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Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05087890625,0.468359375,0.06611328125,0.608203125] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Page-header_1_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
26SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
specifically on invasive alien species (well established)
{6.1.3}, which also increases the risk of biological invasions
for neighbouring countries (well established) {6.3.2.1}. Only
17 per cent of countries have national legislation for
biological invasions, whereas an estimated 69 per cent have
biological invasions-specific legislation as part of legislation
in other sectors (well established) {6.1.2, 6.1.3}. Although
many agribusinesses do not manage the risk of the plants
they trade (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1}, in some
cases the business sector has developed voluntary codes of
conduct in tandem with government regulations (Box
SPM.1) (well established) {5.4.1, 6.3.1.4(4), Box 6.7}. It
should be noted, however, that voluntary codes of conduct
are intended to complement, not replace, obligations within
national legislation that regulate activities that transport, sell
or use alien species (well established) {6.3.1.4(4)}. The
transport of invasive alien species along trade supply chains
(e.g., in shipping containers) may be poorly managed and
consequently may constitute a biosecurity risk (well
established) {5.6.2.2}. There are many reasons for the
limited adoption, implementation and efficacy of policy
instruments, including varying capacity and resources
across regions (well established) {6.2.2(7), 5.6.2.2} and lack
of coordination, with unclear roles and responsibilities
among government agencies, stakeholders and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities (well established) {6.2.2(3),
6.2.2(7), 6.2.3, 6.7.2.5}. Nearly half of all countries (45 per
cent) do not invest in management of biological invasions
(Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.8.1)
(established but incomplete) {6.1.3}. Lack of awareness of
the need for collective and coordinated responses can also
hinder implementation {6.1.1, 6.2.2(9)}.
B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future
B9 Intentionally or not, many human activities
facilitate biological invasions globally (well
established) {3.1.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4}. The transport and
introduction of an invasive alien species can be intentional or
unintentional, or in some cases both (well established) {3.2,
3.3}. Historically, many invasive alien species have been
intentionally introduced outside their natural range around
the world for their perceived benefits to people, without
consideration or knowledge of their negative impacts (well
established) {3.2.1, 3.2.3, 3.3.1, 3.3.2}. For example,
invasive alien species are often used in forestry, agriculture,
horticulture, aquaculture and as pets (well established)
{3.2.3.2, 3.3.1.1}.9
In the Mediterranean basin alone, more
than 35 per cent of alien freshwater fish have arisen from
aquaculture (well established) {3.3.1.1.1}. Invasive alien
species have also been intentionally introduced for
recreation and amenity (well established) {3.2.1, 3.2.3.3}
and for soil stabilization (well established) {3.3.1.1.2, 3.3.1.6,
3.3.4.6}. Many invasive alien species have also been
introduced unintentionally, including as contaminants of soils
and traded goods, stowaways in shipments (well
established) {3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.4}, stowaways in ballast
water and sediments, and as biofouling organisms that
attach themselves to ships' hulls and other surfaces on
vessels (well established) {3.2.3.1, 3.2.5, 3.3.2.3, Box 3.7}.
Additionally, online trade in animals, plants and other
organisms is contributing to the introduction of invasive alien
9. IUCN. 2017. Guidance for interpretation of CBD categories on
introduction pathways. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the
European Commission. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/
c/9d85/3bc5/d640f059d03acd717602cd76/sbstta-22-inf-09-en.pdf
species worldwide (well established) {2.1.2, 3.2.4.2}.
Progressive degradation of nature, including from pollution
and fragmentation of ecosystems, has facilitated the
establishment and spread of invasive alien species (well
established) {3.3.1.2, 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.5, 3.3.1.6, 3.3.3}.
Demographic drivers10 also facilitate the introduction and
spread of invasive alien species, although it is acknowledged
that drivers differ across regions (well established) {3.2.2}. In
the last 50 years, the number of people in the world has
more than doubled, consumption has tripled, and global
trade has grown nearly tenfold, with shifting patterns across
regions (well established) {3.1.1}. This acceleration of the
world economy is increasing the rate and magnitude of
many direct and indirect drivers, particularly those related to
trade, travel and land- and sea-use change,11 leading to
further biological invasions (well established) {3.1.1, 3.2.2}.
B10 The number of alien species is rising globally
at unprecedented and increasing rates (Figure
SPM.4) (well established) {2.2.1}. Thirty-seven per cent
of all known alien species have been reported since 1970
10. Demographic drivers have been identified by the IPBES Global
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of
the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services as one of the indirect drivers of change in nature,
as described in Table 3.1
11. IPBES (2022). The Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable
Use of Wild Species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Fromentin, J.M., Emery,
M.R., Donaldson, J., Danner, M.C., Hallosserie, A., Kieling, D.,
Balachander, G., Barron, E.S., Chaudhary, R.P., Gasalla, M., Halmy,
M., Hicks, C., Park, M.S., Parlee, B., Rice, J., Ticktin, T., and Tittensor,
D. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/
zenodo.6425599 | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Full-Page_0_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.12080078125,0.493359375,0.3462890625] | specifically on invasive alien species (well established)
{6.1.3}, which also increases the risk of biological invasions
for neighbouring countries (well established) {6.3.2.1}. Only
17 per cent of countries have national legislation for
biological invasions, whereas an estimated 69 per cent have
biological invasions-specific legislation as part of legislation
in other sectors (well established) {6.1.2, 6.1.3}. Although
many agribusinesses do not manage the risk of the plants
they trade (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1}, in some
cases the business sector has developed voluntary codes of
conduct in tandem with government regulations (Box
SPM.1) (well established) {5.4.1, 6.3.1.4(4), Box 6.7}. It
should be noted, however, that voluntary codes of conduct
are intended to complement, not replace, obligations within
national legislation that regulate activities that transport, sell
or use alien species (well established) {6.3.1.4(4)}. The | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_0_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.385546875,0.8578125,0.450390625] | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Section-header_0_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.4734375,0.494921875,0.86015625] | B9 Intentionally or not, many human activities
facilitate biological invasions globally (well
established) {3.1.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4}. The transport and
introduction of an invasive alien species can be intentional or
unintentional, or in some cases both (well established) {3.2,
3.3}. Historically, many invasive alien species have been
intentionally introduced outside their natural range around
the world for their perceived benefits to people, without
consideration or knowledge of their negative impacts (well
established) {3.2.1, 3.2.3, 3.3.1, 3.3.2}. For example,
invasive alien species are often used in forestry, agriculture,
horticulture, aquaculture and as pets (well established)
{3.2.3.2, 3.3.1.1}.9
In the Mediterranean basin alone, more
than 35 per cent of alien freshwater fish have arisen from
aquaculture (well established) {3.3.1.1.1}. Invasive alien
species have also been intentionally introduced for
recreation and amenity (well established) {3.2.1, 3.2.3.3}
and for soil stabilization (well established) {3.3.1.1.2, 3.3.1.6,
3.3.4.6}. Many invasive alien species have also been
introduced unintentionally, including as contaminants of soils
and traded goods, stowaways in shipments (well
established) {3.2.3.1, 3.2.3.2, 3.2.3.4}, stowaways in ballast
water and sediments, and as biofouling organisms that
attach themselves to ships' hulls and other surfaces on
vessels (well established) {3.2.3.1, 3.2.5, 3.3.2.3, Box 3.7}.
Additionally, online trade in animals, plants and other
organisms is contributing to the introduction of invasive alien
<Section-header> B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_1_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.1216796875,0.884375,0.3458984375] | transport of invasive alien species along trade supply chains
(e.g., in shipping containers) may be poorly managed and
consequently may constitute a biosecurity risk (well
established) {5.6.2.2}. There are many reasons for the
limited adoption, implementation and efficacy of policy
instruments, including varying capacity and resources
across regions (well established) {6.2.2(7), 5.6.2.2} and lack
of coordination, with unclear roles and responsibilities
among government agencies, stakeholders and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities (well established) {6.2.2(3),
6.2.2(7), 6.2.3, 6.7.2.5}. Nearly half of all countries (45 per
cent) do not invest in management of biological invasions
(Sustainable Development Goal indicator 15.8.1)
(established but incomplete) {6.1.3}. Lack of awareness of
the need for collective and coordinated responses can also
hinder implementation {6.1.1, 6.2.2(9)}. | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_2_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509765625,0.4765625,0.88671875,0.702734375] | species worldwide (well established) {2.1.2, 3.2.4.2}.
Progressive degradation of nature, including from pollution
and fragmentation of ecosystems, has facilitated the
establishment and spread of invasive alien species (well
established) {3.3.1.2, 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.5, 3.3.1.6, 3.3.3}.
