacts of invasive alien species in parts of Africa, Central Asia and Latin America; gain a better understanding of the role of indirect and interacting drivers; develop management options for invasive microorganisms and marine species; and establish the effectiveness of different policy instruments (established but incomplete) (see Table SPM.A1 for a comprehensive presentation of knowledge gaps). Enhancing research capacity in some regions and collaboration between biological invasion experts in the developed and
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developing world and across knowledge systems could improve data and information availability as well as understanding of the context-specific features of invasive alien species and their impacts (established but incomplete) {6.2.4, 6.6.1.1(3)}. With political will, strategic long-term commitment and sufficient resources, management of biological invasions is an attainable goal (well established) {Boxes 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.19, 5.21, 6.7.3}.
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D33 Successfully addressing biological invasions can also strengthen the effectiveness of policies designed to respond to other drivers (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.3, 6.3, 6.7.2.2}. Mitigating the risks of invasive alien species will contribute to the effective delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals, especially those addressing the conservation of marine (Goal 14) and terrestrial biodiversity (Goal 15 including, but not restricted to, Target 15.8), food security (Goal 2), sustainable economic growth (Goal 8), sustainable cities (Goal 11), climate change (Goal 13), and good health and well-being (Goal 3) (established but incomplete) {6.7}. An integrated governance approach that acknowledges the interactions between invasive alien species and other drivers, including climate change, direct exploitation of natural resources, pollution and land- and sea-use, alongside human, animal and plant health, can identify where to best direct policy alignment and mutually supportive efforts (established but incomplete) {3.1.5, 6.2.4, 6.7.2.1, 6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.5}. Evidence-based policy planning can reflect the interconnectedness of the drivers so that efforts to solve one problem do not exacerbate the magnitude of others and may even have multiple benefits (established but incomplete) {3.2.5, Box 3.9, 5.6.1.3, 6.2.4, 6.3.1.1(1), 6.7.2.2}.
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 45SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS APPENDICES
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 46SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS APPENDIX 1 Communication of the degree of confidence Figure SPM A 1 The four-box model for the qualitative communication of confidence. Confidence increases towards the top-right corner, as suggested by the increasing strength of shading. Source: IPBES (2016).12 Further details of the approach are documented in the IPBES Guide on the Production of Assessments. 13 Established but incomplete Inconclusive Well established LEVEL OF AGREEMENT Unresolved CERTAINTY SCALE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Low Robust Low High High In the methodological assessment regarding the diverse conceptualization of multiple values of nature and its benefits, including biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, the degree of confidence in each main finding is based on the quantity and quality of evidence and the level of agreement regarding that evidence (Figure SPM.A1). 12. IPBES (2016): Summary for Policymakers of the Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Potts, S.G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Ngo, H. T., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T. D., Dicks, L. V., Garibaldi, L. A., Hill, R., Settele, J., Vanbergen, A. J., Aizen, M. A., Cunningham, S. A., Eardley, C., Freitas, B. M., Gallai, N., Kevan, P. G., Kovacs-Hostyanszki, A., Kwapong, P. K., Li, J., Li, X., Martins, D.J., NatesParra, G., Pettis, J.S., Rader, R. and Viana, B.F. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2616458. 13. IPBES (2018): IPBES Guide on the Production of Assessments. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. Available at: https://ipbes.net/guideproduction-assessments. The evidence includes data, theory, models and expert judgement. Well established: there is a comprehensive metaanalysis or other synthesis or multiple independent studies that agree. Established but incomplete: there is general agreement, although only a limited number of studies exist; there is no comprehensive synthesis, and/or the studies that exist address the question imprecisely. Unresolved: multiple independent studies exist but their conclusions do not agree. Inconclusive: there is limited evidence and a recognition of major knowledge gaps.
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APPENDIX 1 Communication of the degree of confidence
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Confidence increases towards the top-right corner, as suggested by the increasing strength of shading. Source: IPBES (2016).12 Further details of the approach are documented in the IPBES Guide on the Production of Assessments. 13
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In the methodological assessment regarding the diverse conceptualization of multiple values of nature and its benefits, including biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, the degree of confidence in each main finding is based on the quantity and quality of evidence and the level of agreement regarding that evidence (Figure SPM.A1).