Demographic drivers10 also facilitate the introduction and
spread of invasive alien species, although it is acknowledged
that drivers differ across regions (well established) {3.2.2}. In
the last 50 years, the number of people in the world has
more than doubled, consumption has tripled, and global
trade has grown nearly tenfold, with shifting patterns across
regions (well established) {3.1.1}. This acceleration of the
world economy is increasing the rate and magnitude of
many direct and indirect drivers, particularly those related to
trade, travel and land- and sea-use change,11 leading to
further biological invasions (well established) {3.1.1, 3.2.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_3_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.716796875,0.88359375,0.773828125] | B10 The number of alien species is rising globally
at unprecedented and increasing rates (Figure
SPM.4) (well established) {2.2.1}. Thirty-seven per cent
of all known alien species have been reported since 1970 | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_4_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
List-item_0 | List-item | Text | [0.509765625,0.786328125,0.878125,0.91640625] | 10. Demographic drivers have been identified by the IPBES Global
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of
the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services as one of the indirect drivers of change in nature,
as described in Table 3.1
11. IPBES (2022). The Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable
Use of Wild Species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Fromentin, J.M., Emery,
M.R., Donaldson, J., Danner, M.C., Hallosserie, A., Kieling, D.,
Balachander, G., Barron, E.S., Chaudhary, R.P., Gasalla, M., Halmy,
M., Hicks, C., Park, M.S., Parlee, B., Rice, J., Ticktin, T., and Tittensor,
D. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/
zenodo.6425599 | raw_document.pdf | 27 | List-item_0_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.51171875,0.78671875,0.87265625,0.83671875] | 10. Demographic drivers have been identified by the IPBES Global
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of
the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services as one of the indirect drivers of change in nature,
as described in Table 3.1 | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Text_5_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Footnote_0 | Footnote | Text | [0.1193359375,0.87578125,0.4609375,0.91640625] | 9. IUCN. 2017. Guidance for interpretation of CBD categories on
introduction pathways. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the
European Commission. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/
c/9d85/3bc5/d640f059d03acd717602cd76/sbstta-22-inf-09-en.pdf | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Footnote_0_27 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.419921875,0.051318359375,0.83125,0.060107421875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR C | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Page-header_0_28 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR C | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.93359375,0.443359375,0.9515625,0.608984375] | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Page-header_1_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES Established alien marine species
0 50 100 150 >200
0 6,000 12,000 >18,000
Established alien terrestrial and
freshwater species
No data
Distributions of terrestrial data gaps
Few Many
B TEMPORAL TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES ACROSS TAXA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
100
200
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
100
200
300
400
0
100
200
300
400
1500 1625 1750 1875 2015
0
100
200
300
1500 1625 1750 1875 2015
0
100
200
300
400
1500 1625 1750 1875 2015
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mammals
ALIEN SPECIES
Birds Fishes
Africa
Americas
Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Insects Crustaceans Molluscs
Vascular plants
YEAR YEAR YEAR
Algae Fungi
Figure SPM 4 Global distribution and temporal trends in established alien species.
(A) Total numbers of established alien species (terrestrial and freshwater) in the 18 IPBES subregions and marine ecoregions (marine)
are indicated. White denotes missing information {2.2}. A gap analysis was conducted to identify data gaps for terrestrial regions,
which are indicated in the inset {2.1.4, 2.2.3}. The data gap analysis could not be done for marine regions (white) and Antarctica
(grey). (B) The temporal trends in the number of established alien species from 1500 to 2015 are shown for mammals, birds, fishes,
insects, crustaceans, molluscs, vascular plants, algae and fungi, for the four IPBES regions {2.1.4, 2.4.1}.
(Figure SPM.3) (established but incomplete) {2.2.1}.
The number of alien species has been rising continuously for
centuries in all regions (well established) {2.2.1} and is
expected to continue increasing in the future (well
established) {2.6.1}. Global exploration and colonialism
beginning in 1500, with the associated movement of people
and goods, and industrialization from 1850 resulted in the
transport and introduction of alien species and were
historically important. Increases in global trade since 1950
have resulted in unprecedentedly high and increasing | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Full-Page_0_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impacts are
increasing rapidly and are predicted to continue rising in
the future |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.481640625,0.051171875,0.86875,0.0599609375] | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Section-header_0_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Section-header_1 | Section-header | Text | [0.14609375,0.1314453125,0.53828125,0.141796875] | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Section-header_1_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.1125,0.1494140625,0.9734375,0.70625] |
<Caption> B TEMPORAL TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES ACROSS TAXA </Caption>
<Caption> Figure SPM 4 Global distribution and temporal trends in established alien species. </Caption>
| raw_document.pdf | 28 | Picture_0_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Caption_0 | Caption | Text | [0.141015625,0.373046875,0.717578125,0.382421875] | B TEMPORAL TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES ACROSS TAXA | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Caption_0_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Caption_1 | Caption | Text | [0.1341796875,0.723828125,0.76328125,0.737890625] | Figure SPM 4 Global distribution and temporal trends in established alien species. | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Caption_1_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1349609375,0.74453125,0.86015625,0.8046875] | (A) Total numbers of established alien species (terrestrial and freshwater) in the 18 IPBES subregions and marine ecoregions (marine)
are indicated. White denotes missing information {2.2}. A gap analysis was conducted to identify data gaps for terrestrial regions,
which are indicated in the inset {2.1.4, 2.2.3}. The data gap analysis could not be done for marine regions (white) and Antarctica
(grey). (B) The temporal trends in the number of established alien species from 1500 to 2015 are shown for mammals, birds, fishes,
insects, crustaceans, molluscs, vascular plants, algae and fungi, for the four IPBES regions {2.1.4, 2.4.1}. | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Text_0_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.846875,0.49140625,0.915625] | (Figure SPM.3) (established but incomplete) {2.2.1}.
The number of alien species has been rising continuously for
centuries in all regions (well established) {2.2.1} and is
expected to continue increasing in the future (well
established) {2.6.1}. Global exploration and colonialism | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Text_1_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.50859375,0.846875,0.88125,0.915625] | beginning in 1500, with the associated movement of people
and goods, and industrialization from 1850 resulted in the
transport and introduction of alien species and were
historically important. Increases in global trade since 1950
have resulted in unprecedentedly high and increasing | raw_document.pdf | 28 | Text_2_28 | 27SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.051611328125,0.58046875,0.06044921875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Page-header_0_29 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.052197265625,0.464453125,0.065771484375,0.609765625] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Page-header_1_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
28SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
numbers of alien species being introduced (Figure SPM.4).
Some of these have become invasive (well established) {2.1,
3.2.3}. Even without the introduction of new species, given
the opportunity, many already-established alien species in a
region may continue to expand their geographic ranges and
spread into new countries and regions (well established)
{2.6.1}, including into remote environments such as
mountain, polar (i.e., Antarctica and the Arctic) and desert
ecosystems (well established) {2.5.2.8, 2.5.2.7, Box 2.7,
Box 3.11}. Under a "business-as-usual" scenario, which
assumes the continuation of past trends in drivers, the total
number of alien species is projected to further increase
globally, and by 2050 is expected to be approximately
36 per cent higher than in 2005 (established but incomplete)
{2.6.1}. As trends in major drivers are predicted to
accelerate in the future (well established) {3.1.1}, the
number of alien species worldwide is expected to increase
faster than predicted under the "business-as-usual" scenario
(established but incomplete) {2.6.1}. There is a lack of
quantified projections for invasive alien species under
different scenarios (Table SPM.A1), which impedes a
comparison of trends for alternative futures (well established)
{2.6.5}. Projections of long-term trends for invasive alien
species numbers are not available but they are expected to
be similar to those for established alien species (established
but incomplete) {2.2.1}. The documented global economic
cost of biological invasions has increased fourfold every
10 years since 1970 (Figure SPM.3) and is anticipated to
continue rising (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}.
B11 The increase in the transport and introduction
of invasive alien species worldwide is primarily
influenced by economic drivers, especially the
expansion of global trade and human travel
(Figure SPM.5) (well established) {2.1.2, 3.1.1,
3.2.3}. There has been a fivefold increase in the size of the
global economy over the last 50 years (well established)
{3.1.1}. International trade, which has increased nearly
tenfold over the same period, represents the most important
pathway through which invasive alien species are
transported worldwide (Figure SPM.5) (well established)
{3.1.1, 3.2.3.1}. There is a strong link between the volume
of commodity imports and the number of invasive alien
species in a region, and patterns in the global spread of
species mirror shipping and air traffic networks (well
established) {3.2.3.1}. The construction of shipping canals
(e.g., Suez, Panama) has connected previously separated
marine and freshwater regions, facilitating the spread of
invasive alien species through species migration, ballast
water transfers (Box SPM.2) and biofouling (well
established) {3.2.3.1, 3.3.1.3}. For example, 150 years after
the opening of the Suez Canal, marine alien species are still
being newly recorded in the Mediterranean Sea (well
established) {Box 3.7}. Biosecurity measures at international
borders have not kept pace with the growing volume,
diversity and origins of global trade (including e-trade) and
travel (well established) {3.2.4.2, 3.2.3.4, 5.6.2.2}. Projected
growth in international trade and the movement of people,
including tourism, will lead to further pressure on border
inspection regimes and could soon overwhelm the
biosecurity capability of most countries (well established)
{3.2.3.1, 6.3.1.4}.
B12 Accelerated establishment and spread of
invasive alien species within countries are
primarily driven by direct drivers, notably changes
in land- and sea-use (Figure SPM.5) (well
established) {2.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.2}. Land- and sea-use
changes may increase the vulnerability of natural
ecosystems to the establishment and spread of invasive
alien species through increasing fragmentation and habitat
disturbance, for example by changing grazing, fire regimes,
soil disturbance, or watershed flow (well established)
{3.3.1.2, 3.3.1.5}. Transportation and utility infrastructures
such as roads, tracks, railways, pipelines, canals and
bridges, among others, can create corridors that facilitate
the spread of invasive alien species, including into remote,
undisturbed and protected areas (well established) {3.3.1.3,
Box 2.7, Box 3.7}. Marine and aquatic infrastructure may
alter seascapes and the functioning of marine ecosystems,
facilitating the spread of invasive alien species (established
but incomplete) {3.2.2.4, 3.3.1.4, 5.6.1.4}. The numbers of
invasive alien species were reported to be 1.5 to 2.5 times
higher on pontoons and pilings than on natural rocky reefs
(established but incomplete) {3.3.1.4}. More generally,
land-use change can facilitate biological invasions through
alteration of processes that cause natural disturbance of
landscapes, such as wildfire or grazing regimes (established
but incomplete) {3.3.1.5}. In several regions of the world,
grazing by feral alien ungulates (horses, camels, buffalo,
pigs) facilitates the spread of invasive alien plants,
sometimes through complex species interactions involving
the suppression of native species and the facilitation of other
alien species (well established) {3.3.1.5.1}. As a specific
example, invasive alien ungulates (wild boar, deer) can
transport invasive ectomycorrhizal (root associated
symbiotic) fungi, which are beneficial for the establishment
and spread of alien pine trees, over long distances,
rendering habitats susceptible to pine invasion (well
established) {Box 3.10}. Climate change, along with the
continued intensification and expansion of land-use change
may lead to future increases in the establishment and
spread of invasive alien species in disturbed habitats and in
nearby natural habitats (established but incomplete) {3.3.4}.
B13 No driver acts in isolation, and interactions
among drivers are amplifying biological invasions,
leading to outcomes that can be difficult to predict
(well established) {2.6.1, 3.1.5, 3.5}. The outcomes of
interactions among multiple drivers, including feedback, are
complex and varied (well established) {1.3.3, 3.1.5, 3.5}.
Some of the highest current rates and greatest magnitudes | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Full-Page_0_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.119140625,0.122265625,0.49453125,0.53125] | numbers of alien species being introduced (Figure SPM.4).
Some of these have become invasive (well established) {2.1,
3.2.3}. Even without the introduction of new species, given
the opportunity, many already-established alien species in a
region may continue to expand their geographic ranges and
spread into new countries and regions (well established)
{2.6.1}, including into remote environments such as
mountain, polar (i.e., Antarctica and the Arctic) and desert
ecosystems (well established) {2.5.2.8, 2.5.2.7, Box 2.7,
Box 3.11}. Under a "business-as-usual" scenario, which
assumes the continuation of past trends in drivers, the total
number of alien species is projected to further increase
globally, and by 2050 is expected to be approximately
36 per cent higher than in 2005 (established but incomplete)
{2.6.1}. As trends in major drivers are predicted to
accelerate in the future (well established) {3.1.1}, the
number of alien species worldwide is expected to increase
faster than predicted under the "business-as-usual" scenario
(established but incomplete) {2.6.1}. There is a lack of
quantified projections for invasive alien species under
different scenarios (Table SPM.A1), which impedes a
comparison of trends for alternative futures (well established)
{2.6.5}. Projections of long-term trends for invasive alien
species numbers are not available but they are expected to
be similar to those for established alien species (established
but incomplete) {2.2.1}. The documented global economic
cost of biological invasions has increased fourfold every
10 years since 1970 (Figure SPM.3) and is anticipated to
continue rising (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}. | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Text_0_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.54609375,0.493359375,0.915625] | B11 The increase in the transport and introduction
of invasive alien species worldwide is primarily
influenced by economic drivers, especially the
expansion of global trade and human travel
(Figure SPM.5) (well established) {2.1.2, 3.1.1,
3.2.3}. There has been a fivefold increase in the size of the
global economy over the last 50 years (well established)
{3.1.1}. International trade, which has increased nearly
tenfold over the same period, represents the most important
pathway through which invasive alien species are
transported worldwide (Figure SPM.5) (well established)
{3.1.1, 3.2.3.1}. There is a strong link between the volume
of commodity imports and the number of invasive alien
species in a region, and patterns in the global spread of
species mirror shipping and air traffic networks (well
established) {3.2.3.1}. The construction of shipping canals
(e.g., Suez, Panama) has connected previously separated
marine and freshwater regions, facilitating the spread of
invasive alien species through species migration, ballast
water transfers (Box SPM.2) and biofouling (well
established) {3.2.3.1, 3.3.1.3}. For example, 150 years after
the opening of the Suez Canal, marine alien species are still
being newly recorded in the Mediterranean Sea (well
established) {Box 3.7}. Biosecurity measures at international
borders have not kept pace with the growing volume,
diversity and origins of global trade (including e-trade) and | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Text_1_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.1216796875,0.8828125,0.2033203125] | travel (well established) {3.2.4.2, 3.2.3.4, 5.6.2.2}. Projected
growth in international trade and the movement of people,
including tourism, will lead to further pressure on border
inspection regimes and could soon overwhelm the
biosecurity capability of most countries (well established)
{3.2.3.1, 6.3.1.4}. | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Text_2_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.20703125,0.88359375,0.8125] | B12 Accelerated establishment and spread of
invasive alien species within countries are
primarily driven by direct drivers, notably changes
in land- and sea-use (Figure SPM.5) (well
established) {2.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.2}. Land- and sea-use
changes may increase the vulnerability of natural
ecosystems to the establishment and spread of invasive
alien species through increasing fragmentation and habitat
disturbance, for example by changing grazing, fire regimes,
soil disturbance, or watershed flow (well established)
{3.3.1.2, 3.3.1.5}. Transportation and utility infrastructures
such as roads, tracks, railways, pipelines, canals and
bridges, among others, can create corridors that facilitate
the spread of invasive alien species, including into remote,
undisturbed and protected areas (well established) {3.3.1.3,
Box 2.7, Box 3.7}. Marine and aquatic infrastructure may
alter seascapes and the functioning of marine ecosystems,
facilitating the spread of invasive alien species (established
but incomplete) {3.2.2.4, 3.3.1.4, 5.6.1.4}. The numbers of
invasive alien species were reported to be 1.5 to 2.5 times
higher on pontoons and pilings than on natural rocky reefs
(established but incomplete) {3.3.1.4}. More generally,
land-use change can facilitate biological invasions through
alteration of processes that cause natural disturbance of
landscapes, such as wildfire or grazing regimes (established
but incomplete) {3.3.1.5}. In several regions of the world,
grazing by feral alien ungulates (horses, camels, buffalo,
pigs) facilitates the spread of invasive alien plants,
sometimes through complex species interactions involving
the suppression of native species and the facilitation of other
alien species (well established) {3.3.1.5.1}. As a specific
example, invasive alien ungulates (wild boar, deer) can
transport invasive ectomycorrhizal (root associated
symbiotic) fungi, which are beneficial for the establishment
and spread of alien pine trees, over long distances,
rendering habitats susceptible to pine invasion (well
established) {Box 3.10}. Climate change, along with the
continued intensification and expansion of land-use change
may lead to future increases in the establishment and
spread of invasive alien species in disturbed habitats and in
nearby natural habitats (established but incomplete) {3.3.4}.
<Section-header> B12 </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 29 | Text_3_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHED ALIEN SPECIES |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.5109375,0.2154296875,0.5359375,0.2310546875] | B12 | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Section-header_0_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B12 |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.81640625,0.88125,0.91640625] | B13 No driver acts in isolation, and interactions
among drivers are amplifying biological invasions,
leading to outcomes that can be difficult to predict
(well established) {2.6.1, 3.1.5, 3.5}. The outcomes of
interactions among multiple drivers, including feedback, are
complex and varied (well established) {1.3.3, 3.1.5, 3.5}.
Some of the highest current rates and greatest magnitudes | raw_document.pdf | 29 | Text_4_29 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B12 |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.41953125,0.05087890625,0.88125,0.0603515625] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Page-header_0_30 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B12 |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.93359375,0.4421875,0.953125,0.606640625] | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Page-header_1_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B12 |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
of biological invasion occur where land-use change interacts
with one or more additional drivers (established but
incomplete) {3.5.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.3}. For example, interactions
among land-use change, climate change and nutrient
pollution have driven the introduction, establishment and
spread of Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) across
Africa (well established) {Box 3.12}. Extraction of natural
resources is closely linked with major economic and
demographic drivers and can lead to a range of wider
ecosystem impacts, including habitat degradation and loss,
which facilitates invasive alien species (well established)
{3.3.2, 3.4.2}. Climate change is predicted to lead to major
changes in land- and sea-use and, in some regions, in
human migration patterns (established but incomplete)
{3.3.4}, but also to more extreme events among natural
drivers, such as droughts, floods, wildfires, tropical storms
and oceanic storm waves (established but incomplete)
{3.3.4.3}. Additionally, invasive alien plants, especially trees
and grasses, can sometimes be highly flammable and
therefore promote more intense and frequent fire regimes,
causing increased risks to nature and people and increased
carbon release into the atmosphere (well established) {Box
1.4}. Climate change is also predicted to enhance the
competitive ability of some invasive alien species and to
extend areas suitable for them thus offering new
opportunities for introductions and establishment
(established but incomplete) {3.3.4}. Invasive alien species
can facilitate the establishment and spread of other invasive
alien species, resulting in positive feedback that increases
impacts through a process known as "invasional meltdown"
(well established) {3.3.5.1}. Biodiversity loss can reduce the
resilience of ecosystems to invasive alien species, with
Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions.
Many invasive alien species have been introduced to coastal
and inland water ecosystems globally through ballast water
discharges {3.2.3.1}. For example, following its introduction its
introduction via ballast water discharge, Dreissena polymorpha
(zebra mussel) has become widespread in the Great Lakes
of North America {Box 2.9}. Dreissena polymorpha has been
implicated in the transfer of botulinum toxin to higher trophic
levels, which has been further
facilitated by climate change,
specifically by increased water
temperatures, leading to mortality
of waterfowl in the Great Lakes
{Box 4.5}. Furthermore, the shells
of Dreissena polymorpha can
cause skin injuries to recreational
swimmers and commercial fishers
{Box 4.15}. The International
Maritime Organization has
developed an international
instrument to address the transfer
of harmful aquatic organisms
and pathogens in ballast water
of maritime vessels {5.5.1}. The
International Convention for the
Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments
was adopted by the International
Maritime Organization in 2004 and
came into force in 2017 {5.5.1}.
It is the first international legally binding legislation requiring
ships to manage their ballast water so that aquatic organisms
and pathogens are eliminated before the ballast water is
released in a new location {3.2.3.1, 5.5.1, 6.1.3, 6.31}. While
the global efficacy of ballast water management cannot be
assessed yet, there is evidence that it has reduced invasive
alien species introductions in the Great Lakes of North America
{5.5.1}: between 1959 and 2006, one new alien species was
discovered every seven months, but there was an abrupt
shift (85 per cent decline) in the number of newly established
alien species following the implementation of the ballast water
regulations by Canada and the United States of America in
2006 and 2008 respectively {Box 2.9}.
Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) was introduced through
ballast water discharge in the Great Lakes of North America,
causing a negative impact on nature, nature's contributions to
people, and good quality of life.