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12. IPBES (2016): Summary for Policymakers of the Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Potts, S.G., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Ngo, H. T., Biesmeijer, J. C., Breeze, T. D., Dicks, L. V., Garibaldi, L. A., Hill, R., Settele, J., Vanbergen, A. J., Aizen, M. A., Cunningham, S. A., Eardley, C., Freitas, B. M., Gallai, N., Kevan, P. G., Kovacs-Hostyanszki, A., Kwapong, P. K., Li, J., Li, X., Martins, D.J., NatesParra, G., Pettis, J.S., Rader, R. and Viana, B.F. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2616458. 13. IPBES (2018): IPBES Guide on the Production of Assessments. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. Available at: https://ipbes.net/guideproduction-assessments.
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The evidence includes data, theory, models and expert judgement.
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Well established: there is a comprehensive metaanalysis or other synthesis or multiple independent studies that agree.
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Established but incomplete: there is general agreement, although only a limited number of studies exist; there is no comprehensive synthesis, and/or the studies that exist address the question imprecisely.
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Unresolved: multiple independent studies exist but their conclusions do not agree.
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Inconclusive: there is limited evidence and a recognition of major knowledge gaps.
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 47SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS APPENDIX 2 Synthesis of knowledge and data gaps CATEGORY GAP IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE POTENTIAL GAIN Estimated research costEstimated scientific challengeFor taking management actionFor better understanding biological invasions Gaps in biomes, units of analysis and species groups Incomplete or lack of inventories of invasive alien species in marine, tropical and Arctic ecosystems {2.5.2.1, 2.5.2.4, 2.5.2.5, 2.5.4} Incomplete or lack of inventories of invasive alien microorganisms and invertebrates {2.3.1.11, 2.3.3.3} Lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasion for some animal groups (notably invertebrates), fungi and microbes {3.6.1} Lack of understanding and synthesis of the impacts of invasive alien microbes {4.7.2} Poor understanding of drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in aquatic and marine systems {3.6.1} Lack of data on successful restoration attempts in terrestrial and marine systems {5.5.6, 5.6.2.1} Regional gaps in data and knowledge Comparatively incomplete inventories of invasive alien species in Africa and Central Asia {2.4.2.5, 2.4.5.5} Comparative lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in developing economies {Box 3.12} Lack of data and knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions in sub-Saharan Africa, tropical Asia and South America {3.6.1} Incomplete data on the impacts of invasive alien species across Africa and Central Asia {4.7.2} Interoperable data for monitoring invasive alien species and effects of drivers of biodiversity change Lack of standardization of terminology for invasive alien species monitoring {2.4.4.5, 6.6.2.3, 6.6.2.7} Lack of information on the role of indirect drivers, especially governance and sociocultural drivers, in affecting biological invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1, Box 3.13} Lack of understanding of the net effects of multiple interacting drivers in shaping and promoting biological invasions {3.5, Box 3.10, 3.6.1, Box 3.13} Lack of knowledge on interactions and feedback across drivers in promoting invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1} Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps Synthesis of the most important knowledge and data gaps identified and collated through the assessment. Confidence levels in the summary for policymakers were allocated with full consideration of the gaps listed in the table; closing those gaps would strengthen the understanding of biological invasions. Experts have assessed the estimated cost and scientific challenge of closing these gaps, as well as the potential gain in increasing understanding of and successfully tackling biological invasions globally (from very low to very high). The listed gaps may not be relevant at local or regional scales.
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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Figure SPM A 1 The four-box model for the qualitative communication of confidence.