Photo credit:Thirdwavephoto, WM Commons - CC BY 4.0 | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Full-Page_0_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | B12 |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.142578125,0.1296875,0.8265625,0.17236328125] | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Section-header_0_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.14423828125,0.18701171875,0.48828125,0.56328125] | Many invasive alien species have been introduced to coastal
and inland water ecosystems globally through ballast water
discharges {3.2.3.1}. For example, following its introduction its
introduction via ballast water discharge, Dreissena polymorpha
(zebra mussel) has become widespread in the Great Lakes
of North America {Box 2.9}. Dreissena polymorpha has been
implicated in the transfer of botulinum toxin to higher trophic
levels, which has been further
facilitated by climate change,
specifically by increased water
temperatures, leading to mortality
of waterfowl in the Great Lakes
{Box 4.5}. Furthermore, the shells
of Dreissena polymorpha can
cause skin injuries to recreational
swimmers and commercial fishers
{Box 4.15}. The International
Maritime Organization has
developed an international
instrument to address the transfer
of harmful aquatic organisms
and pathogens in ballast water
of maritime vessels {5.5.1}. The
International Convention for the
Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments
was adopted by the International
Maritime Organization in 2004 and
came into force in 2017 {5.5.1}.
<Section-header> Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_0_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.351171875,0.2919921875,0.8609375,0.5484375] | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Picture_0_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
|
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1431640625,0.56640625,0.48203125,0.6421875] | It is the first international legally binding legislation requiring
ships to manage their ballast water so that aquatic organisms
and pathogens are eliminated before the ballast water is
released in a new location {3.2.3.1, 5.5.1, 6.1.3, 6.31}. While
the global efficacy of ballast water management cannot be
assessed yet, there is evidence that it has reduced invasive | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_1_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.118359375,0.690234375,0.48984375,0.91640625] | of biological invasion occur where land-use change interacts
with one or more additional drivers (established but
incomplete) {3.5.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.3}. For example, interactions
among land-use change, climate change and nutrient
pollution have driven the introduction, establishment and
spread of Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) across
Africa (well established) {Box 3.12}. Extraction of natural
resources is closely linked with major economic and
demographic drivers and can lead to a range of wider
ecosystem impacts, including habitat degradation and loss,
which facilitates invasive alien species (well established)
{3.3.2, 3.4.2}. Climate change is predicted to lead to major
changes in land- and sea-use and, in some regions, in
human migration patterns (established but incomplete)
{3.3.4}, but also to more extreme events among natural
drivers, such as droughts, floods, wildfires, tropical storms | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_2_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509765625,0.18818359375,0.85390625,0.2765625] | alien species introductions in the Great Lakes of North America
{5.5.1}: between 1959 and 2006, one new alien species was
discovered every seven months, but there was an abrupt
shift (85 per cent decline) in the number of newly established
alien species following the implementation of the ballast water
regulations by Canada and the United States of America in
2006 and 2008 respectively {Box 2.9}. | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_3_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.57734375,0.8515625,0.6421875] | Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) was introduced through
ballast water discharge in the Great Lakes of North America,
causing a negative impact on nature, nature's contributions to
people, and good quality of life.
Photo credit:Thirdwavephoto, WM Commons - CC BY 4.0 | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_4_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.51015625,0.690625,0.8828125,0.915625] | and oceanic storm waves (established but incomplete)
{3.3.4.3}. Additionally, invasive alien plants, especially trees
and grasses, can sometimes be highly flammable and
therefore promote more intense and frequent fire regimes,
causing increased risks to nature and people and increased
carbon release into the atmosphere (well established) {Box
1.4}. Climate change is also predicted to enhance the
competitive ability of some invasive alien species and to
extend areas suitable for them thus offering new
opportunities for introductions and establishment
(established but incomplete) {3.3.4}. Invasive alien species
can facilitate the establishment and spread of other invasive
alien species, resulting in positive feedback that increases
impacts through a process known as "invasional meltdown"
(well established) {3.3.5.1}. Biodiversity loss can reduce the
resilience of ecosystems to invasive alien species, with | raw_document.pdf | 30 | Text_5_30 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
30SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
DIRECT ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVERS OTHER DRIVERS INDIRECT DRIVERS
Transport Introduction Establishment Spread
STAGES OF INVASION
Economic
Science and technology
Policies, governance
and institutions
Land-/sea-use change
Extraction of natural
resources
Climate change
Invasive alien species
Sociocultural and
social values
Demographic
Pollution
Biodiversity loss
Natural drivers
Minimal Minor Moderate Major Massive
Figure SPM 5 Relative importance of different drivers of change in nature in facilitating
biological invasions across biomes per different stages of the biological invasion
process (transport, introduction, establishment and spread), as determined
through expert assessment, based on the evidence in chapter 3 {3.6.2}.
These estimates are summarized across ecosystems and terrestrial biomes at the global scale. Drivers are classified according to the
IPBES conceptual framework as direct or indirect drivers {3.1.3, Table 3.1}. Additionally, other drivers are included, namely biodiversity
loss and natural drivers, as they can increase native ecosystem vulnerability or in other ways facilitate biological invasions {3.1.3}.
Note that the role of invasive alien species as a driver refers to their role in facilitating other invasive alien species {3.3.5} and that
this analysis focuses on the unintended consequences of policies, governance, institutions and technologies in facilitating biological
invasions {3.2.4, 3.2.5}. The relative importance of drivers for each stage of the biological invasion process accounts for multiple, | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Full-Page_0_31 | 29SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.05146484375,0.543359375,0.06025390625] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CO | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Page-header_0_31 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 2 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'
Ballast Water and Sediments: an example of international collaboration to
prevent biological invasions. |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.181640625,0.05146484375,0.56875,0.0599609375] | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Section-header_0_31 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.135546875,0.1125,0.86328125,0.739453125] | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Picture_0_31 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
|
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05390625,0.445703125,0.06533203125,0.609765625] | 0SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Page-header_1_31 | 0SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.134765625,0.760546875,0.86015625,0.8171875] | Figure SPM 5 Relative importance of different drivers of change in nature in facilitating
biological invasions across biomes per different stages of the biological invasion
process (transport, introduction, establishment and spread), as determined
through expert assessment, based on the evidence in chapter 3 {3.6.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Text_0_31 | 0SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1359375,0.8234375,0.8625,0.8953125] | These estimates are summarized across ecosystems and terrestrial biomes at the global scale. Drivers are classified according to the
IPBES conceptual framework as direct or indirect drivers {3.1.3, Table 3.1}. Additionally, other drivers are included, namely biodiversity
loss and natural drivers, as they can increase native ecosystem vulnerability or in other ways facilitate biological invasions {3.1.3}.
Note that the role of invasive alien species as a driver refers to their role in facilitating other invasive alien species {3.3.5} and that
this analysis focuses on the unintended consequences of policies, governance, institutions and technologies in facilitating biological
invasions {3.2.4, 3.2.5}. The relative importance of drivers for each stage of the biological invasion process accounts for multiple, | raw_document.pdf | 31 | Text_1_31 | 0SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.41953125,0.051171875,0.88125,0.06025390625] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Page-header_0_32 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.9328125,0.4421875,0.9546875,0.605078125] | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Page-header_1_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
subsequent feedback facilitating the establishment and
spread of other invasive alien species (well established)
{3.4.2}. Indirect drivers also interact with one another. For
example, sociocultural changes may lead to increased rates
of infrastructure development through urbanization, and
these interactions may further influence the rate and
magnitude of change in land- and sea-use and other direct
drivers that may in turn facilitate biological invasions (well
established) {3.2.1}. Feedback and non-linear relationships
among interacting drivers are likely to be exacerbated with
ongoing and concurrent amplification of drivers (established
but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.5, 3.6.3, Box 4.5}, potentially
leading to numbers of invasive alien species never previously
encountered (established but incomplete) {2.6.1}.
B14 Negative impacts of invasive alien species can
occur long after first introduction, and currently
observed threats from invasive alien species can
lead to an underestimation of the magnitude of the
future impact (well established) {1.4.4, 2.2.1}. There
are often time lags in detection and reporting of newly
introduced invasive alien species (well established) {2.2.1}.
Some invasive alien species spread very rapidly, while others
take longer to spread and fully occupy their potential ranges
(well established) {2.2.1, 2.2.3}. For some invasive alien
species, the impact is immediate and continues into the
long-term (e.g., fast-spreading pathogens such as Zika virus
and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus), and
fast-spreading predators such as lionfish), while for others
there may be a considerable time lag, spanning decades in
some cases, before the impact is apparent (e.g., many
invasive alien trees) (well established) {1.5}. Such time lags
can lead to people not perceiving the ongoing slow changes
in their environment, including the impacts of invasive alien
species (well established) {1.5.2}. There can also be
significant time lags in the response of invasive alien species
to various drivers because the underlying processes that
facilitate biological invasions operate at varying temporal
scales (short- to long-term) (well established) {1.5, 3.2.3.1,
3.6.3}. Invasive alien species may increase in numbers after
a long period at low density as a result of changes in
interactions with other species, for example as a result of
the introduction of a missing dispersal agent or the removal
of a competitor (3.3.5.1). For example, in the western United
States, the invasive alien Carcinus maenas (European shore
crab) reduced the abundance of a native clam, releasing
another alien species, Gemma gemma (the amethyst gem
clam), from competition, allowing it to become
superabundant and to spread, after having been locally
distributed and at low abundance for over 50 years (well
established) {3.3.5.1}. Patterns in the numbers of alien
species seen today reflect the drivers of decades ago (i.e.,
invasion debt) (established but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.1.5}.
Consequently, past and ongoing amplification of drivers may
lead to a long legacy of future invasive alien species as, for
example, the number of new alien species that become
invasive increases over time (i.e., invasion debt) (established
but incomplete) {2.3.1.5, 3.1.5, 3.6.3}.
C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management
C15 Management of invasive alien species has
been successful in many contexts (Figure SPM.6,
Table SPM.1) (well established) {5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.3,
5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.5.6}. There are three options for preventing
or reducing the number and negative impacts of invasive
alien species:
Pathway management, based on the analysis of preborder, border and post-border risks, can prevent the
movement and spread of invasive alien species through
surveillance and the implementation of biosecurity
response measures (well established) {5.3.1.1, 5.5.1,
5.5.2}.
Species-based management at a local or landscape
level, which includes surveillance, early detection and
rapid response, eradication, containment and widespread
control (including biological control), and can be
applied throughout the biological invasion process (well
established) {5.3.1.2, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.5}.
Site- or ecosystem-based management, which can
both protect and restore native species and ecosystems
(well established) {5.3.1.3, 5.5.6}.
The use of individual species-based and site-based
approaches for the management of multiple invasive alien
interacting, and non-additive effects of drivers, with differences in the overall importance of drivers across stages. While all drivers
can potentially influence each biological invasion stage, indirect drivers, particularly those associated with economic growth, are more
important in facilitating the transport and introduction stages {3.6.2}. In contrast, direct drivers, particularly land- and sea-use and
climate change, are proportionally more important in facilitating the later stages of biological invasion {3.6.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Full-Page_0_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.136328125,0.130078125,0.865625,0.1751953125] | interacting, and non-additive effects of drivers, with differences in the overall importance of drivers across stages. While all drivers
can potentially influence each biological invasion stage, indirect drivers, particularly those associated with economic growth, are more
important in facilitating the transport and introduction stages {3.6.2}. In contrast, direct drivers, particularly land- and sea-use and
climate change, are proportionally more important in facilitating the later stages of biological invasion {3.6.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_0_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.2201171875,0.4921875,0.417578125] | subsequent feedback facilitating the establishment and
spread of other invasive alien species (well established)
{3.4.2}. Indirect drivers also interact with one another. For
example, sociocultural changes may lead to increased rates
of infrastructure development through urbanization, and
these interactions may further influence the rate and
magnitude of change in land- and sea-use and other direct
drivers that may in turn facilitate biological invasions (well
established) {3.2.1}. Feedback and non-linear relationships
among interacting drivers are likely to be exacerbated with
ongoing and concurrent amplification of drivers (established
but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.5, 3.6.3, Box 4.5}, potentially
leading to numbers of invasive alien species never previously
encountered (established but incomplete) {2.6.1}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_1_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.431640625,0.49453125,0.631640625] | B14 Negative impacts of invasive alien species can
occur long after first introduction, and currently
observed threats from invasive alien species can
lead to an underestimation of the magnitude of the
future impact (well established) {1.4.4, 2.2.1}. There
are often time lags in detection and reporting of newly
introduced invasive alien species (well established) {2.2.1}.
Some invasive alien species spread very rapidly, while others
take longer to spread and fully occupy their potential ranges
(well established) {2.2.1, 2.2.3}. For some invasive alien
species, the impact is immediate and continues into the
long-term (e.g., fast-spreading pathogens such as Zika virus
and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus), and
fast-spreading predators such as lionfish), while for others | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_2_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.112109375,0.66796875,0.8921875,0.71328125] | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Section-header_0_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.11943359375,0.73203125,0.49296875,0.8171875] | C15 Management of invasive alien species has
been successful in many contexts (Figure SPM.6,
Table SPM.1) (well established) {5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.3,
5.5.4, 5.5.5, 5.5.6}. There are three options for preventing
or reducing the number and negative impacts of invasive
alien species: | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_3_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
List-item_0 | List-item | Text | [0.1189453125,0.8328125,0.489453125,0.9171875] | Pathway management, based on the analysis of preborder, border and post-border risks, can prevent the
movement and spread of invasive alien species through
surveillance and the implementation of biosecurity
response measures (well established) {5.3.1.1, 5.5.1,
5.5.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | List-item_0_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.220703125,0.88828125,0.63203125] | there may be a considerable time lag, spanning decades in
some cases, before the impact is apparent (e.g., many
invasive alien trees) (well established) {1.5}. Such time lags
can lead to people not perceiving the ongoing slow changes
in their environment, including the impacts of invasive alien
species (well established) {1.5.2}. There can also be
significant time lags in the response of invasive alien species
to various drivers because the underlying processes that
facilitate biological invasions operate at varying temporal
scales (short- to long-term) (well established) {1.5, 3.2.3.1,
3.6.3}. Invasive alien species may increase in numbers after
a long period at low density as a result of changes in
interactions with other species, for example as a result of
the introduction of a missing dispersal agent or the removal
of a competitor (3.3.5.1). For example, in the western United
States, the invasive alien Carcinus maenas (European shore
crab) reduced the abundance of a native clam, releasing
another alien species, Gemma gemma (the amethyst gem
clam), from competition, allowing it to become
superabundant and to spread, after having been locally
distributed and at low abundance for over 50 years (well
established) {3.3.5.1}. Patterns in the numbers of alien
species seen today reflect the drivers of decades ago (i.e.,
invasion debt) (established but incomplete) {3.1.1, 3.1.5}.
Consequently, past and ongoing amplification of drivers may
lead to a long legacy of future invasive alien species as, for
example, the number of new alien species that become
invasive increases over time (i.e., invasion debt) (established
but incomplete) {2.3.1.5, 3.1.5, 3.6.3}.
<Section-header> C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_4_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
List-item_1 | List-item | Text | [0.511328125,0.73359375,0.88671875,0.81640625] | Species-based management at a local or landscape
level, which includes surveillance, early detection and
rapid response, eradication, containment and widespread
control (including biological control), and can be
applied throughout the biological invasion process (well
established) {5.3.1.2, 5.5.2, 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.5}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | List-item_1_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
List-item_2 | List-item | Text | [0.510546875,0.8328125,0.88671875,0.8734375] | Site- or ecosystem-based management, which can
both protect and restore native species and ecosystems
(well established) {5.3.1.3, 5.5.6}. | raw_document.pdf | 32 | List-item_2_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.5078125,0.88984375,0.86796875,0.91640625] | The use of individual species-based and site-based
approaches for the management of multiple invasive alien | raw_document.pdf | 32 | Text_5_32 | 31SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.13154296875,0.0515625,0.56875,0.06044921875] | HE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Page-header_0_33 | HE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.052001953125,0.4671875,0.065771484375,0.61015625] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Page-header_1_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
32SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
species has been both successful and cost-effective
for terrestrial and closed water systems, especially in
biogeographically isolated areas such as small islands
and lakes (well established) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.5.4}. While
some management approaches can be applied at multiple
scales across terrestrial and closed water systems (well
established) {5.1.1, 5.3.1.4.}, pathway management (e.g.,
ballast water and biofouling; Box SPM.2) is by far the
Management objectives
Prevention and
preparedness Early detection and
eradication
Containment Control and
restoration
Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Introduction
Lag phase
TIME
Conceptual invasion curve without management
Conceptual invasion curves with management
AREA IMPACTED
A) Terrestrial and closed water systems
Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Managing pathway
Management target - Relative importance (white highest)
Managing species
Managing site/catchment
Managing ecosystem/catchment
Actions to achieve objective
Border
biosecurity/
quarantine
Preparedness
Risk assessment, prioritization & decision-making
Surveillance and monitoring
Chemical, physical, and biological controls
Adaptive management
Management objectives
AREA IMPACTED
Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Lag phase
TIME
Conceptual invasion curve without management
Conceptual invasion curves with management
Prevention and
preparedness Early detection for
low-mobility organisms,
eradication
Post-establishment
management is
largely ineffective
B) Marine and connected water systems
Introduction Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Absent Establishment Spread Widespread
Management target - Relative importance (white highest)
Managing pathway
Managing species
Managing sites
Border
biosecurity
Risk assessment, prioritization and decision-making
Surveillance and monitoring
Actions to achieve objective
Preparedness
Figure SPM 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion continuum.
Management objectives panels A and B show the generalized invasion curve without management and the expected changes
in the trajectory of the invasion curve with appropriate management actions in (A) terrestrial and closed water systems (including
lakes and coastal systems such as salt marshes) and (B) marine and connected water systems (including rivers). Post-establishment
management actions (such as containment and control) are not shown in panel B as they are generally not achievable in such
systems. In a management context, the first detection (introduction point), lag phase and exponential spread phase are important
points at which to implement an early detection and rapid response management plan. This figure is conceptual, and the curves do
not represent actual population dynamics of invasive alien species. In the Management target panels, the white boxes indicate
the optimal management options at each stage of the biological invasion process. The colour gradient of the managing pathway,
managing species, managing site and managing ecosystem boxes show how the relative importance of each changes as a biological
invasion progresses (managing ecosystems is not applicable in marine and connected water systems). In the Actions to achieve
objective panels, the white boxes indicate the typical management actions needed to achieve each management objective. | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Full-Page_0_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11796875,0.1216796875,0.453515625,0.1748046875] | species has been both successful and cost-effective
for terrestrial and closed water systems, especially in
biogeographically isolated areas such as small islands
and lakes (well established) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.5.4}. While | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Text_0_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.120703125,0.1857421875,0.88125,0.74140625] | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Picture_0_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | C. Invasive alien species and their negative impacts can
be prevented and mitigated through effective management |
|
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.2064453125,0.74453125,0.65625,0.761328125] | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Section-header_0_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1373046875,0.765234375,0.86328125,0.89765625] | Management objectives panels A and B show the generalized invasion curve without management and the expected changes
in the trajectory of the invasion curve with appropriate management actions in (A) terrestrial and closed water systems (including
lakes and coastal systems such as salt marshes) and (B) marine and connected water systems (including rivers). Post-establishment
management actions (such as containment and control) are not shown in panel B as they are generally not achievable in such
systems. In a management context, the first detection (introduction point), lag phase and exponential spread phase are important
points at which to implement an early detection and rapid response management plan. This figure is conceptual, and the curves do
not represent actual population dynamics of invasive alien species. In the Management target panels, the white boxes indicate
the optimal management options at each stage of the biological invasion process. The colour gradient of the managing pathway,
managing species, managing site and managing ecosystem boxes show how the relative importance of each changes as a biological
invasion progresses (managing ecosystems is not applicable in marine and connected water systems). In the Actions to achieve
objective panels, the white boxes indicate the typical management actions needed to achieve each management objective.