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APPENDIX 2 Synthesis of knowledge and data gaps
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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APPENDIX 2 Synthesis of knowledge and data gaps
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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Synthesis of the most important knowledge and data gaps identified and collated through the assessment. Confidence levels in the summary for policymakers were allocated with full consideration of the gaps listed in the table; closing those gaps would strengthen the understanding of biological invasions. Experts have assessed the estimated cost and scientific challenge of closing these gaps, as well as the potential gain in increasing understanding of and successfully tackling biological invasions globally (from very low to very high). The listed gaps may not be relevant at local or regional scales. <Section-header> Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps </Section-header>
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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CHALLENGE Estimated research costEstimated scientific challengeFor taking management actionFor better understanding biological invasions Gaps in biomes, units of analysis and species groups Incomplete or lack of inventories of invasive alien species in marine, tropical and Arctic ecosystems {2.5.2.1, 2.5.2.4, 2.5.2.5, 2.5.4} Incomplete or lack of inventories of invasive alien microorganisms and invertebrates {2.3.1.11, 2.3.3.3} Lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasion for some animal groups (notably invertebrates), fungi and microbes {3.6.1} Lack of understanding and synthesis of the impacts of invasive alien microbes {4.7.2} Poor understanding of drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in aquatic and marine systems {3.6.1} Lack of data on successful restoration attempts in terrestrial and marine systems {5.5.6, 5.6.2.1} Regional gaps in data and knowledge Comparatively incomplete inventories of invasive alien species in Africa and Central Asia {2.4.2.5, 2.4.5.5} Comparative lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in developing economies {Box 3.12} Lack of data and knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions in sub-Saharan Africa, tropical Asia and South America {3.6.1} Incomplete data on the impacts of invasive alien species across Africa and Central Asia {4.7.2} Interoperable data for monitoring invasive alien species and effects of drivers of biodiversity change Lack of standardization of terminology for invasive alien species monitoring {2.4.4.5, 6.6.2.3, 6.6.2.7} Lack of information on the role of indirect drivers, especially governance and sociocultural drivers, in affecting biological invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1, Box 3.13} Lack of understanding of the net effects of multiple interacting drivers in shaping and promoting biological invasions {3.5, Box 3.10, 3.6.1, Box 3.13} Lack of knowledge on interactions and feedback across drivers in promoting invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1}
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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47SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 48SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS CATEGORY GAP IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE POTENTIAL GAIN Estimated research costEstimated scientific challengeFor taking management actionFor better understanding biological invasions Interoperable data for monitoring invasive alien species and effects of drivers of biodiversity change Lack of integration of impact data and knowledge sources across languages {4.7.2} Incomplete data to undertake risk management, cost-effective species-based surveillance and detection of fungi, microbes and marine pests {Table 5.11} Incomplete data to prioritize biological invasion management under climate, sea- and land-use change {5.6.1.3} Lack of inventories at fine scales and for specific taxon and biome contexts to support decision-makers in determining when to implement species-based or site-based management (or both) {5.6.2.1, 5.7} Incomplete data to develop pathway risk assessments and management for different taxonomic groups and biomes {Table 5.11, 5.6.2.5} Incomplete data and understanding of site-based and ecosystembased management concepts {5.6.2.1} Incomplete data and understanding of the conditions that facilitate successful integration of policy developments into management plans {6.6.1.4} Lack of indicators of the various dimensions of biological invasion that are policy-relevant, sensitive, reliable, relevant at national and global scales, sustained for medium-to-long-term tracking of progress and part of a responsive policy environment {6.6.3} Gaps in how invasive alien species affect nature's contributions to people Incomplete data on impacts on nature's contributions to people and good quality of life {4.7.2} Management and policy approaches Lack of control options for marine invasive alien species and invasive alien microbial fungal pathogens of plants and animals {5.6.1.1} Lack of agreed-upon methods of supporting management decisionmaking for invasive alien species with both positive and negative impacts {5.6.1.2} Lack of methods of managing pathways for invasive alien species arriving as contaminants, or through shipping containers, e-commerce (legal/illegal), biofouling or ports, and across land borders and along trade supply chains {Table 5.11, 5.6.2.4} Lack of methods for adaptive management of invasive alien invertebrates and plants using alternative approaches given the declining number of chemical control options {5.6.2.5} Lack of eradication guidelines and strategies for generalist invasive alien invertebrates, diseases and hard-to-detect freshwater and marine invasive alien species {5.6.2.1, Table 5.11} Lack of scenarios and models of invasive alien species that consider interactions with other drivers of global change {2.6.5, 6.6.1.6} Missing information on the implementation of adaptive-collaborative governance for biological invasions and factors important to the success of that governance strategy {6.4.4.5} Incomplete data on the effectiveness of policies, management strategies and actions related to biological invasions {6.1.3, 6.6.3}
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Table SPM A 1 Table of knowledge and data gaps
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HE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND TH
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