<Section-header> 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 33 | Text_1_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.508203125,0.121875,0.87265625,0.17451171875] | some management approaches can be applied at multiple
scales across terrestrial and closed water systems (well
established) {5.1.1, 5.3.1.4.}, pathway management (e.g.,
ballast water and biofouling; Box SPM.2) is by far the | raw_document.pdf | 33 | Text_2_33 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
33SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
OBJECTIVES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS TERRESTRIAL AND CLOSED
WATER SYSTEMS
MARINE AND CONNECTED
WATER SYSTEMS
Current availabilityEase of useEffectivenessCurrentavailabilityEase of useEffectiveness
Prevention and
preparedness
Horizon scanning
Import controls and border
biosecurity
Pathway management
Risk analysis
Early detection Surveillance
Diagnostics
Eradication Physical eradicationa
Chemical eradicationa
Adaptive management
Containment
and control
Physical controla
Chemical controla
Biological controla
Adaptive management
Ecosystem
restoration Adaptive management
Public
understanding Public engagement
Column values
High Medium Low
Hashed boxes indicate a low level
of confidence in the assessment
Crossed boxes indicate no data was
available to perform an assessment
Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions.
Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions within terrestrial and closed water systems or marine and connected
water systems and the level (high, medium, low) of their (a) current availability (availability of target-specific tools for implementing
management); (b) ease of use (ease of implementation or specialist or technological expertise to implement); and (c) effectiveness
(likely long-term efficacy and outcomes of implementation). Hashed boxes indicate responses with a low level of confidence
and crossed boxes indicate there was no data available to perform an assessment. Actions are aligned with Figure SPM.6 and
encompass pathway management, species-, site- and ecosystem-based management targets. All management approaches may
have non-target impacts, as indicated by superscript a. | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Full-Page_0_34 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.41953125,0.050390625,0.88125,0.060400390625] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Page-header_0_34 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | 6 Conceptual diagram of management-invasion contin |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.138671875,0.1236328125,0.6984375,0.1376953125] | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Section-header_0_34 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1369140625,0.144921875,0.8484375,0.2279296875] | Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions within terrestrial and closed water systems or marine and connected
water systems and the level (high, medium, low) of their (a) current availability (availability of target-specific tools for implementing
management); (b) ease of use (ease of implementation or specialist or technological expertise to implement); and (c) effectiveness
(likely long-term efficacy and outcomes of implementation). Hashed boxes indicate responses with a low level of confidence
and crossed boxes indicate there was no data available to perform an assessment. Actions are aligned with Figure SPM.6 and
encompass pathway management, species-, site- and ecosystem-based management targets. All management approaches may
have non-target impacts, as indicated by superscript a.
<Section-header> Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 34 | Text_0_34 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.1197265625,0.239453125,0.89296875,0.9109375] | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Picture_0_34 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
|
Table_0 | Table | Table | [0.122265625,0.2396484375,0.89296875,0.884375] | OBJECTIVES MANAGEMENT ACTIONS TERRESTRIAL AND CLOSED
WATER SYSTEMS
MARINE AND CONNECTED
WATER SYSTEMS
Current availabilityEase of useEffectivenessCurrentavailabilityEase of useEffectiveness
Prevention and
preparedness
Horizon scanning
Import controls and border
biosecurity
Pathway management
Risk analysis
Early detection Surveillance
Diagnostics
Eradication Physical eradicationa
Chemical eradicationa
Adaptive management
Containment
and control
Physical controla
Chemical controla
Biological controla
Adaptive management
Ecosystem
restoration Adaptive management
Public
understanding Public engagement
Column values
Hashed boxes indicate a low level
of confidence in the assessment
Crossed boxes indicate no data was
available to perform an assessment | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Table_0_34 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.93359375,0.4421875,0.9515625,0.6078125] | 33SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 34 | Page-header_1_34 | 33SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.11962890625,0.0515625,0.580859375,0.060595703125] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Page-header_0_35 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05126953125,0.4640625,0.066015625,0.608984375] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Page-header_1_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
34SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
most effective option for managing biological invasions in
marine and connected water systems, and can be achieved
by enhanced international and regional cooperation (well
established) {5.5.1, 6.3.2.2}.
C16 There are effective decision-making
frameworks and tools that can support
management of biological invasions (Table SPM.1)
(well established) {5.2.1, 5.2.2}. Frameworks and tools
have been developed based on evidence from practice,
science and other knowledge systems, including those of
Indigenous Peoples and local communities. These can
underpin impact assessment, monitoring and prioritization of
intentional and unintentional introduction pathways, species
and sites for the successful management of biological
invasions (well established) {5.2.2}. Although many
knowledge and data gaps exist (Table SPM.A1), the tools
enable management actions to proceed under a risk
assessment and risk management framework in line with a
precautionary approach, as appropriate, using inclusive
decision-making that leads to the review of all the measures
(well established) {5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.3, 5.2.2.4, 5.3.3, 6.4.1}.
Decision-making may be challenged by multiple sources of
uncertainty, such as projections in other drivers of change,
which can be recognized, quantified and documented to
contextualize decisions (well established) {5.6.2.5}. Many
sources of accessible literature and information (including
open-access data), analytical tools and other types of
knowledge can be used to support decision-making for all
countries, which could lead to coordinated management
outcomes globally (Table SPM.A3) (established but
incomplete) {6.6.1.5}.
C17 Preventing the introduction of invasive alien
species is the most cost-effective management
option (Figure SPM.6) (well established) {5.5.1}.
Prevention measures through pathway management,
including strictly enforced pre-border quarantine, import
controls and border biosecurity, have increased interception
rates and slowed the rate of invasive alien species arriving
and establishing globally (well established) {5.4.3.1, 5.5.1}.
For example, in Australasia, the number of interceptions of
Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug),
recognized as a major threat in the agricultural sector, have
declined following implementation of a systems-based
pathway management approach (well established) {5.5.1}.
Measures to address escape from confinement are also
necessary (established but incomplete) {5.3.1.1}. It is,
however, difficult to prevent further natural dispersal of
invasive alien species from a previously invaded range (well
established) {5.5.1, Box 1.6}. Prevention is important on
islands and in ecosystems where eradication poses
significant technical challenges (well established) {5.3.2}.
Effective prevention measures depend on adequate and
sustained funding, capacity-building, technical and scientific
cooperation, transfer of technology, monitoring, and relevant
and appropriate biosecurity legislation and enforcement,
which is supported by strong infrastructure, quarantine and
inspection facilities, including diagnostic support services
(well established) {5.4.2, 5.6.2, 5.6.2.2, 5.7}. Risk
assessment could be used by businesses to engage
different sectors in the prevention and management of
biological invasions (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1}.
Adoption of regulated species lists with explicit prohibition of
or permission for the importing of specific alien species,
underpinned by risk analysis, has been an effective
prevention strategy (well established) {5.6.2.1, 6.3.1.4}. It is
estimated that nearly 70 per cent of marine invasive alien
species established worldwide were introduced via
biofouling (established but incomplete) {5.5.1}.
C18 When prevention fails or is not possible,
preparedness, early detection and rapid response
are effective at reducing rates of invasive alien
species establishment in terrestrial and closed
water systems, and critical for marine and
connected water systems (well established) {5.4.2,
5.5.1, 5.5.3, 5.5.2, 5.6.3.3}. Horizon scanning and risk
analysis are examples of the many decision-support tools
used to identify and prioritize emerging invasive alien
species to support preparedness (well established) {5.2}.
Such tools can inform the development of rapid response
plans in advance of an incursion to guide action effectively
following the detection of priority invasive alien species (well
established) {5.2.2.1.a, 5.2.2.1.b, 5.5.1}. Early detection of
invasive alien species can enable rapid intervention to
contain and eradicate invasive alien species before they
spread (well established) {5.1.1, 5.3.1.1, 5.5.2}. General
surveillance strategies (e.g., through citizen science, sentinel
sites, and remote sensing) for detecting new invasive alien
species can also underpin effective preparedness
(established but incomplete) {5.3.1.1, 5.4.2.1.a, 5.4.2.2.a,
5.5.2, Box 6.20}. For example, in Africa, Asia and Latin
America, the PlantwisePlus programme assists smallholder
farmers with the identification of pests and damaged crops,
contributing to early detection of invasive alien species
outbreaks (well established) {5.5.2}.
C19 Eradication has been successful and costeffective for some invasive alien species,
especially when their populations are small and
slow-spreading in isolated ecosystems such as
islands (established but incomplete) {5.5.3}. Over the
last 100 years, there have been 1,550 documented
examples of eradication on 998 islands, with success cited
in 88 per cent of cases (well established) {5.5.3}. One of the
many examples is French Polynesia, where Rattus rattus
(black rat), Felis catus (cat), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)
and Capra hircus (goat) have been successfully eradicated
(well established) {Box 5.8}. Eradication of invasive alien
plants is particularly difficult because of the longevity of
dormant seeds that can persist in soil (i.e., soil seed bank), | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Full-Page_0_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.121875,0.49140625,0.1748046875] | most effective option for managing biological invasions in
marine and connected water systems, and can be achieved
by enhanced international and regional cooperation (well
established) {5.5.1, 6.3.2.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_0_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.190234375,0.49375,0.574609375] | C16 There are effective decision-making
frameworks and tools that can support
management of biological invasions (Table SPM.1)
(well established) {5.2.1, 5.2.2}. Frameworks and tools
have been developed based on evidence from practice,
science and other knowledge systems, including those of
Indigenous Peoples and local communities. These can
underpin impact assessment, monitoring and prioritization of
intentional and unintentional introduction pathways, species
and sites for the successful management of biological
invasions (well established) {5.2.2}. Although many
knowledge and data gaps exist (Table SPM.A1), the tools
enable management actions to proceed under a risk
assessment and risk management framework in line with a
precautionary approach, as appropriate, using inclusive
decision-making that leads to the review of all the measures
(well established) {5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.3, 5.2.2.4, 5.3.3, 6.4.1}.
Decision-making may be challenged by multiple sources of
uncertainty, such as projections in other drivers of change,
which can be recognized, quantified and documented to
contextualize decisions (well established) {5.6.2.5}. Many
sources of accessible literature and information (including
open-access data), analytical tools and other types of
knowledge can be used to support decision-making for all
countries, which could lead to coordinated management
outcomes globally (Table SPM.A3) (established but
incomplete) {6.6.1.5}. | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_1_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.118359375,0.587890625,0.4921875,0.915625] | C17 Preventing the introduction of invasive alien
species is the most cost-effective management
option (Figure SPM.6) (well established) {5.5.1}.
Prevention measures through pathway management,
including strictly enforced pre-border quarantine, import
controls and border biosecurity, have increased interception
rates and slowed the rate of invasive alien species arriving
and establishing globally (well established) {5.4.3.1, 5.5.1}.
For example, in Australasia, the number of interceptions of
Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug),
recognized as a major threat in the agricultural sector, have
declined following implementation of a systems-based
pathway management approach (well established) {5.5.1}.
Measures to address escape from confinement are also
necessary (established but incomplete) {5.3.1.1}. It is,
however, difficult to prevent further natural dispersal of
invasive alien species from a previously invaded range (well
established) {5.5.1, Box 1.6}. Prevention is important on
islands and in ecosystems where eradication poses
significant technical challenges (well established) {5.3.2}.
Effective prevention measures depend on adequate and
sustained funding, capacity-building, technical and scientific
cooperation, transfer of technology, monitoring, and relevant | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_2_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.121875,0.8828125,0.3171875] | and appropriate biosecurity legislation and enforcement,
which is supported by strong infrastructure, quarantine and
inspection facilities, including diagnostic support services
(well established) {5.4.2, 5.6.2, 5.6.2.2, 5.7}. Risk
assessment could be used by businesses to engage
different sectors in the prevention and management of
biological invasions (established but incomplete) {5.6.2.1}.
Adoption of regulated species lists with explicit prohibition of
or permission for the importing of specific alien species,
underpinned by risk analysis, has been an effective
prevention strategy (well established) {5.6.2.1, 6.3.1.4}. It is
estimated that nearly 70 per cent of marine invasive alien
species established worldwide were introduced via
biofouling (established but incomplete) {5.5.1}. | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_3_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.33359375,0.8828125,0.70234375] | C18 When prevention fails or is not possible,
preparedness, early detection and rapid response
are effective at reducing rates of invasive alien
species establishment in terrestrial and closed
water systems, and critical for marine and
connected water systems (well established) {5.4.2,
5.5.1, 5.5.3, 5.5.2, 5.6.3.3}. Horizon scanning and risk
analysis are examples of the many decision-support tools
used to identify and prioritize emerging invasive alien
species to support preparedness (well established) {5.2}.
Such tools can inform the development of rapid response
plans in advance of an incursion to guide action effectively
following the detection of priority invasive alien species (well
established) {5.2.2.1.a, 5.2.2.1.b, 5.5.1}. Early detection of
invasive alien species can enable rapid intervention to
contain and eradicate invasive alien species before they
spread (well established) {5.1.1, 5.3.1.1, 5.5.2}. General
surveillance strategies (e.g., through citizen science, sentinel
sites, and remote sensing) for detecting new invasive alien
species can also underpin effective preparedness
(established but incomplete) {5.3.1.1, 5.4.2.1.a, 5.4.2.2.a,
5.5.2, Box 6.20}. For example, in Africa, Asia and Latin
America, the PlantwisePlus programme assists smallholder
farmers with the identification of pests and damaged crops,
contributing to early detection of invasive alien species
outbreaks (well established) {5.5.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_4_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.715234375,0.8859375,0.915625] | C19 Eradication has been successful and costeffective for some invasive alien species,
especially when their populations are small and
slow-spreading in isolated ecosystems such as
islands (established but incomplete) {5.5.3}. Over the
last 100 years, there have been 1,550 documented
examples of eradication on 998 islands, with success cited
in 88 per cent of cases (well established) {5.5.3}. One of the
many examples is French Polynesia, where Rattus rattus
(black rat), Felis catus (cat), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)
and Capra hircus (goat) have been successfully eradicated
(well established) {Box 5.8}. Eradication of invasive alien
plants is particularly difficult because of the longevity of
dormant seeds that can persist in soil (i.e., soil seed bank), | raw_document.pdf | 35 | Text_5_35 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.419921875,0.051318359375,0.88125,0.060107421875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Page-header_0_36 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.93203125,0.44140625,0.95625,0.608203125] | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Page-header_1_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
although there are examples of successful eradication of
invasive alien plant species with limited distributions (well
established) {5.5.3}. Also, rapid response to incursions,
detected early, of some invertebrates have been successful,
for example, eradication of Solenopsis invicta (red imported
fire ant) in New Zealand (well established) {Box 5.14}. There
are examples of larger-scale eradications, such as Ondatra
zibethicus (muskrat) and Myocastor coypus (coypu) from the
United Kingdom (well established) {5.5.3}. However,
large-scale eradications are difficult and unlikely to be
feasible in many cases (well established) {5.5.3}. In addition
to the extent of the area invaded, the success of eradication
programmes depends on the support and engagement of
relevant stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (well established) {5.4.2.2.a, 5.5.3, 5.6.2.1,
5.6.2.2}. Eradication programmes are aided by a rapid flow
of information on the extent and location of invasive alien
species, which can be provided by people who live nearby
(well established) {5.4.2.2.a, 5.5.3}. Evidence suggests that
there have been no fully successful eradication programmes
for established invasive alien species in marine ecosystems
(well established) {5.5.3}. While eradication programmes can
only be achieved with access to upfront cost, they are
generally cheaper than long-term and permanent control
cost and impacts (well established) {5.5.3}.
C20 When eradication is not possible for different
reasons, invasive alien species can be contained
and controlled, particularly in terrestrial and closed
water systems (well established) {5.4.3, 5.4.4,
5.5.4, 5.5.5}. There are many examples of successful
containment and control of invasive alien species in
terrestrial and closed water systems and aquaculture (e.g.,
containment of Styela clava (Asian tunicate) invading the
aqua-cultured blue mussel in Canada) (well established)
{5.5.4}, but most attempts in marine and open water
ecosystems have been largely ineffective (established but
incomplete) {5.5.4, 5.5.5}. Containment of invasive alien
species can be achieved with physical, chemical and
biological control actions or in combination (Table SPM.1)
(well established) {5.4.3.2, 5.5.4}. Physical and chemical
control options are mostly effective at a local scale but can
also be effective at larger scales; these control options are
limited by labour costs and generally provide short-term
suppression but not sustained control (well established)
{5.4.3.2.a}. Furthermore, chemical control may have
non-target impacts, needs to be implemented under
regulatory compliance requirements and has decreasing
societal acceptability (well established) {5.4.3.2.b}. Biological
control has been very effective in controlling some invasive
alien plants, invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, plant
microbes and a few invasive alien vertebrates, but it may
have non-target impacts if not well regulated (well
established) {5.5.5.3}. To reduce the risks of unintended
consequences, including non-target impacts, from biological
control, international standards and risk-based regulatory
frameworks (developed under the International Plant
Protection Convention) have been applied and continue to
be effective across many countries (well established) {5.5.2}.
The use of biological control for invasive alien plants and
invertebrates has been successful in more than 60 per cent
of documented cases (Box SPM.3), with one third of the
alien plant species requiring no further form of control, while
also leading to benefits to biodiversity and ecosystem
resilience (well established) {5.5.5.3}. Classical biological
control to suppress invasive alien species populations at
landscape scales has been effectively practised for more
than 100 years (well established) {5.5.5.3}.
C21 Adaptive management, including ecosystem
restoration, can improve the management of
invasive alien species and support the recovery of
nature's contributions to people in terrestrial and
closed water systems (well established) {5.3.3,
5.4.4.3a, 5.5.6, 5.7}. The integration of site- and/or
ecosystem-based management, including ecosystem
restoration, can improve management outcomes, enhancing
ecosystem function and resilience to environmental change,
including future invasive alien species, especially under
climate and land-use change (Box SPM.4) (well
established) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.6, 5.6.1.3}. The
success of any applied adaptive site- or ecosystem-based
Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species.
Classical biological control uses host-specific natural enemies
(biological control agents) of invasive alien species (target) to
suppress and control such species. Mikania micrantha (bitter
vine), a native species of Central and South America, is one of
the highest-impact fast-growing {2.5.2.1} invasive alien plants
within the agricultural systems and natural and planted forests
of the Asia-Pacific region {Box 5.21}, affecting the livelihoods of
farmers and rural communities, including women {4.5.1, 4.6.1}.
In the native range of Mikania micrantha, a rust fungus (Puccinia
spegazzinii) specific to this invasive alien plant causes necrosis of
leaves and cankers on the stem and petioles {Box 5.21}. Starting
in 2006, Puccinia spegazzinii was introduced as a classical
biological control agent and established in five countries in the
Asia-Pacific region, where it has provided effective control of
Mikania micrantha {Box 5.21}. However, in India the rust fungus
failed to survive in the field following introduction {Box 5.21}. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Full-Page_0_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.12216796875,0.49375,0.47421875] | although there are examples of successful eradication of
invasive alien plant species with limited distributions (well
established) {5.5.3}. Also, rapid response to incursions,
detected early, of some invertebrates have been successful,
for example, eradication of Solenopsis invicta (red imported
fire ant) in New Zealand (well established) {Box 5.14}. There
are examples of larger-scale eradications, such as Ondatra
zibethicus (muskrat) and Myocastor coypus (coypu) from the
United Kingdom (well established) {5.5.3}. However,
large-scale eradications are difficult and unlikely to be
feasible in many cases (well established) {5.5.3}. In addition
to the extent of the area invaded, the success of eradication
programmes depends on the support and engagement of
relevant stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (well established) {5.4.2.2.a, 5.5.3, 5.6.2.1,
5.6.2.2}. Eradication programmes are aided by a rapid flow
of information on the extent and location of invasive alien
species, which can be provided by people who live nearby
(well established) {5.4.2.2.a, 5.5.3}. Evidence suggests that
there have been no fully successful eradication programmes
for established invasive alien species in marine ecosystems
(well established) {5.5.3}. While eradication programmes can
only be achieved with access to upfront cost, they are
generally cheaper than long-term and permanent control
cost and impacts (well established) {5.5.3}. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_0_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11826171875,0.487109375,0.49296875,0.701953125] | C20 When eradication is not possible for different
reasons, invasive alien species can be contained
and controlled, particularly in terrestrial and closed
water systems (well established) {5.4.3, 5.4.4,
5.5.4, 5.5.5}. There are many examples of successful
containment and control of invasive alien species in
terrestrial and closed water systems and aquaculture (e.g.,
containment of Styela clava (Asian tunicate) invading the
aqua-cultured blue mussel in Canada) (well established)
{5.5.4}, but most attempts in marine and open water
ecosystems have been largely ineffective (established but
incomplete) {5.5.4, 5.5.5}. Containment of invasive alien
species can be achieved with physical, chemical and
biological control actions or in combination (Table SPM.1)
(well established) {5.4.3.2, 5.5.4}. Physical and chemical | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_1_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Table SPM 1 Objectives and actions for managing biological invasions. |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.14140625,0.74609375,0.8453125,0.77734375] | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Section-header_0_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.1439453125,0.791796875,0.4828125,0.896875] | Classical biological control uses host-specific natural enemies
(biological control agents) of invasive alien species (target) to
suppress and control such species. Mikania micrantha (bitter
vine), a native species of Central and South America, is one of
the highest-impact fast-growing {2.5.2.1} invasive alien plants
within the agricultural systems and natural and planted forests
of the Asia-Pacific region {Box 5.21}, affecting the livelihoods of
farmers and rural communities, including women {4.5.1, 4.6.1}. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_2_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.1216796875,0.8875,0.503125] | control options are mostly effective at a local scale but can
also be effective at larger scales; these control options are
limited by labour costs and generally provide short-term
suppression but not sustained control (well established)
{5.4.3.2.a}. Furthermore, chemical control may have
non-target impacts, needs to be implemented under
regulatory compliance requirements and has decreasing
societal acceptability (well established) {5.4.3.2.b}. Biological
control has been very effective in controlling some invasive
alien plants, invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, plant
microbes and a few invasive alien vertebrates, but it may
have non-target impacts if not well regulated (well
established) {5.5.5.3}. To reduce the risks of unintended
consequences, including non-target impacts, from biological
control, international standards and risk-based regulatory
frameworks (developed under the International Plant
Protection Convention) have been applied and continue to
be effective across many countries (well established) {5.5.2}.
The use of biological control for invasive alien plants and
invertebrates has been successful in more than 60 per cent
of documented cases (Box SPM.3), with one third of the
alien plant species requiring no further form of control, while
also leading to benefits to biodiversity and ecosystem
resilience (well established) {5.5.5.3}. Classical biological
control to suppress invasive alien species populations at
landscape scales has been effectively practised for more
than 100 years (well established) {5.5.5.3}. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_3_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.516015625,0.8859375,0.701953125] | C21 Adaptive management, including ecosystem
restoration, can improve the management of
invasive alien species and support the recovery of
nature's contributions to people in terrestrial and
closed water systems (well established) {5.3.3,
5.4.4.3a, 5.5.6, 5.7}. The integration of site- and/or
ecosystem-based management, including ecosystem
restoration, can improve management outcomes, enhancing
ecosystem function and resilience to environmental change,
including future invasive alien species, especially under
climate and land-use change (Box SPM.4) (well
established) {5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.3, 5.5.6, 5.6.1.3}. The
success of any applied adaptive site- or ecosystem-based | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_4_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.791796875,0.86171875,0.89609375] | In the native range of Mikania micrantha, a rust fungus (Puccinia
spegazzinii) specific to this invasive alien plant causes necrosis of
leaves and cankers on the stem and petioles {Box 5.21}. Starting
in 2006, Puccinia spegazzinii was introduced as a classical
biological control agent and established in five countries in the
Asia-Pacific region, where it has provided effective control of
Mikania micrantha {Box 5.21}. However, in India the rust fungus
failed to survive in the field following introduction {Box 5.21}. | raw_document.pdf | 36 | Text_5_36 | 35SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.13232421875,0.049853515625,0.56875,0.060986328125] | E THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 37 | Page-header_0_37 | E THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.051025390625,0.45390625,0.066943359375,0.61015625] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 37 | Page-header_1_37 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
36SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
management approach, including ecosystem restoration,
depends on long-term monitoring to assess management
efficacy using ecological and social indicators (established
but incomplete) {5.5.2, 6.6.3}. Long-term monitoring of sites
ensures early detection of new introductions, reintroductions
and re-emergence of invasive alien species (e.g., from a
seed bank that includes invasive alien plants) and can inform
further management actions (well established) {5.4.3.3.b,
5.5.6}. However, most studies failed to quantify the
effectiveness of ecosystem restoration since they failed to
measure the initial status of native vegetation. This has led
to inconsistent conclusions regarding the best invasive alien
plant control option which may lead to the most effective
ecosystem restoration {5.4.3.3b; 5.5.6}. Regarding
freshwater ecosystems, monitoring biodiversity using
macroinvertebrate-based indices is a widely used method
globally. However, knowledge is lacking on how invasive
alien species may affect the metric scores and therefore
classification of a river's status (established but incomplete)
{5.6.2.3}. In marine and connected water systems,
ecosystem restoration has so far proved to be largely
ineffective because the systems are open, leading to
difficulties in implementing and evaluating management
actions (established but incomplete) {5.5.6, 5.6.1.1}.
C22 Tools and technologies increase efficiencies
when managing biological invasions and controlling
invasive alien species, with many new options
emerging (established but incomplete) {5.4}. The
development of tools and technologies ranging from
biotechnology to bioinformatics and data analytics is ongoing
for managing pathways, surveillance and detection, rapid
response and eradication, local containment and control of
widespread invasive alien species (well established) {5.4.1,
5.4.2, 5.4.3}. eDNA-based approaches have been used for
detection and identification of invasive alien, mostly aquatic,
species such as Orconectes rusticus (rusty crayfish) (well
established) {5.4.2.1}. New approaches can be integrated
with existing management actions to support site- and
ecosystem-based management and restoration (established
but incomplete) {5.4}. Multi-stakeholder engagement,
including risk communication and context-specific
application of approaches through local communities, can
improve public acceptability and adoption of new tools and
technologies for managing biological invasions and the
control of invasive alien species (well established) {5.2.1,
5.4.3, 5.6.2.1, 6.4.1}. Potential benefits and risks of novel
technologies can be assessed using a risk assessment and
risk management framework in line with a precautionary
approach, as appropriate (well established) {5.4.3.2.f}. Using
this framework in consultation with regulators, stakeholders
and Indigenous Peoples and local communities can limit the
potential for unintended consequences (well established)
{5.4.3.2}. However, most countries do not have the
regulatory frameworks and/or technical capabilities needed
to guide and support development and implementation of
new tools and technologies (established but incomplete)
{5.4.3.2, 6.3.3.4}. Access to modern tools and technologies
and the ability to utilize them can be limited, particularly in
developing countries, meaning greater capacity-building is
required and improved technical and scientific cooperation
(well established) {5.6.2.4, 6.7.2.7}.
C23 Stakeholder engagement, capacity-building
and sustained resourcing are critical to the
success of adaptive management (well established)
{5.2.1, 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.4, 6.4.1, 6.5.3, 6.5.6,
6.5.7}. Access to adequate and sustained financial and
other resources, including international funding to support
developing countries, underpins and improves the
effectiveness of actions for long-term management of
biological invasions, including eradication, control and
ongoing monitoring, by, for example, providing access to
modern tools and enhancing capacity to deploy them (well
established) {5.3.1, 5.5.7, 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.4, 6.5,
6.5.7}. Engagement by all stakeholders, governments and
the private sector helps to optimize management of
biological invasions in terms of economic, environmental
Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien
species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people.
Control of widespread invasive alien species requires sustained,
large-scale efforts but can lead to improvement in the provision
of a range of nature's contributions to people {Box 5.19}.
Certain invasive alien plants, such as shrubs and trees, can
reduce water availability, especially in scenarios of increasing
drought caused by climate change {Box 5.4}. In South Africa,
the Working for Water programme, an Expanded Public
Works Programme, was introduced in 1995 and targeted
historically disadvantaged communities, primarily women,
youth and disabled people, creating jobs to reduce poverty
nationally through the removal of widespread woody invasive
alien species threatening water conservation {Box 5.19}. The
programme generated 20,000 jobs per year over the first
15 years and has helped to improve nature's contributions
to people by improving water security {Box 5.19}. It has
contributed to rural development by providing training in
entrepreneurial and management skills while encouraging a
sense of community and dignity among workers, especially
women. The Working for Water programme shows how
partnerships with rural communities to manage invasive
alien species can bring both ecological and social benefits
{Box 5.19}. | raw_document.pdf | 37 | Full-Page_0_37 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 3 Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha (bitter vine): an example of
effective suppression of a widespread invasive alien species. |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.1404296875,0.128515625,0.8421875,0.15849609375] | Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien
species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people. | raw_document.pdf | 37 | Section-header_0_37 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 4 Working for Water programme: an example of management of invasive alien
species leading to recovery of nature's contributions to people. |